Parking System Research Articles

Integrated automatic parking path planning and trajectory tracking optimization method

Current automatic parking systems often separate path planning and trajectory tracking, increasing complexity and failing to meet the parking needs of autonomous cars. Consequently, this study presents an approach based on Multi-stage Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MSNMPC) for integrated autonomous parking path planning and trajectory tracking optimization. The method represents the evolution of uncertainty parameters over time through a scenario tree, and the MSNMPC controller with a predictive horizon P defines P + 1 phases, each with specific cost and constraint functions that depend only on the vehicle state and control inputs of that phase to satisfy the constraints of all phases of the parking process. In addition, the method integrates path planning and tracking control into one optimization problem, which is solved online to achieve integrated parking control. Simulation confirms that, in comparison to MPC with RRT* hierarchical control, the integrated parking scheme of MSNMPC has less lateral error and offers superior flexibility and tracking performance. To verify the generality of the scheme, it was validated in the diagonal parking scenario and the vertical parking scenario, respectively. The results show that, compared to the control experiments, the parking elapsed time has been reduced by 10.76% and 9.02%, respectively, enhancing parking efficiency. In addition, the parking error has decreased by 30.77% and 38.46%, respectively, thus improving parking accuracy. Moreover, the minimum safe distance in the control scheme for addressing uncertainty factors is 0.7 m greater than that of the control experiments, meeting the driving requirements for driverless vehicles in parking scenarios.

The projected exposure and response of a natural barrier island system to climate-driven coastal hazards

Accelerating sea level rise (SLR) and changing storm patterns will increasingly expose barrier islands to coastal hazards, including flooding, erosion, and rising groundwater tables. We assess the exposure of Cape Lookout National Seashore, a barrier island system in North Carolina (USA), to projected SLR and storm hazards over the twenty-first century. We estimate that with 0.5 m of SLR, 47% of current subaerial barrier island area would be flooded daily, and the 1-year return period storm would flood 74%. For 20-year return period storms, over 85% is projected to be flooded for any SLR. The modelled groundwater table is already shallow (< 2 m deep), and while projected to shoal to the land surface with SLR, marine flooding is projected to overtake areas with emergent groundwater. Projected shoreline retreat reaches an average of 178 m with 1 m of SLR and no interventions, which is over 60% of the current island width at narrower locations. Compounding these hazards is subsidence, with one-third of the study area currently lowering at > 2 mm/yr. Our results demonstrate the difficulty of managing natural barrier systems such as those managed by federal park systems tasked with maintaining natural ecosystems and protecting cultural resources.

Evaluasi Fungsi Ekologis Taman Kota pada Lanskap Riparian Sungai Cimanuk, Indramayu

The riparian landscape of the Cimanuk River has been declared a local protected area. Cimanuk Park is located on the northern coast of Java Island, Indramayu Regency which is one of the tourist centers and icons of the city of Indramayu. City parks are closely related to ecological functions that affect user comfort. This study aims to identify the diversity of vegetation, evaluate ecological functions, determine the perception of the people of Indramayu towards Cimanuk Park which is used as an icon of the city of Indramayu and provide recommendations for improving the green system of Cimanuk Park. The method of this research uses the study of aspects of ecological functions including microclimate measurement, and noise level measurement, which consists of preparation, inventory, analysis, assessment and evaluation, and preparation of recommendations. It has 17 species with a total of 333 individuals. This study conducted an assessment of vegetation diversity using the KPI method. Most of Cimanuk Parks have good categories in modifying temperature and controlling air humidity and have moderate categories in resisting wind, and reducing noise. Meanwhile, from the results of the study, the THI value was in the uncomfortable category.

