Park Waste Research Articles

Energy Recovery from Garden and Park Waste by Hydrothermal Carbonization with Process Water Recycling

Energy Recovery from Garden and Park Waste by Hydrothermal Carbonization with Process Water Recycling

Biowaste management by hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic co-digestion: Synergistic effects and comparative metagenomic analysis

The feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion in semicontinuous mode of two major urban biowaste, food waste (FW) and garden and park waste (GPW) (75 % FW and 25 % GPW) as well as the co-digestion of FW with the process water originated from the hydrothermal carbonization of GPW (95 % FW and 5 % process water), both on a COD basis, has been assessed. The effect of varying organic loading rate (OLR) from 1.5 to 3.5 g COD/L·d on methane yield, gross energy recovery, and microbiome population was evaluated. For comparison, anaerobic digestion of FW was also conducted to determine the best strategy for sustainable biowaste management. This study showed an optimal OLR of 2.5 g COD/L·d. Acetic and propionic acid content increased as OLR raised for each condition studied, while methane yield decreased at the highest OLR tested indicating overloading of the system. The anaerobic co-digestion of FW and process water showed a 10 % increase on methane production compared to anaerobic digestion of FW (324 vs. 294 mL CH4 STP/L·d). Moreover, it enhances the process due to a greater abundance and diversity of hydrolytic and acidogenic bacteria belonging to Bacterioidota, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi phyla, as well as promotes the hydrogenotrophic pathway under higher propionic concentrations which is not usually favoured for methane production. The integration of hydrothermal carbonization of GPW with the anaerobic co-digestion of 95 % FW and 5 % of process water results in the highest potential energy recovery and could be a good strategy for sustainable management of urban biowaste.

Results of research on the morphological composition of solid municipal waste in residential buildings in southern regions of Russia

The relevance of the work is determined by the extensive coverage of the «waste reform» in public sources, mass media, and scientific publications. The article provides references to sources confirming the constant changes in the morphological composition of solid municipal waste and its differences based on the source type. The paper presents the results of research on the morphological composition of solid municipal waste in residential buildings in the central regions of the Russian Federation, based on studies conducted from 2016 to 2022. The research was carried out in the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Yaroslavl region, and the Tula region at 105 accumulation sites, located in 25 municipalities (urban district, urban or rural settlement). The research results show differences in the composition of solid municipal waste from apartment buildings and individual residential houses in the central regions of Russia. The author draws conclusions about the composition of solid municipal waste for apartment buildings and individual residential houses in the central regions of the Russian Federation. It is determined that the main component of this type of waste is food waste regardless of the type of housing conditions. The main difference in the composition of solid municipal waste from apartment buildings and individual residential houses is the different percentage ratio of the «paper, cardboard» components. Changes in the composition of these waste materials are identified by seasons. It is shown that seven main components of solid municipal waste: food waste, paper, cardboard, garden and park waste, glass, screenings (small fraction, sweepings), miscellaneous, and polymers constitute about 90 % of their total mass.

Composts of diverse green wastes improve the soil biological quality, but do not alleviate drought impact on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth

AbstractIntense soil cultivation and climate change have detrimental effects on soils. Solutions are needed to improve the biological quality and water holding capacity of agricultural soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of compost application and drought stress on a soil/plant system in order to determine the improvement of soil quality and plant growth and the alleviation of drought stress. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown under greenhouse conditions in a sandy soil with sufficient mineral fertilizer application to test the effect of five compost types (three made from municipal garden and park wastes with differing nutrient contents, one from municipal household waste, and one from farm plant residues) applied at 30 Mg ha−1 dry weight, with which we compared soil quality and plant growth to soil without compost application. Treatment pots were irrigated or subjected to drought conditions during the last 14 days of lettuce growth. Assays of potential N mineralization during 28 days, dehydrogenase and β‐glucosidase activities, and a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were performed to assess effects on soil biological quality. Gas exchange, leaf relative water content, biomass, nitrogen accumulation, and root tip growth of lettuce were measured to investigate compost and drought stress effects on lettuce physiology. All composts improved indices of soil biological quality significantly, except for fungal abundance, relative to soil without compost. The greatest increase was obtained from farm compost, which significantly increased potential nitrogen (N) mineralization and soil enzyme activities of β‐glucosidase and dehydrogenase by factors of 4, 2, and 43, respectively. Furthermore, soil with farm compost generally showed a higher abundance of soil microbial organisms compared with soil without compost, which could be related to its high cellulose and hemicellulose contents. The lowest abundance of microbial organisms was generally found in soil with garden and park waste compost with a medium nutrient content, which could be related to its low organic matter content. The beneficial effect of compost on soil biological quality did not lead to improved lettuce growth, which suggests that soil biological quality (ameliorated by compost application) is not important for a fast‐growing crop, such as lettuce, that is sufficiently fertilized. Drought stress reduced aboveground lettuce biomass, root tip growth, and the abundance of most soil microbial groups significantly, but compost in soil did not alleviate these negative effects. In conclusion, the farm compost made from grass–clover, straw, and vegetable residues is superior to garden and park waste and household waste composts in terms of beneficial effects on soil biological quality. Compost clearly improved soil biological quality, but did not influence lettuce's response to drought stress. The knowledge gained in this study is useful for producing tailor‐made compost with desired effects of improved soil biological quality.

