Parenting Style Questionnaire Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire.

There are no validated instruments in Spain for measuring parental feeding styles. The aim was to validate the Parental Feeding Styles Questionnaires (PFSQ) in a Spanish sample. A total of 523 mothers of 523 school-children participated. The children had a mean age of 4.4 years (SD = 1.3), with 51% being boys (M = 4.3 years, SD = 1.4) and 49% girls (M = 4.5 years, = SD 1.3). The PFSQ and the Comprehensive General Parenting Styles Questionnaire (CGPQ) were used. A model of four correlated factors was identified: Prompting/encouraging eating, emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, and control over eating. Cronbach's alpha for the subscales ranged from 0.64 to 0.86, and McDonald's Omega coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.86. Emotional feeding and prompting/encouraging eating had values above 0.70, control over eating had a value of 0.68 and instrumental feeding had an alpha coefficient of 0.64 and omega coefficient of 0.66. The factor structure was similar to the original and to other adapted versions. The Spanish sample used more control over eating and prompting/encouraging to eat. The adapted PFSQ is a suitable instrument for assessing the feeding styles of Spanish parents.

An epigenetic candidate-gene association study of parental styles in suicide attempters with substance use disorders.

Suicide attempts (SA) are prevalent in substance use disorders (SUD). Epigenetic mechanisms may play a pivotal role in the molecular mechanisms of environmental effects eliciting suicidal behaviour in this population. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), oxytocin and neurotrophin pathways have been consistently involved in SA, yet , their interplay with childhood adversity remains unclear, particularly in SUD. In 24 outpatients with SUDs, we examined the relation between three parental dysfunctional styles and history of SA with methylation of 32 genes from these pathways, eventually analysing 823 methylation sites. Extensive phenotypic characterization was obtained using a semi-structured interview. Parental style was patient-reported using the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS) questionnaire, analysed with and without imputation of missing items. Linear regressions were performed to adjust for possible confounders, followed by multiple testing correction. We describe both differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and regions (DMRs) for each set of analyses (with and without imputation of MOPS items). Without imputation, five DMRs in OXTR, CRH and NTF3 significantly interacted with MOPS father abuse to increase the risk for lifetime SA, thus covering the three pathways. After imputation of missing MOPS items, two other DMPs from FKBP5 and SOCS3 significantly interactedwith each of the three father styles to increase the risk for SA. Although our findings must be interpreted with caution due to small sample size, they suggest implications of stress reactivity genes in the suicidal risk of SUD patients and highlight the significance offather dysfunction as a potential marker of childhood adversity in SUD patients.

Association between Parenting Style and Language Development in Children

Parenting style plays important role in the development of the children from birth to five years of age including language development as well. Hence, parents can play important role in the development of their children because their quality of time matters. Objective: To determine the association between parenting style and language development and to identify the type of parenting style mostly use by the parents. Methods: This cross-sectional study, with a sample of n=384 parents, was conducted at Riphah International University, Islamabad from 1st August, 2022 to 31st January, 2023. Parents of typical children of both genders, aged birth to 36 months were included. Basic demographical sheet, Parenting style questionnaire and Receptive Expressive Emergent Language (REEL)3rd edition were used for data collection. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. Point-Biserial Correlation was used to determine correlation between the parenting style and language development and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Results indicate significant (p<0.001) relationship between parenting style and language development of children. The correlation of parenting style was low with receptive language but high with expressive language. The results also indicate that parents used different parenting styles with majority 225(58.6%) using authoritative parenting style and least 12(3.1%) used permissive parenting style. Conclusions: Study concludes that parenting styles have great impact on language development of children. Different types of parenting style are being used among which authoritative parenting style is the most and permissive being the least common.

