Parity Restriction Research Articles

On fixed-time interlayer synchronization of two-layer multiweighted complex dynamic networks: An economic and practical non-chattering adaptive control approach

This paper investigates the adaptive fixed-time (FxT) interlayer synchronization issue of two-layer complex dynamic networks (CDNs), where both multiple weights and interlayer links are considered. Above all, a new FxT stability lemma is given, which offers a more flexible condition and some more precise estimates of stabilized convergence time compared with the existing results. Subsequently, an economic and practical non-chattering continuous adaptive controller is designed, which is superior to the currently available ones by excluding the signum function and linear part and removing the parity restriction on the exponents in control law. Furthermore, by means of the Lyapunov method and the newly-established FxT stability theory, some novel FxT interlayer synchronization criteria are derived for the addressed two-layer multiweighted CDNs with the designed non-chattering continuous adaptive controller, and the synchronized settling time (SST) is also reckoned. It is found that the interlayer links weights can contribute to the interlayer synchronization, and the SST becomes smaller with the increase of interlayer link weight. Finally, the proposed results are validated by numerical examples.

PcGC: A Parity-Check Garbage Collection for Boosting 3-D NAND Flash Performance

Garbage collection or GC running in the controller of 3D NAND flash-based solid-state disks -SSDs -plays a critical role in the performance of storage systems. SSD manufacturers have developed various garbage collection solutions based on internal data movement or IDM to mitigate the impacts of garbage collection on request latency. Due to the circuit characteristics of flash memory, existing IDM-based garbage collection strategies are restricted by the page parity during data movement: odd pages must be migrated to odd pages, and even pages to even pages. When migrating two consecutive pages with the same parity, the free page between the two migrated pages will be wasted after the migration is complete. This ever-increasing page waste problem inevitably deteriorates the storage space utilization of flash memory, thereby degrading the overall performance of 3D NAND flash-based SSDs. To address this issue, we propose a parity-check garbage collection scheme called PcGC to revamp SSD performance by alleviating page waste during garbage collection. We build a parity-check unit in PcGC to facilitate checking the parity of migrated valid pages and destination pages. According to the parity results offered by the parity-check unit, PcGC dynamically adjusts the migration order of valid pages during the course of garbage collection. In doing so, PcGC fundamentally averts page waste caused by the page parity restriction, thereby enhancing 3D NAND flash performance. We quantitatively evaluate the performance of PcGC in terms of wasted pages, storage utilization, GC counts, write amplification, and average response time. We compare PcGC against the two state-of-the-art schemes -Amphibian and TTflash. The experimental results derived from the nine real-world workload traces unfold that compared with Amphibian and TTflash, (1) PcGC curtails the number of wasted pages by up to 91.4% with an average of 53.75%, (2) cuts back the number of GC counts by up to 52.2% with an average of 11.9%, and (3) slashes average write response time by up to 77.8% with an average of 13.0%.

Enhanced emission intensity in (Li+/Ca2+/Bi3+) ions co-doped NaLa(MoO4)2: Dy3+phosphors and their Judd-Ofelt analysis for WLEDs applications

In the present study, we have synthesized a series of Dy3+ ion doped NaLa(MoO4)2phosphors by the conventional solid-state method at 750 °C for 4h. All the compounds were crystallized in the tetragonal scheelite type structure with space group (I41/a, No.88). The morphology and functional group were confirmed by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy. Upon near-Ultraviolet (n-UV) excitation, the PL spectra exhibit the two characteristic emissions of Dy3+ ions, blue (4F9/2 → 6H15/2) at 487 nm and yellow (4F9/2 → 6H13/2) at 574nm respectively. The optimum concentration of Dy3+ionis 3 mol% and then quenching occurred due to multipolar interaction. Further, enhanced the emission intensity by co-doping with monovalent (Li+), divalent (Ca2+) and trivalent (Bi3+) ions. Among them, Li+ ion co-doped samples are shown maximum intensity (50 times) more than Dy3+ doped phosphors as relaxation of parity restriction of electric dipole transition because of local distortion of crystal field around the Dy3+ ions. In addition, by incorporation of Eu3+ ions into NaLa(MoO4)2:Dy3+system, tuned the emission color from white to red, owing to energy transfer from Dy3+ to Eu3+ ions. The intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4) and radiative properties such as transition probabilities (A T), radiative lifetime (τ rad), and branching ratio were calculated using the Judd-Ofelt theory. CIE color coordinates, CCT values indicates that these phosphors exhibit an excellent white emission. The determined radiative properties, CIE and CCT results revealed that the Dy3+-activated NaLa(MoO4)2phosphors are potential materials for developing white LEDs, and optoelectronic device fabrications.