A sustainable approach to managing city park waste through biochar as a renewable energy source

An abundant natural resource known as lignocellulosic biomass is seen to be a promising and sustainable alternative to renewable energy. A carbon-rich, porous substance called biochar is created when biomass is thermally decomposed during pyrolysis procedures in order to make biofuels. Biochar can be made in big industrial facilities or on a local scale. In order to limit the usage of fossil fuels and find a solution for managing urban park garbage, this project will examine the potential of biochar made from waste from city parks as a renewable energy source. A 25-gram natural zeolite catalyst was used to produce biochar at temperatures between 100 and 500 °C with sample weights of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams. Calorimetric analysis, FTIR analysis, SEM analysis, XRF analysis, ultimate analysis, and proximate analysis are used to characterize the product. The results showed that the zeolite process produced the maximum calorific value of biochar at 6009.8 cal/gram, the highest yield of biochar at 200 °C, and the weight of 50 grams of biomass without a catalyst at 96%. Aliphatic OH and CH groups associated with phenols, alcohols, and carboxylic acids can be seen using FTIR analysis. Large holes can be seen in leaf litter biochar according to SEM examination. For biochar products, the XRF examination of the metal elements Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Rb, Sr, Na, Mg, Sr, and Pb is within the permitted limits. Leaf waste can be converted into a non-toxic renewable energy source because biochar has a low sulfur concentration of 4.0%. The findings of this study are anticipated to fill in some gaps left by earlier studies, particularly with regard to the use of garbage from municipal parks and the advancement of renewable energy sources..

Physiological and Morphological Implications of Using Composts with Different Compositions in the Production of Cucumber Seedlings.

Compost has a broad application in terms of the improvement of the soil properties. This research work was conducted to present the molecular implications of using compost obtained from different substrates to improve soil parameters for cucumber seedlings cultivation. In the experiment, the following compost mixtures were used: sewage sludge (80%) + sawdust (20%); sewage sludge (40%) + sawdust (10%) + biodegradable garden and park waste (50%); biodegradable garden and park waste (90%) + sawdust (10%); sewage sludge (80%) + sawdust (20%) + Eisenia fetida; sewage sludge (40%) + sawdust (10%) + biodegradable garden and park waste (50%) + Eisenia fetida; biodegradable garden and park waste (90%) + sawdust (10%) + Eisenia fetida. The final substrate compositions consisted of compost mixtures and deacidified peat(O) (pH 6.97; Corg content-55%, N content-2.3%), serving as a structural additive, in different mass ratios (mass %). The produced plants underwent biometric and physiological measurements as well as enzymatic analyses of stress markers. Based on the conducted studies, it has been found that the substrate productivity depends not only on the content of nutrient components but also on their structure, which is moderated by the proportion of peat in the substrate. The most effective and promising substrate for cucumber seedling production was variant 2 (I), which consisted of 25% compost from sewage sludge (40%) + sawdust (10%) + biodegradable garden and park waste (50%) and 75% deacidified peat. Despite the richness of the other substrates, inferior parameters of the produced seedlings were observed. The analysis of the enzymatic activity of stress markers showed that these substrates caused stress in the plants produced. The study's results showed that this stress was caused by the presence of Eisenia fetida, which damaged the developing root system of plants in the limited volume of substrate (production containers). The adverse influence of Eisenia fetida on the plants produced could possibly be eliminated by thermal treatment of the compost, although this could lead to significant changes in composition.