The Evaluation of Parenting Styles of Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Parenting has an important role in improving the performance of children with ADHD and in their families, this study will create awareness about parenting styles among parents addressing differences in parenting styles and improving the quality of child mental health.
 Objective: This study was intended to evaluate the different parenting styles of parents having children with ADHD and healthy children. It also aimed to find out any relationship between the socio-demographic variables of children and parents with the parenting style of the diseased child. 
 Methodology: This was a case-control study. The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet during the period from September 2020 to August 2022. ADHD was diagnosed using DSM-5 and confirmed by a consultant psychiatrist. A total of 60 parents of children (ADHD=30, Healthy=30) were interviewed who fulfilled the enrollment criteria. Semi-structured questionnaire for socio-demographic variables and a Bangla Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) were used for assessing parenting style. The data analysis was conducted utilizing the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method, followed by post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni correction.
 Results: The predominant parenting style found to be applied to children with ADHD was authoritative (56.67%), followed by 26.67% authoritarian parenting and 16.33% permissive parenting style. Among the parents of healthy children, 53.33% were authoritative, 23.33% were authoritarian and permissive. There was a statistically significant association of parenting styles with education level and occupation. ADHD children's parents who studied up to the primary level had a significantly higher authoritarian score and (authoritarian p = 0.005) and the normal children's parents who studied up to the secondary level had a significantly higher authoritarian score (authoritarian p = 0.007. A significant association was found in the authoritarian domain in parents who were housewives (p = 0.032). Individuals within 6-9 years age range exhibit significantly higher scores in the authoritative domain (p=.001). Both boys and girls groups exhibit a considerably higher score in the authoritative domain (p=.003, p=.001). 
 Conclusion: The fact that parenting styles influence ADHD may appear to be a burden, but it can also be an opportunity to change one's life. Solutions like parent training programs can provide skills and strategies as well as help build resilience in parents to manage the challenging behavior of children with ADHD.

PARENTING STYLES AS CORRELATES OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated parenting styles as a correlates of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in public secondary schools in Enugu State. Four research questions guided the study and four null hypotheses were tested at a .05 level of significance. The correlation research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised 9,974 senior secondary school two (SS II) female adolescent students, in the 292 public secondary schools in Enugu State. A sample of 996 female adolescent students was drawn for the study through a multi-stage sampling technique. Structured questionnaires titled Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ) and Teenage Pregnancy Questionnaire (TPQ) were used for data collection. The instrument was face and construct validated by three experts; while the construct validation was ascertained using the Varimax Rotation Method. Internal consistency coefficients of 0.89, 0.91, 0.90, and 0.86; 0.92, and 0.89; were obtained for PSQ and TPQ respectively, using Cronbach Alpha statistical method. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression statistics were utilized for data analysis. The p-value was used to determine the significant difference at a .05 level of significance for all hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that there was a low positive significant relationship between authoritative parenting style and teenage pregnancy. The result also showed that there was a high positive significant relationship between authoritarian parenting style and teenage pregnancy. It was equally found that there was a highly positive significant relationship between permissive parenting style and teenage pregnancy. Finally, the result indicated that there was a very high positive significant relationship between neglectful parenting style and teenage pregnancy. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that the school management and parents should ensure that the home and school environment are well protected to shield the children from exposure to negative influences, by being concerned about the well-being of the girl child through education about sex, sexuality and the danger inherent. Social welfare agencies (public and private) should re-double their efforts in educating, counselling, and rehabilitation of victims of teenage pregnancy.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/lit/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Early maladaptive schema, attachment style, and parenting style in a clinical population with personality disorder and normal individuals: a discriminant analysis model

IntroductionResearchers have shown various variables’ role in forming personality disorders (PD). This study aimed to assess the role of early maladaptive schema (EMS), attachment style (AS), and parenting style (PS) in discriminating between personality disorders and normal individuals.MethodsIn this study, 78 personality disorder patients and 360 healthy volunteers aged 18–84 were selected using convenience sampling. They completed the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSI). Data were analyzed using discriminant analysis with IBM SPSS 25.ResultsThe results showed higher mean scores in all early maladaptive schema domains, insecure attachment styles, and authoritarian parenting in the personality disorder group than in the normal group. Also, discriminant analyses revealed that the function was statistically significant and could distinguish between the two groups and a compound of essential variables, disconnection, impaired autonomy, and secure attachment, respectively, discriminating two groups. Given that all components were able to distinguish between the two groups.ConclusionTherefore, intervention based on these factors early in life may help reduce the characteristics of personality disorders. Also, considering the role of these factors, treatment protocols can be prepared.

