Parity Measurements Research Articles

Ncaa Scholarship Limits and Competitive Balance in College Football

Conventional wisdom holds that parity has increased in college football in recent decades due largely to limits on the number of scholarships teams can offer. The authors find that competitive balance has not increased in college football since the end of World War II, and they find mixed evidence of scholarship limits’ effect on a range of measures of parity, including the standard deviation of winning percentages and Associated Press rankings. They also examine the 1991 NCAA roll-call vote to reduce the scholarship limit and find some evidence that stronger teams were more likely to vote for the lower limit.

Prediction of successful induction of labour by pre-induction sonographic measurement of cervical length and parity

We aimed to examine the effect of parity on the relationship between preinduction sonographically measured cervical length, the induction to delivery interval and prediction of successful vaginal delivery within 24 hours. In this multicentre study, preinduction cervical assessments were undertaken in 696 women with singleton pregnancies and cephalic presentation at 34–42 weeks of gestation. Of these 337 were nulliparae and 359 were multiparae. The Bishop score was assessed by digital examination and the cervical length was measured by transvaginal sonography. Grouped linear regression analysis demonstrated that cervical length and parity provide significant independent contributions in the prediction of induction to delivery interval for nulliparae and multiparae. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves indicated the likelihood of delivering within 24 hours. Futhermore, along with the Kruksal–Wallis test for analysis of variance, the survival curves showed that at a cervical length of less than 30 mm, multiparae with a cervical length 10 mm longer than nulliparae have a similar induction to delivery interval.

Projective measurement of the two-photon polarization state: Linear optics approach

We will present a method of implementation of general projective measurement of two-photon polarization state with the use of linear optics elements only. The scheme presented succeeds with a probability of at least 1/16. For some specific measurements, (e.g. parity measurement) this probability reaches 1/4.

Identifying the Higgs spin and parity in decays to Z pairs

Higgs decays to Z boson pairs may be exploited to determine spin and parity of the Higgs boson, a method complementary to spin–parity measurements in Higgs-strahlung. For a Higgs mass above the on-shell ZZ decay threshold, a model-independent analysis can be performed, but only by making use of additional angular correlation effects in gluon–gluon fusion at the LHC and γγ fusion at linear colliders. In the intermediate mass range, in which the Higgs boson decays into pairs of real and virtual Z bosons, threshold effects and angular correlations, parallel to Higgs-strahlung, may be adopted to determine spin and parity, though high event rates will be required for the analysis in practice.

Generation of two-mode photon-added SU(2) coherent state and its quantum nonlocality property

A scheme for generating two-mode photon-added SU(2) coherent state by means of conditional measurement is proposed. Feeding three uncorrelated Fock states into three input ports of two cascade placed lossless beam splitters respectively and counting photons in one of the output channels, the conditional state in the other two output channels is a two-mode photon-added SU(2) coherent state. The quantum nonlocality property for this state is investigated using parity measurement.

Measuring the Higgs boson's parity using τ→ρν

We present a very promising method for a measurement of the Higgs boson parity using the H/A→τ+τ−→ρ+ν̄τρ−ντ→π+π0ν̄τπ−π0ντ decay chain. The method is both model independent and independent of the Higgs production mechanism. Angular distributions of the τ decay products which are sensitive to the Higgs boson parity are defined and are found to be measurable using typical properties of a future detector for an e+e− linear collider. The prospects for the measurement of the parity of a Higgs boson with a mass of 120 GeV are quantified for the case of e+e− collisions of 500 GeV center of mass energy with an integrated luminosity of 500 fb−1. The Standard Model Higgsstrahlung production process is used as an example.

Parity Measurements with Completely Polarized Photon Beam

Photon scattering experiments on 52Cr and 138Ba were performed to resolve ambiguous parity assignments below neutron threshold energy by using completely linear-polarized photon beam generated by Laser-Compton backscattering technique. The parity of 5544 keV level in 52Cr was confirmed to be negative. The Ml transition was identified at 5098 keV in 52Cr. The 5644 keV level in 138Ba, which was tentatively assigned as Ml transition by former Compton polarimeter measurement, was clearly assigned as El transition. A parity measurement with a completely linear-polarized photon beam was demonstrated to be simple and straightforward method.