Co-hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure and lignocellulosic waste: A new strategy for the integral valorization of biomass wastes

Co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) is a promising strategy to improve hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of low-quality wastes. HTC of swine manure (SM), with high N (2.9 wt%), S (0.7 wt%) and ash (22.6 wt%) contents, as well as low C (35.6 wt%) and higher heating value (HHV; 14.3 MJ kg−1), resulted in a hydrochar with unsuitable characteristics as a solid fuel. Co-HTC of SM and garden and park waste (GPW) improved hydrochar properties (C content (43 – 48 wt%) and HHV (18 – 20 MJ kg−1), and decreased N (∼2 wt%), S (<0.3 wt%) and ash (<15 wt%) content. A high GPW ratio (>50 wt%) during co-HTC resulted in a hydrochar similar to that obtained from GPW. The co-HTC increased nutrient migration to the process water, which allowed the precipitation of salt with high P (7.8 wt%) and negligible heavy metal content. Anaerobic digestion of co-HTC process water allowed high organic matter removal (up to 65%), and methane production (315 – 325 mL CH4 g-1CODadded). Gross energy recovery by HTC and anaerobic digestion was 5 – 6-fold higher than anaerobic treatment of feedstocks. Therefore, co-HTC of SM and GPW with a ratio > 50% GPW proved to be a suitable approach to valorize and manage SM and obtain value-added products (hydrochar, mineral fertilizer and methane).

Effect of garden and park waste hydrochar and biochar in soil application: a comparative study

Thethermochemical treatments of biowaste yield alternative renewable carbon-rich materials, while achieving waste valorization. These technologies allow to reduce amount of biowaste and enhance its life span avoiding the landfill disposal. The agronomic application as a soil amendment strategy using fresh hydrochar (obtained via the hydrothermal treatment of garden and park waste (GPW) at 180 °C for 1 h), post-treated hydrochar (washed, aged, and thermally treated), and biochar (obtained via the pyrolysis of GPW at 900 °C for 90 min) has been studied and compared in order to stablish the best approach for its valorization. We evaluated the effects of mixing fresh hydrochar (1–5% on dry weight) with different peat-based growth substrates on the seed germination index as well as the fresh and dry weights of Arabidopsis thaliana, Chenopodium quinoa, and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). We also performed a germination assay with marginal agricultural soil mixed with fresh and post-treated chars as well as biochar using the same doses. All carbonaceous materials complied with the European legal framework being categorized as a class A amendment and present a favorable chemical composition for their agronomic use, carbon sources with a low heavy-metal content, and a high mineral and organic matter content. Application of post-treated hydrochar to the agricultural marginal soil improved the germination index of tomato seeds (by 10–20%) at low dosages (< 3% on dry weight) when washed and thermally treated hydrochar was used. However, fresh hydrochar negatively affected seed germination and plant growth when applied to marginal soil and peat-based growth media, particularly sandy substrates. Washing improved the germination index (by approximately 18%), reduced 90% of the total volatile fatty acid content, and effectively removed furans, amines, amides, pyridines, pyrazines, benzoic compounds, and organic acids that can affect seed germination and plant growth. Because the use of hydrochar in soils for agricultural purposes requires post-treatment to alleviate germination and plant growth inhibition, washing is the most suitable option considering the energy and technological requirements.

N-doped activated carbon as support of Pd-Sn bimetallic catalysts for nitrate catalytic reduction

This work studies the catalytic reduction of nitrate using N-doped activated carbon catalysts. Activated carbons were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization (220 °C, 80 % water, 16 h) of garden and park waste and olive stones using (NH4)2SO4 as N source, followed by chemical activation with H3PO4 at 500 °C (N2 atmosphere, 1 h). These were impregnated with Pd and Sn to prepare bimetallic catalysts for nitrate catalytic reduction. N-doping improved the BET surface area up to 1369 m2 g−1 and increased the N content on the catalyst surface to 3 wt%. The N-doped catalysts showed better catalytic performance than the non-doped ones, showing high stability for 100 h on stream, reaching even higher activity than a catalyst supported on a commercial activated carbon. N-doping also showed a positive effect by decreasing NH4+ selectivity. Finally, natural and drinking waters spiked with NO3- were treated in continuous flow, exhibiting the N-doped activated carbon catalysts, prepared from garden and park waste, a high tolerance to ions other than NO3- present in the water solution.

