Park Deer Research Articles

Evaluation of Antibody Tests for Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Pigs and Deer.

This study addressed the need in Great Britain for supplementary blood tests for deer and pig herds under movement restrictions due to confirmed Mycobacterium bovis infection-to enhance the overall sensitivity and reliability of tuberculosis (TB) testing and contribute to an exit strategy for these herds. We evaluated four antibody tests (lateral flow DPP VetTB Assay for Cervids, M. bovis IDEXX ELISA, Enferplex Cervid and Porcine antibody tests and an in-house comparative PPD ELISA) using serum samples from defined cohorts of TB-infected and TB-free deer and pigs. TB-infected deer included two separate cohorts; farmed deer that had received a tuberculin skin test less than 30 days prior, and park deer that had received no prior skin test. In this way, we were able to assess the effect of the skin test anamnestic boost upon antibody test sensitivity. We tested a total of 402 TB-free pigs and 416 TB-free deer, 77 infected farmed deer and 105 infected park deer, and 29 infected pigs (including 2 wild boar). For deer, we found an equivalent high performance of all four tests: specificity range 98.8-99.5% and sensitivity range 76.6-85.7% for skin test-boosted infected deer, and 51.4-58.1% for non-boosted infected deer. These data suggest an overall approximate 25% increase in test sensitivity for infected deer following a skin test boost. For pigs, the tests again had equivalent high specificity of 99-99.5% and a sensitivity range of 62.1-86.2%, with substantial agreement for three of the four tests. Retrospective application of the ELISA tests to individual culled park deer and wild boar that showed no obvious evidence of TB at larder inspection identified a significant seropositivity within wild boar suggestive of low-level M. bovis infection that would otherwise not have been detected. Overall this investigation provided a robust evaluation of four antibody tests, which is essential to generate confidence in test performance before a wider deployment within TB control measures can be considered.

Daily Behavior of the Timor Deer (Cervus timorensis) at The Tahura of Wan Abdul Rachman Lampung of Tahura in Year 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia may affect changes in the daily behavior of the Timor deer in the Deer Captivity at the Grand Forest Park, Wan Abdul Rachman. The purpose of this study was to determine the daily behavior of the Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Wan Abdul Rachman (WAR) Forest Park Deer Captivity (Tahura). The objects used are 4 male and female Timor deer. This study uses the Scan Sampling method with an interval of 10 minutes and starts from 08.00 - 17.00 WIB. Based on observations of the behavior of the Timor deer in captivity of the Tahura WAR Deer, it can be concluded that the most common behaviors are resting behavior (54.42%), eating behavior (34.95%), shifting behavior (6.37%), other behavior (2 ,6%), sleeping behavior (1,28%), self-playing behavior (0.79%) and social behavior (0.37%). During the COVID-19 pandemic (in 2021) there was an increase in the percentage of resting behavior (54.42%), sleeping (1.28%), social (0.37%), playing alone (0.79%) and others ( 2.6%) compared to the results of research before the covid-19 pandemic (in 2018) namely resting behavior (33.1%), sleeping (0.05%), social (0.26%), playing alone (0.6%) 1%) and others (2.45%). Meanwhile, the results of observations of the daily behavior of the Timor deer at the Tahura WAR Deer Captivity during the covid-19 pandemic (in 2021) showed a decrease in the percentage of eating behavior (34.95%) and moving (6.37%) compared to before the covid-19 pandemic (year). 2018) with the value of eating behavior (54.05%) and shifting behavior (9.99%). The difference in daily behavior shown to Timor deer in captivity is due to a decrease in the number of visitors due to the pandemic.

Zoonotic diseases appeared to be a major hurdle to successful deer farming in Bangladesh.

Background and Aim:Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer.Materials and Methods:Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology.Results:Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst.Conclusion:The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset.

Managing antler problems in deer

Antlers are one of the most amazing features of the mammal kingdom. They are, in mammals, the fastest growing tissue and the only example of the regeneration of an entire...

Deer Park or the Monastery?