Nonlinear interferometer as a resource for maximally entangled photonic states: Application to interferometry

Nonlinear interferometers are Mach-Zehnder interferometers with Kerr media in either one or both arms. We refer to these devices, respectively, as the asymmetric and symmetric nonlinear interferometers. In the asymmetric case, with one input mode in the vacuum, it is possible to generate maximally entangled photonic states or superpositions of such states. We consider the device as a resource of entangled states for applications to Heisenberg-limited interferometry. Interferometry with the maximally entangled states cannot be performed by simply subtracting the output photocounts as in standard interferometry. Instead, one must perform parity measurements on only one of the output beams. We show that the symmetric nonlinear interferometer, with one input mode in the vacuum, may be used to perform such parity measurements. The same device is shown to produce, with an input coherent state and upon projective measurements, even or odd coherent states, examples of the Schr\odinger-cat states.

Nonlocality Property of Three-Mode Correlated Fields

Four three-mode correlated states are generated by two beam splitters. We showthat, by means of parity measurement, those light fields exhibit thenonlocality represented by the violation of the Bell inequality. The conditionsof the maximum violation are also studied.

Parity measurements of nuclear dipole excitations using FEL-generated γ-rays at HIγS

First Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) experiments were performed at the storage ring FEL-driven High Intensity Gamma Source (HIγS) at the DFELL. Azimuthal NRF intensity ratios were measured around the polarized HIγS beam. Electric character was deduced for 18 dipole excitations in 138 Ba [1]. The measurements demonstrate the superior performance of the HIγS facility in making such measurements. We report here on the performance of this set-up.

Decay Out of the Doubly Magic Superdeformed Band in theN=ZNucleusZ60n

The doubly magic superdeformed band in the N = Z nucleus Zn-60 has been identified. Linking transitions connecting this band to the yrast line provide the first spin, parity, and excitation energy measurements for superdeformed states in the A similar to 60 region. The stretched-E2 character and relatively large B(E2) values of these transitions suggest a nonstatistical decay-out process.

Parity measurements in odd-odd86Nb

${}^{86}\mathrm{Nb}$ was produced using the ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}{(}^{32}\mathrm{S},3pn)$ reaction at 130 MeV. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray linear polarizations were measured with a four-crystal ``clover'' Compton polarimeter. Results from this and an angular distribution measurement have led to spin-parity assignments for the ${6}^{\ensuremath{-}},$ ${7}^{+}$, and ${8}^{+}$ low-lying states.

Application of Parity Mismatches in Detection of Bad Data for Power System State Estimation

Measurement residuals have been conventionally used in the detection and identification of gross errors in power system state estimation. Other types of mismatches have been employed in failure detection of complex plants, though their application to power systems have not yet been reported. Parameters in power systems can be used for the purpose of generating such mismatches called parity mismatches in this paper. Parameters calculated from measurements containing erroneous ones differ from their true values resulting in parity mismatches. In this paper, parity mismatches are employed for identification of gross errors in given measurements. A relation between parity mismatches and measurement residuals has been derived. Similar to the method of residuals, normalisation can be effected on parity mismatches. Physical appeal of the parity mismatches enables one to adopt normalisation which improves the detectability of bad data in short lines. A segregated treatment for real, reactive power flows and also the injections can be applied unlike the method of residuals.

Free-Agency and the Competitiveness of Major League Baseball

I investigate whether the removal of the reserve clause in professional baseball affected the competitive nature of the industry in the context of whether the distribution of team wins has been affected by free-agency. Unlike previous studies which use the standard deviation of winning percentage, I use a more sensitive measure of parity. I calculate the deviations of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of team wins from the competitive ideal during 1920 to 1996 and relate them to player-talent distribution and structural changes in the industry. I isolate the structural effect of free-agency and find that it has adversely affected the parity of the American League but that it has had no statistical influence on the parity of the National League.

Resource costing for multinational neurologic clinical trials: methods and results.

We present the results of a multinational resource costing study for a prospective economic evaluation of a new medical technology for treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage within a clinical trial. The study describes a framework for the collection and analysis of international resource cost data that can contribute to a consistent and accurate intercountry estimation of cost. Of the 15 countries that participated in the clinical trial, we collected cost information in the following seven: Australia, France, Germany, the UK, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. The collection of cost data in these countries was structured through the use of worksheets to provide accurate and efficient cost reporting. We converted total average costs to average variable costs and then aggregated the data to develop study unit costs. When unit costs were unavailable, we developed an index table, based on a market-basket approach, to estimate unit costs. To estimate the cost of a given procedure, the market-basket estimation process required that cost information be available for at least one country. When cost information was unavailable in all countries for a given procedure, we estimated costs using a method based on physician-work and practice-expense resource-based relative value units. Finally, we converted study unit costs to a common currency using purchasing power parity measures. Through this costing exercise we developed a set of unit costs for patient services and per diem hospital services. We conclude by discussing the implications of our costing exercise and suggest guidelines to facilitate more effective multinational costing exercises.

