Parenting Style Inventory Research Articles

Javanese and Batak Tribes: The Role of Moderation in Parenting Style on Self-Control in Adolscents

This research aims to determine the influence of parenting styles on self-control which is moderated by ethnicity in adolescents. The research design used is a correlational quantitative design. Sampling technique using method convenience sampling. The research used 2 scales, namely the Parental Style Inventory II (PSI-II) to measure parenting style and the Brief Self Control Scale to measure self-control. The data analysis technique in this research is using moderated regression analysis and simple regression tests. The research results show that ethnicity does not moderate the influence of parenting style on self-control (P Int_1 = 0.5323 > 0.05). Besides that, independent testing obtained significant results (parenting style influence self-control). However, when there is a covariate (another variable present), namely ethnicity and controlled simultaneously, it becomes insignificant (in the test using Hayes).

Relation Between the Perceived Parenting Style and Grit of Adolescents Aged 15-20

The paper presents an analysis of the relation between the perceived parental style and the grit of adolescents. The theoretical background includes the ideas about the interconnection between the parenting and the grit. Research data were collected from 738 adolescents aged 15-20 in the Slovak Republic attending general secondary schools and specialized secondary schools (ISCED 3). Their average age was 17.19 year (SD = 1.36). We used two assessment methods: The Grit Scale and Parenting Style Inventory II. The linear regression modelling showed that the most significant predictors of the grit, passion and perseverance are male sex responsiveness and autonomy granting of the parents. The results are important in the psychological and educational praxis in the relation to the future carrier selections and personal beliefs about ability to reach the self-defined goals.

Self-Esteem, Parenting Styles and FOMO: A Pilot Study

Studies have previously shown that 75% of adolescents and young adults experience FOMO regularly. It has also been related with problematic smartphone usage and social media usage. There is an evident lack of discourse pertaining to the psychological aspects of FOMO. This study investigates the relationship between Parenting Styles, Self-esteem and the levels of the fear of missing out experienced by adolescents and young adults. Data was collected from 159 participants, aged 13 - 25 years, originating from Indian urban settings, through an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included the General Health Questionnaire 28, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Parenting Style Inventory II and the Fear of Missing out Scale. Results show high correlation between parenting styles and self-esteem. It was found that there is an effective and statistically significant relationship between parenting styles, self-esteem and the levels of FOMO experienced by adolescents and young adults.

Relationship Between Speech Sound Disorders and Neuropsychological Skills (Language and Attention skills) in Children Mediated by Parenting Styles and Maternal Depression

Background and Aims Speech sound disorder (SSD) is a type of communication disorders in children where normal process of speech sound learning is disrupted. Children with SSD have errors in the expression of speech sounds that can make it difficult for others to understand what they say. The present study aims to assess the relationship of neuropsychological skills (language and attention skills) with SSD mediated by the parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive) and maternal depression. Methods This is an analytical, descriptive, correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 117 preschool children agef 4–6 years with SSD and their mothers were recruited using a purposive sampling method from among those refereed to speech and language therapy clinics and kindergartens in Isfahan, Iran. The SSD was screened using the test proposed by Ahmadi et al. Conners’ neuropsychological assessment test, Baumrind’s parenting style inventory, and Beck depression inventory were completed by the mothers of children. The data were analyzed in AMOS software using the correlation test, regression analysis, path analysis, and SEM. Results The statistical analysis showed that the correlation of language skills with SSD was significant (P=0.019 <0.05). However, the correlation was not significant when mediated by the parenting styles (P=0.665 for authoritarian style; P=0.306 for authoritative style; P=0.164 for permissive style) and maternal depression (P=0.546>0.05). On the other hand, the correlation of attention skills with SSD was not significant (P=0.361 >0.05), not even after medication by the parenting styles (P=0.686 for authoritarian style; P=0.315 for authoritative style; P=0.849 for permissive style) and maternal depression (P=0.393>0.05). However, in the attention model, the correlation of permissive parenting style with SSD was significant (P=0.026 <0.05). Conclusion Language skills have a significant direct correlation with SSD in children, indicating that the increase of language problems in children can increase their errors in making sounds (phonemes). The attention skills has no significant correlation with SSD even after mediation by the parenting styles and maternal depression. The permissive parenting style has a significant negative correlation with SSD.