PM 3/66 (3) Guidelines for the management of plant health risks of biowaste of plant origin

<scp>PM</scp> 3/66 (3) Guidelines for the management of plant health risks of biowaste of plant origin

Energy recovery from food waste and garden and park waste: Anaerobic co-digestion versus hydrothermal treatment and anaerobic co-digestion

The feasibilities of the anaerobic co-digestion of two of the most relevant biowastes, food waste and garden and park waste, were evaluated and compared with the hydrothermal treatment of each waste and the anaerobic co-digestion of raw biowastes with the process water generated. The effects on the process stability and energy recovery were also analyzed. Anaerobic digestion was the best option for food waste treatment from an energetic point of view, with 81% recovery of the energy stored in the feedstock, while the highest energy recovery from garden and park waste was obtained for the solid fraction generated from hydrothermal treatment (85.5%). In addition, the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with 5% of the process water generated from garden and park waste showed a similar energy recovery to that of food waste only (∼80%), thus improving the biological stability of the process.

Energy recovery from garden and park waste by hydrothermal carbonisation and anaerobic digestion

Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) can transform wet lignocellulosic biomass, which is not considered an effective biofuel for energy production at the industrial level, into a carbonaceous product called hydrochar (HC) that is suitable for combustion and a process water (PW). PW is an interesting by-product that can be valorised for biogas production via anaerobic digestion (AD). This study presents a new approach for the valorisation of garden and park wastes (GPW) by integrating HTC to generate HC for energy production, while PW is subjected to AD for biogas production. The hydrothermal treatment was performed at 180, 210, and 230 °C, yielding HC with improved physicochemical properties, such as an elevated higher heating value (21–25 MJ kg−1); low ash (<5 wt.%), nitrogen (1.3 wt.%), and sulphur (0.2 wt.%) contents; better fuel ratio (0.4–0.6); and a broad comprehensive combustibility index (8.0×10−7 to 9.6×10−7 min−2 °C−3). AD of the generated PW was conducted under mesophilic conditions (35 °C), resulting in a methane production in the range of 253–326 mL g−1 CODadded and COD removal of up to 65%. The combination of HTC and AD allowed the recovery of 91% and 94% of the energy content feedstock, as calculated from the combustion of HC and methane, respectively.

Characteristics of municipal fresh solid wastes from the selected large urban centres in Uganda: Implication for re-use and soil amendment strategies

ABSTRACT In Uganda, the municipal solid wastes are generally a menace to the environment, ranging from indiscriminate dumping, open burning, and landfills, which would be utilized to augment agricultural fields through organic manure. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) of Uganda, however from 2009 to 2012 initiated and implemented a Clean Development Mechanism project. This project was established and conducted in nine urban centers with the key objective of reducing methane and other environmental nuisances while generating compost manure. The in-coming fresh municipal wastes at composting facilities were sorted into six categories; i) wood and wood products, ii) food and food wastes, iii) textiles, iv) garden, yard and park wastes, v) paper and pulp, and vi) glass, plastics, and metals. These were laboratory analyzed based on standard procedures, characterized and investigated for the pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) (g kg−1). Statistical analyses were performed based on One-Way ANOVA, implemented in the SPSS program. The results indicate that the municipal fresh solid wastes were mainly dominated by biodegradable organic matter; garden, yard, and park wastes (49%), food and food wastes (43.2%), and the other wastes falling below 5.4%. Overall, the pH was 7.7 ± 0.02, TOC 318.2 ± 2.90, TN 12.1 ± 0.10, C/N 26.7 ± 0.20, P 4.4 ± 0.04, K 35.0 ± 0.49, Ca 38.9 ± 0.51, and Mg 5.8 ± 0.09. The concentration of the fresh wastes and macro-nutrients varied per municipality and were congruent with the economic activities and population lifestyles. We detected the effect of season/month on the concentration of wastes which corresponded with the various agronomical activities. The results from this study suggest that the notion of composting is potentially a viable organic waste management strategy in the country which can ultimately generate sufficient organic manure for agricultural input and thus enhanced carbon sequestration. Implications: In this study, we characterized the in-coming fresh municipal solid wastes and investigated the pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) (g kg−1). We found that the municipal fresh solid wastes were mainly dominated by biodegradable organic matter (>90%). The results from this study suggest the notion of composting to be potentially a viable organic waste management strategy in Uganda which can ultimately generate sufficient organic manure for agricultural input. This is typically vital for enhancing carbon sequestration towards minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.