Spatial patterns of vascular plant species richness in Poland: Relations among species group richness and hot spot distribution

Knowledge of spatial patterns of species richness (SR) is highly relevant for theoretical research in ecology and the development of conservation plans. In Poland, despite a long tradition of botanical surveys, vascular plant SR has not been mapped, nor have the correlations in richness among different plant species groups been explored at the entire country scale. Here, we used a recently published data set to examine spatial patterns and relationships among the joined SR of vascular plant species, including native species, archaeophytes, neophytes, and species with high conservation value (i.e., red-list species). The basic spatial unit employed was a 10 × 10 km grid from the Atlas of Distribution of Vascular Plants in Poland (ATPOL). We found that SR of native species and archaeophytes, neophytes, and red-list species were positively correlated. The main patterns of SR and the percentage of particular groups in the joined SR were based on three components: (1) gradient of overall SR, (2) invasion level, and (3) peculiarity of flora in some regions resulting from the high number and proportion of rare species that often have high conservation value (red-list species). In general, northeastern Poland was species-poor, while the Carpathian Mountain range, the uplands in southern Poland, and some parts of Wisła River valley had the highest SR concentrations. e location of SR hotspots usually did not overlap with the existing national parks system. The correlations among native SR, high conservation value species, and neophyte SR suggest that biological invasions are among the most important threats to vascular plant diversity in Poland. Finally, despite likely biases in SR assessments, we demonstrated that the presented maps seem to reflect general ecological gradients influencing vascular plant distribution in Poland.

The Evaluation Indicator System of Low-Carbon Parks in the Textile Industry

Given that low-carbon development has become an important goal for the sustainable development of the industrial sector, the development of low-carbon industrial parks is conducive to advancing the low-carbon development of China’s industry. Based on the development status quo of industrial parks in China’s textile industry, this article adopted literature research, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and expert consultation to establish an evaluation indicator system for low-carbon industrial parks characterized by a scoring mechanism comprising three levels with thirty indicators. Meanwhile, considering the requirements of policies, documents, regulations, and standards related to energy consumption and low-carbon development in the textile industry, these indicators’ benchmark values and evaluation criteria were calculated and determined. Then, this article selected the parks dominated by garment, chemical fiber manufacturing, and textile industries for low-carbon evaluation demonstrations. The low-carbon zone evaluation index system developed in this article could realize the monitoring, assessment, and comparison of the low-carbon levels of industrial parks, thereby facilitating the planning, construction, and management of low-carbon parks in the textile industry.

The Great Death Valley National Monument Mission 66 Conspiracy (That Never Was)

In 1956 the U.S. National Park Service (NPS) launched Mission 66, a ten-year program to rebuild and improve infrastructure within hundreds of units of the National Park System, among them Death Valley National Monument in California. As elsewhere, plans in this unit centered on a visitor center, new employee housing, administrative and maintenance facilities, and campgrounds. The original plans developed for Death Valley were abruptly changed, leading to allegations that the NPS was involved in a deal with a resort in the park, in which the NPS would receive a land donation in exchange for overlooking illegal use of monument water by the resort. This Great Death Valley Mission 66 Conspiracy reached the ears of Congress, and in 1962 Congressional hearings were held to investigate these matters. The NPS director and many others were called to give testimony. This story gives a fascinating glimpse into the development of Mission 66 facilities in a large park, and how the plans for these facilities depended on an underlying geography of land ownership, water rights, dubious surveys, and expectations by faraway bureaucrats; these in turn reveal much about possibilities and limitations on opportunities for park development. The Mission 66 facilities in Death Valley have stood the test of time and remain central to visitation in the park to this day.

Nine Processes That Have Shaped the U.S. National Park System

The U.S. National Park System began at Yellowstone in 1872 and the National Park Service (NPS) took over its management in 1916. That system has evolved through nine processes to 429 units in every state and most territories. Those processes include (1) the classification of units by natural, historical, and recreational purposes and resources while shifting from isolated sublimity to representation of U.S. environment and history; (2) the spatial expansion of the system from the rural West to the urban East; (3) the rise of science to dominate natural resource management; (4) evolution of socially conscious historical coverage that includes accurately researched places relevant to the entire population; (5) increasing congressional involvement in NPS management through laws like the National Environmental Policy Act and the Wilderness Act and direct control of studies for new units; (6) the legal triumph of resource preservation for future generations over potentially damaging uses including recreation; (7) NPS encouragement of equal rights by banning segregation, extending outreach to minorities, and employing more women; (8) facing management difficulties with a growing workload while coping with grievous understaffing, underfunding, and a waning interest among young people; and (9) external threats that are beyond its control including climate change and aggressive invasive species. The NPS considers itself the organization to protect and present U.S. heritage, but its responsibilities expand while its powers are contested.