Monovalent ions co-doped SrTiO3:Pr3+ nanostructures for the visualization of latent fingerprints and can be red component for solid state devices

Structural and luminescence properties of SrTiO3: Pr3+: A+ (A+: Li, Na, K) nanophosphors were synthesized by simple sonochemical route. Prepared products were well-characterized for their optical and structural properties. Surface morphology of the prepared samples were studied with the influential parameters such as surfactant concentration, sonication time, temperature, pH and compared the effect with normal mechanical stirring. Morphology was highly dependent on the experimental parameters. The predicted growth mechanism to obtain superstructures of the samples prepared by sonochemical method was discussed. Photoluminescence (PL) studies exhibit characteristic emission peaks of Pr3+ ions in the range 500–750 nm. The highest PL intensity was obtained for 5 mol% of Pr3+ doped samples. Further, co-doping with Li+, Na+ and K+ ions into Pr3+ activated SrTiO3 phosphor led to an enhancement in luminescence intensity by reducing the parity restriction of electric dipole transitions. As a consequence of suitable local distortion of the crystal field surrounding to the Pr3+ activator ions. The maximum PL intensity was observed for Li+ (1 wt%) co-doped SrTiO3:Pr3+ (5 mol%) samples. Furthermore, Li+ ion was the best charge compensator, because of it reduced the defects emission and also increased the emission intensity of Pr3+ significantly. Prepared phosphors exhibit short lifetime, good quantum efficiency; excellent color purity which is near to the NTSC standards. Prepared fluorescent powders were used as a dusting powder for the rapid visualization of latent fingerprints under UV light of 254 nm. From the reported results it is evident that the optimized prepared samples are suitable for solid state lighting and advanced forensic investigation applications.

Alkali metal ion co-doped Eu3+ activated GdPO4 phosphors: Structure and photoluminescence properties

Series of alkali metal ion co-doped with Eu3+ activated GdPO4 phosphors were synthesized by the conventional solid state method. Structural parameters were confirmed by the X-ray Rietveld refinement method. All the compounds are crystallized in the monazite phase with space group (P121/n1, No.14). Morphology and functional group analysis were performed on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic results reveal that, on Eu3+ ion doping in the GdPO4 host matrix, the magnetic dipole transition (5D0 → 7F1) at 581 nm responsible for orange light, dominates the red emission with respect to the electric dipole transition (5D0 → 7F2) at 620 nm. It was found that the emission intensity increased up to 9 mol% of Eu3+ and then quenched due to multipolar interactions. Further, co-doping with Li+, Na+ and K+ ion in to Eu3+ activated GdPO4 phosphor led to an enhancement in luminescence intensity by reducing the parity restriction of electric dipole transitions as a consequence of suitable local distortion of the crystal field surrounding the Eu3+ activator ion. The results of Judd–Ofelt theory and radiative parameters suggest that these phosphors have a short lifetime, good quantum efficiency, excellent color purity compared to other reported Eu3+ doped phosphors. These results illustrate the mechanistic effect of alkali metal ions doping on luminescent properties of rare earth ion doped GdPO4 phosphors and help in optimization of their luminescent properties according to the practical requirements in optoelectronic and biomedical applications.

1137 Effects of parity and mid-gestation nutrient restriction on umbilical blood flow, fetal and placental measurements, and birth weight in sheep

1137 Effects of parity and mid-gestation nutrient restriction on umbilical blood flow, fetal and placental measurements, and birth weight in sheep

Uvular malformation in the presence of deformational plagiocephaly.