KIERKEGAARD AND HEGEL ON UNHAPPY CONSCIOUSNESS, RENUNCIATION, AND WORLDLINESS In the second division of the Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Kierkegaard presents a dialectic of inward deepening that attempts to reverse Hegel's solution to the problem of Unhappy Consciousness. Both Hegel and Kierkegaard's dialectics take up the question of the duality of the subject, and both do so in the concrete context of a question that is more practical than theoretical, namely, How does the subject, as something universal or infinite, relate to the finite world, especially to its own finitude and particularity? For Hegel, the religiousness typified by the Unhappy Consciousness is radically dual and alienated, a split subjectivity that condemns and revokes base finitude, including itself, in favor of an other-worldly God. However, this split subjectivity is not ultimate, and the dialectic of Unhappy Consciousness attempts to establish how it can be and indeed has been surpassed in a reconciliation of the worldly and the beyond. Kierkegaard, on the other hand, begins with immanence, where the divine seems somehow to pervade the finite and recollection almost seems to provide a means of gaining hold of it. The unfolding of the dialectic of inward deepening is, however, nothing but the process whereby the disharmony, inequality, and incommensurability of the finite and the absolute becomes ever more pronounced, ever more incapable of sublation or mediation. Significantly, the medieval Church and monastery play a pivotal role in both dialectics; the monastery therefore provides a promising means for a comparative analysis and critical evaluation of their dialectics. As we shall see, while Hegel finds a positive role for the medieval Church in the overcoming of Unhappy Consciousness, Kierkegaard attempts to develop an alternate path for the religious individual, one that does not pass through the social and ultimately secularizing institution of the Church, but rather brings the inner commitment of religiousness to the pedestrian, to places such as the amusement park Deer Park. In this essay, I take up this analysis of the two dialectics. My primary focus is the relationship of faith to the finite world. I am interested in a pattern of renunciation of the world and return to it found in both dialectics; more specifically, I am interested in the way in which both Kierkegaard and Hegel anticipate and attempt to circumvent the problems surrounding giving and self-sacrifice presented by Derrida, among others, problems such as the way in which self-sacrificing acts tend to confirm the agent that wishes to humble herself.1 As I will show, both dialectics present us with a total gift or self-sacrifice, and with a return of that which is sacrificed which is neither economic nor self-confirming. After a brief analysis of Hegel's dialectic and a detailed analysis of Kierkegaard's, I will argue that despite initial appearances and common prejudices, Kierkegaard's notion of faith as hidden inwardness does not penetrate and develop human finitude to the extent of Hegel's dialectic. In effect, I will try to show how Hegel's dialectical solution to the Unhappy Consciousness out Kierkegaards Kierkegaard, in a way that shows Hegel to be a serious thinker of human finitude, precisely insofar as he is not willing to let alienation be the last word on concrete human existence. Hegel's Dialectic of Unhappy Consciousness According to Hegel, the Unhappy Consciousness is a dual or split subject, fallen and severed from its essence, sunk in the mire of finite existence. On the one hand, the defining feature of its subjective, inner life is a longing for the divine and the beyond as its true home; on the other, there is its finite concrete existence, which it can neither deny nor affirm. This duality and alienation that characterizes the Unhappy Consciousness for Hegel is the sine qua non of religious subjectivity as Kierkegaard understands it. …

Effects of human disturbance on the welfare of park fallow deer

The behaviour of Fallow deer (Dama dama) at Richmond Park on days when disturbance was high (Sundays, n = 5 ) was compared with behaviour when disturbance was low (Tuesdays, n = 4 ) and with the behaviour of the deer at an deer park (n = 5 ). Disturbance was characterised by the number of approaches to within 50 yards per 7 h. Under high disturbance conditions, a mean of 27 dog owners, 1.7 dog chases, 195 humans (some on horseback) were seen to approach each day. Under low disturbance conditions, a mean of 15 dog owners, 0.5 dog chases and 50 human approaches occurred. In the undisturbed park, mean disturbance rates were 2.7 dogs with owner, 0 dog chases and 3.4 humans. Whereas deer fed 53-55% of their time if undisturbed, this declined to 17-30% under low disturbance and 11-14% under high disturbance. Group size increased from 105 under low disturbance to 169 under high disturbance (t = 4.29, P< 0.01 ). We estimated that, under high disturbance, deer spent about one-third of their time responding to or recovering from disturbance. The effects of many individual disturbances were found to be short (at most a few minutes). However, the effects of dog chases and the cumulative effects of the continued presence of people around herds gave more cause for concern. These types of disturbance could have serious implications for the welfare of park deer if they occurred repeatedly at times of the year when the animals are especially vulnerable (e.g. during the rut and the following winter months). Recommendations to minimise disturbance to deer herds are discussed.