Nutritional status, feeding behavior, and oral conditions in preschool children exposed to secondhand smoke

ABSTRACT This study evaluated whether the nutritional status of preschoolers is influenced by secondhand smoke. Pairs of mothers-children (N = 201) were allocated in “children exposed to secondhand smoke (ESHS)” or “not exposed (N_ESHS).” Mothers answered, “The Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ).” The nutritional status and oral conditions were evaluated using WHO criteria. ESHS was 3.5 more likely to have a high BMI and their mothers had 10 kg more than N_ESHS. The probability of having dental caries was 2.28 and 3.68 times greater when the mother’s BMI increases and when family/mothers were smokers, independently whether they smoke in the child’s presence.

Perceived Parental Style Is Better in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease than Healthy Controls—But There Is Work Left to Do in Specific Subgroups

Objective: To compare perceived parental style in a large cohort of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) to healthy reference (RCs). Furthermore, factors associated with perceived parental style were determined in ACHD. Patients and Methods: From September 2016 to April 2019, 912 ACHD (34.9 ± 10.4 years, 45% female) and 175 RCs (35.8 ± 12.2 years, 53% female) completed the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS) questionnaire. Results: After adjusting for age and sex, ACHD recalled the parental style of both their parents to be significantly less indifferent (mother: ACHD: 1.2 ± 0.01 vs. RC: 1.3 ± 0.03, p < 0.001; father: ACHD: 1.3 ± 0.02 vs. RC: 1.7 ± 0.05, p < 0.001), overcontrolling (mother: ACHD: 1.6 ± 0.63 vs. RC: 1.9 ± 0.62, p < 0.001; father: ACHD: 1.4 ± 0.52 vs. RC: 1.5 ± 0.50, p < 0.001), and abusive (mother: ACHD: 1.2 ± 0.47 vs. RC: 1.4 ± 0.46, p < 0.001; father: ACHD: 1.3 ± 0.59 vs. RC: 1.5 ± 0.57, p < 0.001) than healthy controls did. In ACHD, female sex (β = 0.068, p = 0.017), higher age (β = 0.005, p = 0.003), Ebstein anomaly (β = 0.170, p = 0.005), and cyanotic CHD (β = 0.336, p = 0.004) contribute to perceiving the parental style of at least one of the parents negatively. Conclusions: While ACHD appear to recall the parental style to be less negative, subgroup analysis revealed specific patients at risk. These findings point to the need for interventions in specific subgroups susceptible to psychological distress.

Modeling Anxiety Sensitivity Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies with the Mediating Role of Parenting Styles

Objective: Although most young individuals transition from adolescence successfully and without encountering significant issues, there can be challenges and obstacles during this period that prevent the full utilization of one's abilities and potential. The present study aimed to model anxiety sensitivity based on early maladaptive schemas and cognitive emotion regulation strategies with the mediating role of parenting styles. Methods and Materials: This research is of a correlational type. The sample included 100 mothers of first-grade students from the city of Shiraz during the 2018-2019 academic year, selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The sample size, based on Kline's (2010) criterion, was determined by selecting five individuals per item, resulting in a selection of 570 participants. Data were collected using the Taylor and Cox Revised Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the short form of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, the Garnefski and Kraaij Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Diana Baumrind's Parenting Styles Questionnaire. To obtain preliminary information on the measured variables, statistical indices such as mean and standard deviation, as well as the correlation matrix of the variables, were calculated. SPSS and Amos software were used to analyze the data and examine the proposed research model. Findings: The results of the study indicated that parenting styles played a mediating role in the relationship between exogenous variables (maladaptive schemas, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and adaptive emotion regulation strategies) and anxiety sensitivity. Conclusion: Given the impact of maladaptive schemas on psychological disorders, it is recommended that schema therapy workshops be held for all patients suffering from depression and anxiety.

The PPSQ: assessing parental, child, and partner's playfulness in the preschool and early school years.