Deformational plagiocephaly is cranial asymmetry caused by external forces on the skull. Deformational plagiocephaly is seen in 5% to 48% of healthy newborns. Incomplete uvular fusion, in contrast, is one of many uvular malformations. The incidence of all degrees of incomplete uvular fusion is approximately 1% in healthy children. Bifid uvula is a malformation that is often considered a microform cleft palate or a marker for submucous cleft palate. This is a retrospective study of patients with deformational plagiocephaly seen at the Upstate Cleft and Craniofacial Center between January 1, 2006, and September 30, 2011. Patients were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for plagiocephaly. Seventy-nine patients were excluded with craniosynostosis and syndromic diagnoses. One hundred forty-six patients with deformational plagiocephaly were included in the study. Data were collected for sex, age at presentation, parity, multiple births, delivery, oligohydramnios, cephalohematoma, uterine abnormalities, fetal position, and intrauterine growth restriction. Clinical findings were collected including location of cranial flattening and uvular malformations. Twenty-four of 146 patients with deformational plagiocephaly had incomplete fusion of the uvula ranging from complete bifid uvula to a notched uvular tip (16.4%). This association was statistically significant (odds ratio, 18; 95% confidence interval, 11.1-28.9). Most patients (62.3%) were male. We recorded primiparity (44.5%), multiple births (17.1%), vacuum-assisted delivery (6.2%), cesarean section (36.3%), oligohydramnios (4.1%), uterine abnormalities (2.1%), abnormal fetal position (3.4%), and intrauterine growth restriction (1.4%). Ten of the 24 patients with plagiocephaly and uvular malformation were seen for an initial consultation only in our chart system. Of the remaining 14 patients with follow-up, none had recorded signs or symptoms of velopharyngeal insufficiency. The incidence of incomplete uvular fusion in infants with deformational plagiocephaly is 16.4%, which is significantly higher than the approximate 1% incidence reported in the general population. This is the first report of uvular malformation in the presence of deformational plagiocephaly.

Parity and growth restriction: on whom the burden of proof?

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyVolume 116, Issue 8 p. 1136-1137 Correspondence Parity and growth restriction: on whom the burden of proof? A Ego, A Ego Jeanne de Flandre Maternity Hospital, Lille, France INSERM, UMR S953, Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women’s and Children’s Health, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJ Zeitlin, J Zeitlin INSERM, UMR S953, Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women’s and Children’s Health, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this author A Ego, A Ego Jeanne de Flandre Maternity Hospital, Lille, France INSERM, UMR S953, Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women’s and Children’s Health, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJ Zeitlin, J Zeitlin INSERM, UMR S953, Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women’s and Children’s Health, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 June 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02126.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume116, Issue8July 2009Pages 1136-1137 RelatedInformation

Price Level Convergence, Purchasing Power Parity and Multiple Structural Breaks in Panel Data Analysis: An Application to U.S. Cities

This article provides a methodological and empirical approach for assessing price level convergence and its relation to purchasing power parity (PPP) using annual price data for seventeen U.S. cities during the period 1918 to 2005. We suggest a new panel data procedure that can handle a wide range of PPP concepts in the presence of multiple structural breaks using all possible pairs of real exchange rates. Testing for PPP requires the definition of parametric restrictions (parity restrictions) across regimes. In general, we find more evidence for stationarity when the parity restriction is not imposed, while imposing parity restriction leads toward the rejection of the panel stationarity. Our results can be embedded in the view of the Balassa-Samuelson approach, but where the slope of the time trend is allowed to change in the long-run.

Price Level Convergence, Purchasing Power Parity and Multiple Structural Breaks: An Application to US Cities

This article provides a fresh methodological and empirical approach for assessing price level convergence and its relation to purchasing power parity (PPP) using annual price data for seventeen US cities. We suggest a new procedure that can handle a wide range of PPP concepts in the presence of multiple structural breaks using all possible pairs of real exchange rates. To deal with cross-sectional dependence, we use both cross-sectional demeaned data and a parametric bootstrap approach. In general, we nd more evidence for stationarity when the parity restriction is not imposed, while imposing parity restriction provides leads toward the rejection of the panel stationarity. Our results can be embedded on the view of the Balassa-Samuelson approach, but where the slope of the time trend is allowed to change in the long-run. The median half-life point estimate are found to be lower than the consensus view regardless of the parity restriction.