The Predictors of Mother Abuse in Male Students: Domestic Violence, Marital Conflict, Family Coherence, Parenting Styles, and Self-esteem

Background: Domestic violence, including child abuse, spousal abuse, elder abuse, and parent abuse, is a common issue in the modern world. Parent abuse is one of the phenomena that has been the focus of attention in recent decades due to its negative effects on the family system. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the predictors of parent abuse in boy students. Methods: This present study was a correlational study. The statistical population was all second-grade boy high school students and their mothers in Kuhdasht-Iran in 2020. In this regard, 380 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Instruments were the parent abuse scale (boy version), child exposure to domestic violence (CEDV), parent marital conflict, parenting style inventory (PSI), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and Samani Family Cohesion Questionnaire. The students and their mothers completed the instruments. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation and regression. Results: The findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between domestic violence, marital conflict, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles with parent abuse, and there was a significant negative relationship between family coherence, authoritative parenting style, and students' self-esteem with parent abuse. The results from stepwise regression showed that domestic violence, authoritative and permissive parenting styles, and self-esteem were the strongest predictors of parent abuse. Conclusions: According to our findings, the negative interactions and the children’s exposure to violence within the family are basic triggers for the occurrence of mother abuse.

Estilo parental desde la perspectiva de los padres: Adaptación argentina del Inventario de Estilos Parentales de Power

Diana Baumrind (1966) proposed three primary parenting styles: the authoritarian style, the permissive style, and the authoritative style. Almost two decades later, Maccoby and Martin (1983) theoretically added a fourth (negligent) parenting style. Parental styles are based on variations in the levels of the parental dimensions of sensitivity (warmth, affection), parental demand (parental control) and autonomy granted (Richaud, Lemos & Vargas Rubilar, 2013). It has been suggested that the findings related to broad parenting styles are not always easy to interpret (Stewart & Bond, 2002) and that Baumrind's three-category parenting style typology can be usefully disaggregated into parenting dimensions (Darling and Steinberg, 1993). A dimensional approach can be particularly valuable in allowing an independent assessment of parenting and discipline (Locke & Printz, 2002). One of these dimensional models is that of Power (2002), which includes 11 dimensions of which the first three: Sensitivity, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline, evaluate a general dimension of the relationship of parents with their children, as perceived by parents. These three basic dimensions correspond to those of Baumrind described above: sensitivity (warmth, affection), autonomy granted (permissiveness) and parental demand (parental control), respectively. Power's Parenting Styles Inventory (PDI) assesses parenting styles from a parent's perspective. It is a self-report that, as we said, assesses 11 dimensions of parents' attitudes and behaviors towards their children. It has 57 items organized into 11 scales, each of which evaluates different dimensions of parent-child relationships. The first three scales, which include 13 items, measure a “general dimension” (Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The following scales assess different types of control and are distinguished from the general dimensions, in that they focus on disciplinary practices in response to the child's misbehavior. The PDI-S is a shortened version, which retains the most valid and reliable components of the original PDI. The PDI-S can be used with parents of children between 3 and 12 years old, and was developed from the PDI (Slater & Power, 1987). Given the importance of having an adequate instrument to assess parental style from the parents' perspective, the objective of this study is to adapt the Inventory of Parental Dimensions in its short version (Power, 2002) to the Argentine population. The 13 items included in the evaluation of the General Dimension, were translated, which includes the dimensions: Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The translated Inventory was administered to an intentional sample of 771 adults, 535 women and 236 men, between 26 and 63 years of age (Me = 38.56 SD = 4.76), middle class (Stratum II of the Graffar / Méndez Castellanos Scale), of the non-clinical population, and parents of children who attended pre-school in 12 private schools in different provinces of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe and Tucumán). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the three-dimensional theoretical model, proposed by the authors of the original test, satisfactorily adjusted to the data, indicating an adequate consistency of the test structure. In addition, reliability was analyzed as internal consistency evaluated through McDonald's omega, obtaining the following values: Support / care = .74; Follow-up through discipline / control = .70 and Inconsistency = .74. Finally, given that the Inventory has been studied with an extensive sample, drawn from several Argentine provinces, the results obtained are generalizable to almost the entire country. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.1.19

Parenting style, social interaction anxiety, and problematic internet use among students

Our study examined the roles of parenting styles and social interaction anxiety in problematic internet use (PIU) in a sample of Nigerian undergraduate students (n = 300; female = 63.3%; mean age = 19.66 years, SD = 2.64 years). The students completed the Parenting Style Inventory II (PS-II), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and the Generalised Problematic Internet Use Scale 2. Following regression analysis, results showed authoritative parenting to predict lower PIU among the students, while permissive parenting predicted higher PIU among the students. Social interaction anxiety predicted higher PIU and mediated the relationship between the parenting styles and PIU, decreasing PIU among female students but not for the male students. Gendered parenting style influences PIU through social anxiety. These findings suggest a need for gender sensitive PIU interventions in Nigerian patriarchal culture.