Developmental research has traditionally focused on parenting behaviors such as nurturance and care, due to a focus on mothers' behaviors. Other parenting dimensions such as parental playfulness (i.e., use of creativity, imagination, and humor during parent-child interactions) have comparatively received little attention. Although some measures tap into parents' and children's playfulness, these measures are limited. Indeed, they do not assess multiple domains of playfulness (i.e., both parents' and the child's playfulness) or focus on one specific setting such as children's play with peers. Additionally, existing measures do not consider parents' reactions to their partners' playfulness. To address this gap, we created the Playful Parenting Style Questionnaire (PPSQ), which assesses three domains of playfulness: (a) parental domain, (b) child domain, and (c) partner domain. The current study is part of a validation effort of the PPSQ using a quantitative design. We aimed to explore the structure of the PPSQ by conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for each domain of playfulness; and assess the construct validity of the PPSQ factors by examining the association between factors and existing measures of playful parenting, child playfulness, and co-parenting. The sample includes 347 parents (294 mothers and 53 fathers) of preschool/school-age children (M = 5.10 years; 182 girls, 127 boys). Parents were mostly White (76%) and from a low socioeconomic risk background. Parents completed a series of online questionnaires including the PPSQ, 3 existing measures of parent playfulness (Parental Playfulness Questionnaire; Adult Playfulness Scale; Challenging Parenting Behavior Scale), 2 existing measures of child playfulness (Child Behavior Inventory; Children's Playfulness Scale), a coparenting instrument (Co-parenting Relationship Scale), and sociodemographic information. The EFA revealed 4 factors for parental playfulness, 1 factor for child playfulness, and 3 factors for partner's playfulness. The construct validity analyses identified multiple associations indicating convergence with existing measures for the parent and partners domain but not the child factor. This study allowed for a better understanding of the playful dynamics that occur within a family.

Influence and Implications of Parenting Styles on Young Children's Concentration

This study explores the relationship between parenting styles and children's ability to concentrate. The focus of this research is to investigate the influence of parental parenting styles on children's attentional abilities, as parenting styles play a crucial role in shaping children's behaviors, cognitive development, and various abilities. While several studies have examined the link between parenting styles and different aspects of child development, research specifically investigating the relationship between parenting styles and children's ability to concentrate is limited. To address this research gap, a total of 133 children aged between 5 and 7 years, along with their parents, participated in this study. Parenting styles were assessed using a parenting style questionnaire, and interviews were conducted with parents regarding their young children's ability to concentrate. The results revealed a positive association between authoritative and democratic parenting styles and high levels of child attention. In contrast, doting and neglectful parenting styles showed negative associations with children's concentration abilities. Additionally, the study explored the role of gender in moderating the relationship between parenting styles and attention. These findings contribute to understanding parental influences on children's cognitive development and provide insights into potential educational and parental interventions to enhance children's ability to concentrate.

Construction and Psychometric Properties of Family-Oriented & Developmental-Based Sexuality Education Questionnaire for Iranian Families: Online National Research

Background: Sexual education is one of the required and challenging areas for empowering families. It seems necessary to use appropriate tools in identifying and promoting the sexual education of parents. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the construction and psychometric characterization of the Family-oriented and Developmental-based Sexuality Education Questionnaire for Iranian families. Methods: In this descriptive and survey research, the statistical population included all Iranian families in 2021. A number of 1,024 people throughout Iran were selected as the research sample using online sampling. The data were gathered through the Parental Sexual Education Style Questionnaire (PSESQ), Parental Self-efficacy Scale (PSES), and Family-oriented and Developmental-based Sexuality Education Questionnaire (F&DSEQ). The data were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, correlation coefficient, and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software. Results: Three factors were extracted from the exploratory and factor analysis, including eleven factors in three general factors (sexuality education knowledge, attitude, and skills). These eleven factors could explain 58.319% of the variance in 58 items of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92 for the whole questionnaire. Also, Cronbach's alpha of the components was in the range of 0.65 to 0.92. Conclusions: The Family-oriented and Developmental-based Sexuality Education Questionnaire has good reliability and validity and can be used to measure sexuality education knowledge, attitude, and skills. Therefore, F&DSEQ can be used in research, care, and educational interventions by specialists in the fields of nursing, midwifery, psychology, and family counseling.

Exploration of Positive Parenting Styles in the Perspective of Positive Psychology

The application of positive psychology to the construction of parenting styles is one of the directions of development today and in the future. The study utilizes positive psychology as a basis and examines how different parenting styles affect the positive psychological qualities of students in both primary and middle schools. The study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews, and 420 primary and middle school students were surveyed using the Parenting Style Questionnaire and the Primary and Middle School Students Psychological Character Questionnaire. This study shows that positive parenting styles are crucial to forming positive psychological qualities in primary and middle school students. Positive parenting practices encourage the development of childrens positive psychological traits, while negative parenting does the opposite. Problems in current parenting styles are sorted out, and suggestions such as reinforcing positive experiences and model-based parenting styles are put forward.