Reducing Data Uncertainties: Fuzzy Real-Time Safety Level Methodology for Socio-Technical Systems

This paper presents the fuzzy real-time safety level (Fuzzy RealTSL) methodology. It aims to address the data uncertainties resulting from a lack of sensors in complex sociotechnical systems and reduce the need for the determination of their safety level in real-time during their operation. To achieve this, the methodology utilizes: (1) safety constraints from STPA (systems theoretic process analysis) analysis and EWaSAP (early-warning-signs analysis process), (2) fuzzy logic as the mathematical backbone to identify the degree of confidence about the occurrence of unsafe system states, (3) a modified centroid point and spread ordering to enable ordering sequences of unsafe system states that can lead to accidents according to how detrimental they are to the system safety. The RealTSL methodology is presented through its step-by-step application to the panel alignment system of a solar park utilizing rotating solar arrays. This paper aims to open a new perspective on the STAMP literature for discussions of uncertainties from a lack of information about the system’s state and to make it easier to measure its safety level. Knowing the safety level of a system in real-time is crucial for the systems in question as it enables proactive risk management and enhances decision-making by providing immediate insights into potential hazards, thus safeguarding against accidents.

An evaluative study on parking challenges and future demand forecasting at Kano Farm Center Market, Nigeria.

Parking involves stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Commercial centers require assistance in providing adequate parking facilities for vehicles to transport people, deliver goods, or conduct business transactions. Failing to meet the expected demand for parking can lead to frustration, safety concerns, and accidents. Our study involved conducting reconnaissance and surveys to assess parking demand and duration in the area. The objective was to provide valuable insights into the current urban transportation system, focusing on parking patterns and proposing a parking system specifically for Kano Farm Center Market. Our findings indicate an estimated annual growth rate of 10%, suggesting that in 15 years, the number of daily parkers will rise to 3,308. This means that more than the existing parking space of 2710 stalls will be required, and we recommend providing a larger area of 300m x 300m. This underscores the importance for urban planners and commercial center managers to invest in expanded and innovative parking solutions to enhance efficiency, safety, and accessibility for all users.

IPS: Intelligent Parking System Using YOLO and Image Processing

IPS: Intelligent Parking System Using YOLO and Image Processing

Smart Car Parking System based on UWB Tracking

Smart Car Parking System based on UWB Tracking

The Army’s battlefield parks in the US national park system: From grafted branch to poisoned fruit

The first set of parks created by the United States government under uniform administration was a set of Civil War battlefields under the control of the War Department, or Army. The first battlefield parks were created in the 1890s and expanded into a much larger system stretching across the country. The Army developed these parks with visitor facilities and extensive memorials and monuments. In 1933 the entire system was transferred to the National Park Service and became part of the national park system. These units had been sought by the Park Service to expand the geographical and thematic diversity of its holdings. This work explores the creation of this system by the Army and what has happened to these units after their absorption into the park system. While most were expanded and became more typical park units, others were removed from the system, leaving two in their original condition.

Qualitative Evaluation of the Academic Reflections of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Fields of Communication and Public Relations

Artificial Intelligence (AI), as in various other fields, is causing significant changes in the fields of communication and public relations by modernizing traditional methods and tools. AI applications, which have evolved with technological advancements, introduce new tools that make communication processes more efficient and effective, enabling both time and resource savings. Notably, comprehensive data analyses and the ability to understand target audience behaviors, along with continuous communication opportunities provided by automated response systems and chatbots, are particularly striking. In this context, the new opportunities that AI brings to the fields of communication and public relations are creating positive impacts in current sectoral practices and are also being reflected in academic studies conducted in the field. This study is a descriptive research aimed at examining academic studies on artificial intelligence in the fields of communication and public relations published in journals included in the Dergi Park system. The sample of the study consists of articles published in the Dergi Park system between 1990 and 2023, identified using the keywords communication-artificial intelligence and public relations-artificial intelligence. Data were analyzed using the MAXQDA20 software. The analysis of the study is based on a systematic and interpretive approach that considers the titles, abstracts, keywords, publication years, publication languages, research methods used, and the authors' fields of study. According to the findings, a total of 32 articles on communication, public relations, and artificial intelligence were identified, and it was determined that the majority of these articles were conducted using a qualitative research approach. The research findings indicate that the number of academic studies published on artificial intelligence has increased over the years, but the total number of published articles remains insufficient. Additionally, among the communication subtopics associated with artificial intelligence, public relations stands out as a diverse and multidimensional field, with the most intensive studies found in the areas of corporate communication, crisis communication, and reputation management, respectively.