Five thousand years of livestock in Britain

The introduction of livestock, including the rabbit and the fallow deer, to Britain is reviewed, and a summary is given of the history of husbandry arid selective breeding. The feeding or stock on foliage and its importance for survival through the winter is described. The meaning of domestication is discussed and ii is argued that there should be no separation between the old established breeds of livestock, park deer, and feral populations including Chillingham rattle, Soay sheep, and Bagot goats; all belong to the assemblage of large mammals that has created the landscape of the British Isles.

Prevalence of herpesvirus infection in British red deer and investigations of further disease outbreaks.

A serological survey of the prevalence of a new herpesvirus isolated from red deer (Cervus elaphus), tentatively designated herpesvirus of Cervidae type 1 (HVC-1), has shown that the virus is widespread in free-living and farmed red deer. Neutralising antibodies were detected in hill deer culled at three different locations in the north of Scotland, in farmed deer on five of eight Scottish farms and in four of 12 groups of English farmed or park deer. Fifty-eight of 145 (40 per cent) hill deer, 67 of 203 (33 per cent) Scottish farmed deer and 26 of 172 (14 per cent) English deer had antibody, the overall prevalence being 29 per cent. Further outbreaks of ocular disease in farmed red deer calves caused by HVC-1 were investigated. Deer sent to an auction from one farm were found after sale to have been incubating the disease and it was thus spread to seven deer farms. Despite a high incidence of clinical disease in the calves from the original farm, few in-contact deer showed clinical signs.

Observations on the Weighing of Park Deer

Observations on the Weighing of Park Deer

AN OUTBREAK OF A HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN WHITE-TAILED DEER IN KENTUCKY

In 1971, an outbreak of a hemorrhagic disease occurred in captive and free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Clinical signs and gross pathological lesions were consistent with those of epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue, as were serological and histopathological findings for samples sent to other laboratories. The infection rate among the 104 captive deer was 88-92%, and that among the free-ranging Park deer appeared to be similar. Mortality was negligible in the Park deer, but 65 (62%) of the captive deer died. The deaths were bimodally distributed over a 36-day period, and the mortality rate decreased from 97-100% for deer clinically ill during the first 17 days of the outbreak to 58% for deer first exhibiting clinical signs on day 16 or later. Mortality was equal in males and females, but less in yearlings than among fawns or adults. Winter mortality among survivors of the initial outbreak was associated with low ambient temperatures and sometimes fungal and bacterial abscesses, possibly sequelae or complications of the hemorrhagic disease. The pregnancy and birth rates among surviving does appeared to be normal.

The Incidence of Congenital Abnormalities in the Mandibular Dentition of Fallow Deer (Dama damn L.)

SUMMARY The examination of the mandibles of 234 park and feral fallow deer from seven areas of England and Scotland has shown that either one or two of the incisiform teeth together with their alveoli were sometimes missing. Teeth were missing in three of the five Jeral populations sampled and in one of the two park populations. The incidence was about 5 per cent for each sample 0 feral deer and 19 per cent for the park deer. The absence of incisiform teeth was observed in both males and females and in both the deciduous and permanent dentition.

Observations on the reproduction of female wild and park Fallow deer (Dama dama) in southern England

The reproductive organs of wild and park female Fallow deer have been examined. The deer appear to breed for the first time in their second year when they are about 16 months old; none of the fawns examined was pregnant. All the adult deer had ovulated and about 95% were pregnant. It is concluded that most adult Fallow deer breed each year. The only difference found between wild and park deer was in the incidence of transmigration of the ovum; this being 52% and 28% respectively.

Windsor park deer

Windsor park deer