Generalized algorithm-based fault tolerance: error correction via Kalman estimation

An extension to algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) methodologies shows how parity values dictated by a real convolutional code can be employed by Kalman estimation techniques to perform real number correction for protecting linear processing systems. Intermittent failures appearing in the output samples are detected and corrected using only the syndromes normally generated in ABFT schemes. The algebraic structure of a real convolutional code provides separation needed by recursive Kalman state estimators to affect mean-square error correction. State and parity measurement equations model fault and computational noise in both the linear processing and parity generation subassemblies, and, in a departure from previous models, the noise sources are considered time-varying. The Kalman one-step estimator which makes decisions on all parity values up to the present point is determined, and it separates naturally into detection and correction operations permitting corrective action only when the detection levels exceed thresholds based on roundoff noise energy. The detector/corrector uses efficient multirate block processing techniques as determined by the real convolutional code. A smoothed fixed-lag Kalman estimator which uses parity values for a fixed amount beyond the point of interest is needed to complete the correction. It employs one-step estimator quantities and implementation simplifications are possible. Examples showing the correction behavior and mean-square error performance are presented, and the size of overhead calculations for detection and correction is estimated. A protected processing system is constructed by introducing additional subassemblies, mostly comparators, with the detection and correction parts already described. Under the usual assumptions of at most a single subassembly failure, no improperly detected or corrected data leave the overall protected configuration.

Parity violation experiments at TJNAF

The measurement of parity violating asymmetries in polarized electron scattering off nuclear targets in the Q 2 range between 0.1 and 1.0 (GeV/c) 2 is a powerful technique to probe hardronic and nuclear structure, providing new insights into low energy QCD. In this paper we present the physics motivation and describe a new generation of such experiments that will be carried out at Jefferson Labs in the next few years. We summarize recent progress in the commissioning of these experiments and conclude with a look at the future physics potential exploiting this experimental technique.

Factors predicting successful labor induction

To evaluate maternal parity, the sonographic measurement of cervical length, and the five components of the Bishop score to determine which factors best predict the length of latent-phase labor in women undergoing labor induction. Cervical position, cervical consistency, cervical effacement, cervical dilation, station of fetal presenting part, maternal parity, and sonographic measurement of cervical length were studied prospectively in 109 women undergoing labor induction. A multiple regression model was used to determine which factors best predict the length of latent-phase labor. A model using these seven factors was predictive in determining the number of hours of latent-phase labor (F = 32.1, P < .001). Backward stepwise multiple linear regression indicated that only cervical dilation independently predicted the length of latent-phase labor. There was a significant correlation between the clinical assessment of cervical effacement and the sonographic estimation of cervical length, (r = -0.523, P < .001). Only cervical dilation appears to predict the length of latent-phase labor. The sonographic evaluation of cervical length and maternal parity do not add significant independent information.

Generation of four-photon coherent states in dispersive cavity QED.

I discuss the generation of certain kinds of four-photon coherent states in the context of dispersive cavity QED. These states, eigenstates of fourth power of the photon annihilation operator, may be expressed as various superpositions of four coherent states symmetrically located on a circle in phase space. I also point out that for low amplitude initial coherent states, number states containing one, two, or three photons can be produced in the cavity. The decay of these states can be monitored by doing parity measurements on the field from which the lifetime of a number state can be obtained. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Anthropometric estimation of neonatal body composition

OBJECTIVE: Estimation of neonatal body composition can be useful in the understanding of fetal growth. However, body composition methods such as total body water and total body electric conductivity are expensive and not readily available. Our primary purpose was to develop an anthropometric model to estimate neonatal body composition and prospectively validate the model against total body electric conductivity and secondarily tocompare our anthropometric model and a previously published anthropometric formula with total body electric conductivity. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 194 neonates had estimates of body composition according to total body electric conductivity (group 1). Parental morphometrics, gestational age, race, sex, parity, and neonatal measurements including birth weight, length, head circumference, and skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, flank, and thigh) were correlated with body fat by use of stepwise regression analysis. The model was validated in a second group of 65 neonates (group 2). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in any of the parental or neonatal measurements between groups 1 and 2. In group 1, 78% of the variance in body fat with the use of total body electric conductivity was explained by birth weight, length, and flank skifold ( R 2 = 0.78, p = 0.0001). When prospectively validated by the subjects in group 2, the model had significant and stronger correlation ( R 2 = 0.84, p = 0.0001) with body fat estimated by total body electric conductivity as compared with the other anthropometric model ( R 2 = 0.54, p = 0.0001). There was no significant ( p = 0.11) difference between our anthropometric estimate of body fat and total body electric conductivity. CONCLUSIONS: The anthropometric model developed can be used to reasonably predict neonatal body fat mass at birth.