The structural model of mother-infant bonding in the first pregnancy based on the mother’s attachment style and parenting style: the mediating role of mentalization and shame

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the mother’s attachment style and parenting style and mother-infant bonding in the first pregnancy considering the mediating role of mentalization and shame.MethodsThis was a descriptive-correlational study. The sample population included the women who had gone through their first pregnancy and were referred to the health centers in Neyshabur, Iran in 2022. In total, 330 women were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, we used a demographic questionnaire, the Attachment Style Questionnaire, the Parenting Style Questionnaire, the Mother-Infant Bonding Scale, the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, and the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive indices, correlation coefficients, and pass analysis.ResultsOverall, the findings showed that the studied model adequately fits the data. Further, the obtained results confirmed the mediating role of mentalization and shame in the relationship between the mother’s attachment style and parenting style and mother-infant bonding. A significant correlation was also observed between attachment styles, parenting styles, and mother-infant bonding (p < 0.01).ConclusionMother-infant bonding is correlated with the mother’s attachment style/parenting style, shame, and mentalization. Thus, we can help vulnerable mothers by improving the quality of psychological care before the first pregnancy or during pregnancy.

Parenting styles, empathy and aggressive behavior in preschool children: an examination of mediating mechanisms.

This study examined the interplay between parenting styles, empathy, and aggressive behavior in Chinese preschool children aged 3-5 years. Data were collected from 87 participants using the Child Behavior Checklist, Children's Empathy Quotient, and Parenting Style Questionnaire, and were subsequently analyzed. The findings revealed significant age and gender differences in empathy, but not in parenting styles or aggressive behavior. Additionally, a substantial correlation was identified between authoritarian parenting style and aggressive behavior, as well as between children's empathy levels and aggressive behavior. This indicates that empathy may act as a mediator between parenting style and aggressive behavior. Our findings suggest that an authoritarian parenting style influences aggressive behavior both directly and indirectly through its effect on children's empathy. These results point toward the possibility that an authoritarian parenting style may stifle the development of empathy in preschool children, subsequently heightening their aggressive behavior.

Association of Maternal Feeding Style with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Saudi Preschoolers: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Parental feeding style (PFS) remarkably influences fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption in preschoolers. This study aimed to determine the association between PFS and preschoolers' F&V consumption, as influenced by socioeconomic factors. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted among 1418 mothers of children aged 3-5 years in Saudi Arabia. Multinomial logistic regression model analysis was performed to assess the association between PFS and children's daily F&V intake using the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire. The influence of socioeconomic factors on this association was also evaluated. For mothers with university degrees, encouragement, emotional, and instrumental feeding enhanced their children's intake of F&Vs, fruits, and vegetables, respectively. Children from families earning SAR >10,000 monthly had increased F&V intake with encouragement feeding and increased fruit intake with emotional feeding. However, F&V intake was reduced in children of working mothers with controlling feeding styles. Breastfeeding for <6 months was associated with increased F&V intake through emotional feeding. The most prevalent feeding style was encouragement, followed by emotional, with control and instrumental styles being less common. This study provides strong evidence on the association between PFS and daily F&V intake in Saudi preschoolers. Interventional and longitudinal studies on PFS are required to confirm these findings.

Parental Feeding Styles and Risk of a New Carious Lesion in Preschool Children: A Longitudinal Study.

Parents may influence children's intake of sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages through their feeding styles. This study prospectively assessed the association between parental feeding styles and caries risk in preschool children. In November and December 2021, we recruited 1181 preschool children aged 3-4 years in Guangzhou, China, and then conducted a follow-up visit after 15 months. The children were examined for dental caries, and their parents answered the Chinese version of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. At baseline, 'control over eating' was found to be negatively associated with early childhood caries (OR = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.44, 0.83). After 15 months, no significant association between baseline parental feeding styles and the risk of a new carious lesion was found. When considering changes in parental feeding styles between the baseline and the follow-up visit, we found children with increasing scores on 'instrumental feeding' during the 15 months had a higher risk of a new carious lesion (OR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.18, 3.12). However, children with always-intermediate scores (OR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.30, 0.86), always-high scores (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.23, 0.77), or increasing scores (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.31, 0.83) on 'control over eating' had a lower risk of a new carious lesion. Our study highlighted the influence of parental feeding styles on caries risk in preschool children.

AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRE-SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN AT AL-AMIN KINDERGARTEN, MOJOROTO KEDIRI

Preschool is an important period in a child's development. In reality, not all children can go through their growth and development period optimally because they experience disturbances in the growth and development process and various other factors. Parental parenting styles in child development really help children achieve and undergo normal growth and development according to their age level. This research aims to determine the relationship between parenting patterns and the development of preschool children at Al Amin Kindergarten Mojoroto Kediri. This research uses a cross sectional approach. Sampling used a total sampling technique with a total sample of 48 respondents (parents and children). The data collection technique was carried out by distributing parenting style questionnaires and observing the child's development. The data results were processed using univariate and bivariate analysis (Chi-Square). The research results showed that 43 (89.6%) mothers implemented a democratic parenting style and 21 (43.8%) children had development appropriate to their age. Based on the results of data processing, there is a relationship between parenting patterns and the development of preschool children at Al Amin Kindergarten Mojoroto Kediri (p-value 0.013). Based on this research, teachers are expected to carry out regular development assessments every year and provide education to parents about how to apply parenting styles and how to stimulate children's development so that activities to stimulate children's growth and development can be carried out in a coordinated manner in the form of a partnership between teachers and parents

Cognitive-behavioral group teaching on social anxiety disorder of tourism management majors

Background Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT) is the primary psychological treatment for social anxiety disorder. The core concept of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is manifested in two aspects: cognitive correction and behavioral feedback. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a chronic mental disorder with a high incidence of negative automatic thinking and negative fear.Subjects and MethodsThis study conducted a controlled experiment between 50 SAD patients and 50 healthy people. Before treatment, 50 SAD patients were surveyed by psychological questionnaires, including social anxiety scale, social support scale, and parenting style questionnaire, to evaluate the thinking style, personality characteristics, and external psychosocial support of SAD patients. After GCBT treatment, SAD patients were again surveyed with a scale and questionnaire within one week to evaluate the degree of symptom improvement and cognitive change. In this study, SPSS23.0 analysis software was used for analysis.ResultsThere were significant differences in thinking style, personality characteristics, social support, and parenting style between SAD patients and the control group (P&lt;0.05). Social anxiety (P=0.03), negative thinking (P=0.03), and fear of negation (P=0.04) were significantly lower in GCBT patients after treatment than before treatment.ConclusionsGCBT treatment can change the symptoms of SAD patients in a long-term and stable manner, which is related to the changes in patients’ cognitive habits. GCBT treatment can improve the negative cognition of SAD patients to reduce their symptoms, and increasing subjective social support and reducing paternity rejection can improve the long-term prognosis of patients with social anxiety.AcknowledgementThe National Social Science Foundation (22XGL021); Guizhou grassroots social governance innovation high-end think tank; the grass-roots governance innovation team for Rural Revitalization of Guizhou Federation of Social Sciences.

HUBUNGAN POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DAN LINGKUNGAN TEMAN SEBAYA DENGAN KESEHATAN MENTAL REMAJA DI SMA NEGERI 2 MAJALENGKA TAHUN 2023

Mental health problems in Indonesia are dominated by teenagers. The results of the 2022 Indonesia-National Adolescent Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS) state that one in three or 34.9% of adolescents experience mental health problems. Adolescence is one of the factors that have an influence on mental health. The aim to analyze the relationship between parenting style and peer environment with adolescent mental health at SMA Negeri 2 Majalengka in 2023. Methode of the research is cross-sectional methode. The sampling technique used proportionate stratified random sampling. The population in this study were students of SMA Negeri 2 Majalengka, totaling 863 students. The samples studied were 273 samples. The instruments used were the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the parenting style questionnaire. Data analysis used the Pearson Chi-Square Test. Results: The p-value between parenting style and adolescent mental health is 0.030 0.05. The p-value between peer environment and adolescent mental health is 0.000 0.05. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between parenting style and peer environment and adolescent mental health at SMA Negeri 2 Majalengka in 2023. Suggestion: Counseling can be done for students regarding mental health and peer environment which can be done by the school or doing work together with the Munjul Health Center and can carry out periodic seminars or directions to parents of students regarding the importance of maintaining communication with children, children's mental health, or overall parenting.