Influência dos Valores e Estilos Parentais Percebidos pelas Crianças na Transmissão Valorativa

Abstract In order to better understand the relationship between parenting styles and parental values perceived by children and their values, 119 children were invited to answer the Basic Values Survey - Children’s version, the Parenting Styles Inventory, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results showed that the guardian’s perceived value priority does not depend on the parenting style perceived by children. Furthermore, positive parenting style is related to a greater value congruence between guardians and children, and parenting style and values are explanatory variables of the values endorsed by the children. The values and parenting styles perceived by children play an important role in the transmission of values between guardians and children.

Práticas parentais e encaminhamento a um centro de referência de atenção psicossocial infantojuvenil

Abstract In this study, the parenting practices of adults who are legal guardians of youths referred to the Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (Psychosocial Care Center for Children and Adolescents) due to the use of psychoactive substances and/or aggression (Referral Group) were compared with parenting practices of legal guardians of youths who have never been referred to Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (Non-Referral Group). Forty participants from the Non-Referral Group and 17 from the Referral Group answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Parenting Styles Inventory. Referral Group participants reported lower frequencies of positive monitoring and moral behavior, and more frequent responses related to neglect, inconsistent punishment, and physical abuse. A bivariate logistic regression model showed that having the mother as the legal guardian and primary caregiver was a predictor of non-referral to Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil, with neglect being a predictive factor of referral. The results indicate that differences in parenting practices can be associated with the outcome of referral to mental health services. Therefore, the importance of population interventions focused on promoting positive parenting practices is emphasized.

Psychological Assessment in Children With Epilepsy and Their Mothers

Objective: Epilepsy is a chronic disease with high morbidity. Our study aims to investigate the scores of anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers and the role of parental attitudes in these children. Material and Methods: The study included 35 children with epilepsy and their mothers. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children of similar age and sex to the study group and their mothers. Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent version (RCADS-P) scales were used in the patient and control groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between mother anxiety and depression scores in terms of BDI and BAI scales. There were no significant differences between the total and subscale scores of the anxiety and depression in the children of study and control groups in terms of RCADS-P. Strictness/supervision subscale of PSI average was statistically significantly higher in the patient group but the Psychological Autonomy subscale average was found lower. The mean scores of Excessive Maternity and Obsession and Discipline subscale of PARI were significantly higher in the patient group. Conclusion: Mothers of children with epilepsy may be overprotective or authoritarian. Overprotective or authoritative parental attitudes in children can lead to loss of self-esteem. Therefore, besides the treatment of children with epilepsy, attention should be paid to improving the wrong attitudes of their parents.

Coping Strategies used by Adults and Adolescents in Distressing Parenting Style

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate coping strategies (problem-focusedand emotion-focused) of adolescents and adults with respect to distressing parenting style. It wasassumed that adults will score high on problem-focused engagement while adolescents onemotion-focused disengagement Coping Strategies Scale. Another assumption was that adultshaving parents with authoritative parenting style will use problem-focused engagement copingwhilst adolescents will use emotion-focused disengagement coping strategies.Method. A sample of (N=300) participants was included in the study out of which (n=150) wereadolescents and (n=150) were adults. The sample was taken from different institutes of Peshawar.Coping strategies of both groups were investigated by using Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI)(Tobin et al; 1984) and their parents’ parental style through Parenting Style Inventory II (Darling& Toyokawa 1997).Results. Result of the study showed that adults use problem-focused adaptive coping strategiesmore than adolescents, whereas, adolescents have higher score on emotion-focused maladaptivescale of coping strategies as compared to adults. Results also showed that coping strategies ofadults is not affected by parents’ authoritative or authoritarian parenting style, however, foradolescents’ authoritarian parenting style was distressing and lead them to use emotion-focuseddisengagement coping strategies.Conclusion. It is concluded from the present study that adults choose adaptive while adolescentschoose maladaptive coping strategies. Parenting style does have major effect on coping strategiesselection of individuals.