Material flow analysis and life cycle assessment of solid waste management in urban green areas, Thailand

This study presents solid waste management planning in an urban green area, Bangkok, Thailand based on the material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Global warming potential (GWP) of four scenarios for handling solid waste generated in Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park, 2018 was assessed concerning the different ratios of waste recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. The results show that alternative systems proposed will result in lower GWP than the existing waste management strategy. The MFA results reveal that the final weights of solid waste ending up in a landfill are 98.8, 101.9, 68.2, and 44.8 t yr− 1 for scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Increased rates of landfill diversion by increased recycling, composting, and incineration decreased the quantity of solid waste disposed to the landfill and improved the environmental profile of the park waste management system. The LCA results found landfilling to be the dominant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) burdens, while waste recycling was found to result in the reduction of GHG. The results highlight that the use of MFA and LCA as a combined tool to evaluate the environmental performance of solid waste management systems provides valuable information for policy and decision-makers.

INCREASING THE BASELOAD CAPACITY OF BIOWASTE FERMENTATION PLANTS THROUGH OPTIMISED SUBSTRATE MANAGEMENT

This paper presents a survey to determine the influence of impurities and green waste on anaerobic biowaste treatment, comparing the current common biowaste management system with a proposed future system. The results imply that it is possible to increase the specific biogas yield and the baseload capacity by means of an adapted biowaste management system. To analyse a possible correlation between biogas yield and biowaste composition from urban or rural areas the quality and quantity of biowaste was evaluated in a long-term research programme. August was the month with the maximum percentage of 69% green waste in biowaste, compared to February with a minimum proportion of 14%. The specific biogas yield of biowaste is in the range of 91 to 160 m³/tOS. The evaluation showed that, as expected, seasonal fluctuations in weather affected the proportion of garden and park waste (green waste) as well as impurities. Moreover, the proportion of green waste and impurities affects the substrate quality and degradability of biowaste. The investigated biowaste fermentation plant is not able to generate sufficient baseload for the reasons described above. Other reasons for this limitation include maintenance work, plant operation in part-load range and plant capacity limitations concerning the CHP module, digester capacity and pipes for gas transportation. The best ratio between organic fraction and impurities is obtained from biowaste from rural areas, while gas yields from urban areas are more constant and less volatile. Based on these findings, the increasing of the baseload capacity of waste fermentation plants can be achieved by: Optimisation of process flows (substrate management, preparation, post-treatment); Use of co-substrates in compliance with legal requirements; Determination and consideration of key figures.

Physico-chemical pretreatment and fungal biotreatment for park wastes and cattle dung for biogas production.

With the rising demand for renewable energy and environmental protection, anaerobic digestion of biogas technology has attracted considerable attention within the scientific community. The effect of physico-chemical pretreatment on cellulose degradation followed by fungal treatment by Aspergillus terreus and Trichoderma viride to treat cellulosic biomass for enhancing its digestibility was investigated. The tested substrate was digested with and without physical, chemical, and biological treatment. Fresh leaves, dry leaves and cattle dung were characterized by a total solids content 35, 84 and 17 %, volatile solids content 81.2, 59.49 and 64.5 % and C/N ratio 31, 45.4 and 13.6, respectively. Biogas total volume was determined using water replacement technique, while methane volume was determined using precipitation of CO2 in 20 % NaOH solution. Pretreatment steps were carried out by using mechanical and chemical pretreatments using 2.5 % NaOH mixed with 2.5 % NH4OH for 15 days, followed by biological treatment of A. terreus and T. viride. The potential of pretreatment of substrate was studied at regular intervals of 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 days determining the change in chemical and physical compositions of used substrates. Biogas production was 102.6 and 125.9 L/KgVS from untreated and pretreated substrate, respectively. On the other hand, methane production was 61.4 and 79.8 L/KgVS from untreated and pretreated substrate, respectively. In conclusion, Physical (milling), chemical (NaOH and NH4OH) pretreatment in addition to fungal (A. terreus and T. viride) treatment for the tested substrate prior to AD was an efficient process for improvement of biogas and methane production.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1466-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Development of municipal solid waste classification in Korea based on fossil carbon fraction