One National Park System—If You Can Keep It

In this "Letter from Woodstock," our columnist looks at the damage done to the National Park System by chronic underfunding from Congress.

Mengintegrasikan Teknologi IoT dan Smart Destinations dalam Pengelolaan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology with the concept of Smart Destinations offers an innovative solution in tourism management with the aim of improving operational efficiency and tourist experience. IoT technology, which includes interconnected sensor devices and communication systems, provides the ability to unify and manage various aspects of a destination in real-time. Meanwhile, Smart Destinations use digital technology to optimize the tourist experience through personalization, resource efficiency, and desire. This article discusses the background and key benefits of IoT integration in Smart Destinations, including improving the visitor experience through data and analytics, better crisis management, and more efficient resource management. Application examples such as smart parking systems, automated energy management, and providing contextual information to tourists through sensors are described to illustrate the practical application of this technology. However, challenges such as data privacy and security, technology compatibility issues, and significant investment requirements are also discussed. In conclusion, while this integration faces several obstacles, its potential benefits in improving the quality and efficiency of tourist destinations make it a promising approach for the future of the tourism industry.

Automated Parking System using IR Sensor

As the population grows, people face more challenging parking issues that make city life more difficult. However, automated parking systems have become a ray of hope in modern society. Urban living is entering a transformational era with these innovative solutions. Automated parking systems reduce traffic and transform the urban environment by seamlessly incorporating advanced technology into parking management. Therefore, the proposed system utilizes Arduino boards and infrared (IR) sensors to develop an automated parking system (APS) that improves urban parking efficiency, reduces traffic jams, and minimizes environmental harm. The system integrates seamlessly with existing city infrastructure, providing a cost-effective and adaptable solution. The prototype of the APS is developed and tested to ensure its ease of installation and use in urban areas.

"Smart Parking Systems: Enhancing Efficiency and Sustainability in Urban Areas"

Abstract: Smart Parking systems are innovative solutions designed to address the challenges faced by drivers when searching for parking spaces, especially in busy urban areas during peak hours. These systems utilize IoT technology deployed on-site to monitor and indicate the availability status of individual parking spaces. Additionally, a mobile application is provided to enable users to conveniently check the availability of parking spaces and easily locate vacant slots. By implementing a Smart Parking system, drivers can save valuable time and avoid the frustrations associated with the daunting task of finding suitable parking spots. Moreover, these systems play a crucial role in alleviating traffic congestion and reducing air pollution in densely populated urban areas.

Smart Car Parking System

In this fast-growing economy, the number of vehicle users is growing tremendously, wasting a significant amount of time and fuel while searching for an available parking space. This work highlights the optimum utilization of parking slots without the physical intervention of humans by making use of an IoT-integrated embedded system. This study aimed to create a mobile application for car parking that uses NodeMCU as the Microcontroller, which is further integrated with Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to detect available parking slots, saving people’s time. When combined with an interactive mobile application, this technology provides an efficient solution by highlighting the availability and occupancy of parking spaces as green and red, respectively. It contributes to enhancing the quality of life of people living in congested metropolitan cities by digitizing the conventional parking system.

Smart Cars Parking Systems of Big Cities based on the Internet of Things

Smart Cars Parking Systems of Big Cities based on the Internet of Things

Implementation of Oriented Programming Concepts Objects in The Parking System Application Using Java Programming Language

Implementation of Oriented Programming Concepts Objects in The Parking System Application Using Java Programming Language