Different effects of maternal parity, cold exposure and nutrient restriction in late pregnancy on the abundance of mitochondrial proteins in the kidney, liver and lung of postnatal sheep

Adaptation to the extrauterine environment at birth relies upon the onset of postnatal function and increased metabolism in the lungs, liver and kidney, mediated partly by activation of mitochondrial proteins such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), cytochrome c and, in the lung only, uncoupling protein (UCP)2. The magnitude of adaptation is dependent on the maternal metabolic and endocrine environment. We, therefore, examined the influence of maternal cold exposure (MCE) induced by winter shearing of pregnant sheep in conjunction with nutrient restriction (NR; 50% reduction in maternal food intake from 110 days gestation up to term). The effect of parity was also examined, as the offspring of nulliparous mothers are growth restricted compared with multiparous offspring. All sheep were twin bearing. One twin was sampled after birth and its sibling at 30 days. In the lung, both MCE and maternal nulliparity enhanced UCP2 abundance. However, whilst VDAC abundance was decreased in both the offspring of nulliparous mothers and by NR, it was transiently raised by MCE. Kidney VDAC abundance was reduced by MCE and nulliparity, adaptations only influenced by NR in multiparous mothers. Cytochrome c abundance was raised by MCE and by NR in multiparous controls and raised in offspring of nulliparous mothers. Liver VDAC and cytochrome c abundance were transiently reduced by MCE and persistently lower in offspring of nulliparous mothers. In conclusion, changes in the maternal metabolic environment have marked tissue-specific effects on mitochondrial protein abundance in the lungs, liver and kidney that may be important in enabling the newborn to effectively adapt to the extrauterine environment.

Infant mortality in Pelotas, Brazil: a comparison of risk factors in two birth cohorts

To compare two population-based birth cohorts to assess trends in infant mortality rates and the distribution of relevant risk factors, and how these changed after an 11-year period. Data from two population-based prospective birth cohorts (1982 and 1993) were analyzed. Both studies included all children born in a hospital (> 99% of all births) in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Infant mortality was monitored through surveillance of all maternity hospitals, mortality registries and cemeteries. There were 5,914 live-born children in 1982 and 5,249 in 1993. The infant mortality rate decreased by 41%, from 36.0 per 1,000 live births in 1982 to 21.1 per 1,000 in 1993. Socioeconomic and maternal factors tended to become more favorable during the study period, but there were unfavorable changes in birthweight and gestational age. Poverty, high parity, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and intrauterine growth restriction were the main risk factors for infant mortality in both cohorts. The 41% reduction in infant mortality between 1982 and 1993 would have been even greater had the prevalence of risk factors remained constant during the period studied here. There were impressive declines in infant mortality which were not due to changes in the risk factors we studied. Because no reduction was seen in the large social inequalities documented in the 1982 cohort, it is likely that the reduction in infant mortality resulted largely from improvements in health care.

Timing of nutrient restriction and programming of fetal adipose tissue development.

It is apparent from epidemiological studies that the timing of maternal nutrient restriction has a major influence on outcome in terms of predisposing the resulting offspring to adult obesity. The present review will consider the extent to which maternal age, parity and nutritional restriction at defined stages of gestation can have important effects on fat deposition and endocrine sensitivity of adipose tissue in the offspring. For example, in 1-year-old sheep the offspring of juvenile mothers have substantially reduced fat deposition compared with those born to adult mothers. Offspring of primiparous adult mothers, however, show increased adiposity compared with those born to multiparous mothers. These offspring of multiparous ewes show retained abundance of the brown adipose tissue-specific uncoupling protein 1 at 1 month of age. A stimulated rate of metabolism in brown fat of these offspring may act to reduce adipose tissue deposition in later life. In terms of defined windows of development that can programme adipose tissue growth, maternal nutrient restriction targetted over the period of maximal placental growth results in increased adiposity at term in conjunction with enhanced abundance of mRNA for the insulin-like growth factor-I and -II receptors. In contrast, nutrient restriction in late gestation, coincident with the period of maximal fetal growth, has no major effect on adiposity but results in greater abundance of specific mitochondrial proteins, i.e. voltage-dependent anion channel and/or uncoupling protein 2. These adaptations may increase the predisposal of these offspring to adult obesity. Increasing maternal nutrition in late gestation, however, can result in proportionately less fetal adipose tissue deposition in conjunction with enhanced abundance of uncoupling protein 1.