Environmental problems and climate change arising from waste incineration are taken quite seriously in the world. In Korea, the waste disposal methods are largely classified into landfill, incineration, recycling, etc. and the amount of incinerated waste has risen by 24.5% from 2002. In the analysis of CO2 emissions estimations of waste incinerators fossil carbon content are main factor by the IPCC. FCF differs depending on the characteristics of waste in each country, and a wide range of default values are proposed by the IPCC. This study conducted research on the existing classifications of the IPCC and Korean waste classification systems based on FCF for accurate greenhouse gas emissions estimation of waste incineration.The characteristics possible for sorting were classified according to FCF and form. The characteristics sorted according to fossil carbon fraction were paper, textiles, rubber, and leather. Paper was classified into pure paper and processed paper; textiles were classified into cotton and synthetic fibers; and rubber and leather were classified into artificial and natural.The analysis of FCF was implemented by collecting representative samples from each classification group, by applying the 14C method, and using AMS equipment. And the analysis values were compared with the default values proposed by the IPCC. In this study of garden and park waste and plastics, the differences were within the range of the IPCC default values or the differences were negligible. However, coated paper, synthetic textiles, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, artificial leather, and other wastes showed differences of over 10% in FCF content. IPCC is comprised of largely 9 types of qualitative classifications, in emissions estimation a great difference can occur from the combined characteristics according with the existing IPCC classification system by using the minutely classified waste characteristics as in this study.Implications: Fossil carbon fraction (FCF) differs depending on the characteristics of waste in each country; and a wide range of default values are proposed by the IPCC. This study conducted research on the existing classifications of the IPCC and Korean waste classification systems based on FCF for accurate greenhouse gas emissions estimation of waste incineration.

Directions of utilisation of waste from green areas

Abstract Each year communities generate large quantities of municipal waste, including green waste such as grass and leaves. According to the waste catalogue, they may be treated as belonging to the group 20 02 (garden and park waste), and more specifically, to the group 20 02 01 – biodegradable waste. The aim of the study is to characterise the development directions of the green waste generated in the municipalities. Skilful management of this waste is extremely important. The following work focuses on three different technologies that enable efficient management of the green waste: methane fermentation, pelletising and composting. According to many authors, the most common technologies are pelletising and composting. In contrast, biogas fermentation of green waste in the municipalities is performed on a much smaller scale than other technologies. This may be due to the fact that this technology requires a significant expertise and is more complicated in terms of technology

Quantifying capital goods for biological treatment of organic waste.

Materials and energy used for construction of anaerobic digestion (AD) and windrow composting plants were quantified in detail. The two technologies were quantified in collaboration with consultants and producers of the parts used to construct the plants. The composting plants were quantified based on the different sizes for the three different types of waste (garden and park waste, food waste and sludge from wastewater treatment) in amounts of 10,000 or 50,000 tonnes per year. The AD plant was quantified for a capacity of 80,000 tonnes per year. Concrete and steel for the tanks were the main materials for the AD plant. For the composting plants, gravel and concrete slabs for the pavement were used in large amounts. To frame the quantification, environmental impact assessments (EIAs) showed that the steel used for tanks at the AD plant and the concrete slabs at the composting plants made the highest contribution to Global Warming. The total impact on Global Warming from the capital goods compared to the operation reported in the literature on the AD plant showed an insignificant contribution of 1-2%. For the composting plants, the capital goods accounted for 10-22% of the total impact on Global Warming from composting.

Framework Design for Eco-Industrial Park's Waste Management System

This study proposes a framework design for eco-industrial park’s waste management system including functional orientation of the system and flow chart of the waste exchange in an EIP. The core function of the waste management system is waste exchange. Also, other functions of the park management are contained in the system such as technological exchange, product trading etc. A flow chart of the waste exchange has been designed in detail. Waste source account including six procedures is the key to achieve waste exchange. To identify the realness of reported data by computer system, we calculate materials balance and emission coefficient in this study. The whole waste exchange management by internet includes ten steps. After completion of the on-line processing, the wastes can be transported to the user.