The effect of parity and environmental restriction on behavioural and physiological responses of pre-parturient pigs

There is increasing evidence that restriction of pre-parturient behaviour in pigs is stress-inducing, characterised by an elevation in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity in gilts. To determine whether pigs adapt to behavioural restriction, through modification of nest-building behaviour, we studied pre-parturient pigs in either farrowing crates (no bedding, n=7) or straw-bedded pens ( n=7) in their first (gilts) and second (sows) parity, with physiological measurements being taken in the second parity. Observations and blood sampling were carried out during the pre-parturient phase. Crated pigs changed posture more often than penned pigs ( F 1,12=7.06, P<0.05), with the number of posture changes reducing across parities in both environments. The reduction in posture changing was more apparent in the crated sows which may indicate that attempted nest-building behaviour of sows with prior experience of farrowing crates is less fragmented. The crated pigs spent a greater proportion of time sitting across both parities ( F 1,12=9.4, P<0.01), and spent less time manipulating available substrates ( F 1,12=10.67, P<0.05). There was a tendency for penned pigs to spend a greater proportion of time standing ( F 1,12=3.77, P=0.076) with peak nesting behaviour occurring earlier in relation to parturition than in crated pigs. In addition penned sows performed more floor-directed behaviour than penned gilts, and at an earlier stage in relation to parturition. However, crated sows also performed peak nest-building earlier than crated gilts. Plasma cortisol profiles indicated elevated HPA activity in crated sows during the pre-parturient period ( F 42,303=1.43, P<0.05) suggesting increased physiological stress, however, the difference between crated and penned sows was less than that previously seen in gilts. The increased range of pre-parturient behaviours seen in the penned sows suggests that experience may result in an ‘improvement’ in their nest-building behaviour: earlier preparation of the nest site and then subsequent manipulation of substrates. The crated sows appeared to show some behavioural adaptation to the crate environment; earlier peak in floor directed behaviour and total substrate directed behaviour, reduced posture changing. In conclusion the nest-building behaviour of pigs is modified over parities with adaptation to the behavioural restrictions imposed by the farrowing crate. However, this adaptation, through prior experience, does not completely reduce the elevation in HPA activity previously reported in pre-parturient crated gilts.

Stereochemical consequences of a parity restriction on dynamic gearing in tris(9-triptycyl)germanium chloride and tris(9-triptycyl)cyclopropenium perchlorate

Crystal and molecular structures of tris(9-triptycyl)germanium chloride (1) and tris(9-triptycyl)cyclopropenium (2) perchlorate were determined. Crystals of 1 are trigonal, space group R3c (No. 161), with a=b=13.090 (3) A, c=43.58 (1) A, Z=6. Crystals of 2 perchlorate are hexagonal, space group P6 3 /m (No. 176), with a=b=15.145 (5) A, c=13.617 (4) A, Z=2. Both 1 and 2 are located on crystallographic 3-fold rotation axes, with site symmetries C 3 for 1 and C 3h for 2. The same symmetries are maintained in solution at room temperature on the NMR time scale

ChemInform Abstract: A Parity Restriction on Dynamic Gearing Immobilizes the Rotors in Tris(9‐triptycyl)germanium Chloride and Tris(9‐triptycyl)cyclopropenium Perchlorate.

AbstractThe reasons for the immobilization of the three 9‐triptycyl rotor groups in each of the title compounds (preparation described) are reported.

A parity restriction on dynamic gearing immobilizes the rotors in tris(9-triptycyl)germanium chloride and tris(9-triptycyl)cyclopropenium perchlorate

A parity restriction on dynamic gearing immobilizes the rotors in tris(9-triptycyl)germanium chloride and tris(9-triptycyl)cyclopropenium perchlorate