Personality traits and parenting styles in boys victims of sexual abuse: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objective: We examined the association between personality traits and parenting styles in boys victims of sexual abuse (SA). Methods: Sixty-two (62) boys were divided into two groups: 32 (Victims of SA group, age 11.7±1.28) and 30 non-victims of SA (Comparison group, age 11.6±1.22). All participants completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-J) and the Parenting Styles Inventory (PSI). The intelligence quotient (IQ) was also assessed. Results: Both groups did not differ in terms of IQ. In the SA group, men (97%) were the biggest abusers, 85% of the parents were divorced and the father was the biggest aggressor (44%). The SA victims had higher neuroticism (p <0.001) and identified riskier parental practices, while the comparison group reported good parental practices (p<0.05). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that higher negative paternal parental style scores increase the chance of belonging to the victims group. Discussion: Victims of SA present a higher risk of neuroticism and perception of dysfunctional family dynamics, with seriously reversed social roles. Further studies are needed to investigate the behavioral, cognitive, emotional, personality and parental styles, and the development of psychological intervention programs and other professional practices for victims of SA and their families in various contexts of violence.

Relationship Between Parenting Styles And Subjective Well-Being Of Undergraduate Youths In The University Of Port Harcourt

This study investigated the relationship between parenting styles and subjective well-being among undergraduate youths in the University of Port Harcourt using the correlational research design. The study was guided by five research questions and their corresponding null hypotheses. The sample for the study was composed of 400 undergraduate students drawn using the purposive sampling technique. Two instruments were used for data collection which were the parenting style inventory and the subjective well-being inventory. The instruments were assessed for reliability and validity and were shown to be suitable. Data analysis was done using linear regression and multiple regression for answering the research questions, while ANOVA associated with linear and multiple regression were used to test the null hypotheses. Result showed that authoritative parenting style had the highest independent prediction on the subjective well- being of youths, while authoritarian had the least independent prediction. On the basis of the result obtained, it was recommended that parents adopt the authoritative parenting style when dealing with their children so as to achieve an optimal state of subjective well-being.

Maternal Depression, Parental Practices and Child Sex: Prediction of Children’s Behavior

Abstract Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms and negative parenting practices during childhood configures a vulnerability factor associated with behavior problems among children. This study aims to verify the predictive effects of maternal depression (main factor) on behavioral outcomes and maternal parenting practices, considering the sex of the children (covariate factor); and the predictive effect of maternal depression, parenting practices, and child’s sex on behavioral outcomes. The sample was composed of a community sample of 101 mother-child pairs. Mothers answered to: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, Parenting Styles Inventory, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The covariance and multiple linear regressions analysis showed that being a boy, and specific practices of neglect, physical abuse, and permissive discipline were the main predictors of behavioral problems among children exposed to negative practices and maternal depression. These findings underline the role of the child’s sex in the interactions between variables, which could contribute to interventions in mental health.

Influence of Parenting Style on Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Time.

The purpose of the current study was to determine the influence of parenting style on body mass index (BMI) percentile, physical activity (PA), and sedentary time (ST) in children. Accelerometers were used to assess PA and ST in 152 fifth-grade children. Parenting style was assessed by the child participants’ responses to modified questions from the Parenting Style Inventory II and dichotomized as authoritative or non-authoritative. Multiple linear regression analyses were utilized to identify significant predictors of outcomes of interest. Parenting style did not predict ST or any intensity of PA; however, BMI percentile and gender were significant predictors of moderate-intensity PA, vigorous-intensity PA, and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (P < .01). BMI percentile was predicted to be lower in females with authoritative mothers (P < .01). While authoritative and non-authoritative parenting style did not predict objectively measured PA or ST in early adolescents, authoritative parenting style did predict BMI percentile in female participants.

PARENTING STYLES AS A DETERMINANT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERFECTIONISM AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Parenting styles refer to specific ways of parents’ behavior towards children including at least two dimensions, namely affectionateness in the relationship and control, which as such determine many characteristics of children’s personality encountered later on. What has remained undefined up to now is whether perfectionism is determined by inborn or environmental factors. The aim of this paper is to ascertain whether perfectionism is determined by various parenting styles and to what extent. The sample was composed of 110 participants, final grade elementary school students. We used the following instruments: the SD survey, the Burn’s Scale of Perfectionism and the Parenting Style Inventory II (PSI- II). The obtained results indicate that parenting styles present significant determinants of perfectionism, while socio-demographic variables are not significant predictors. Furthermore, the findings suggest that demandingness as an aspect of parenting style is a significant determinant of perfectionism ((F3/106=3.00, p&lt;0.05; β=0.244, p&lt;0.05), whereas responsiveness and autonomy approval are not statistically significant predictors. Moreover, the results showed that there are no significant differences between boys and girls in terms of perfectionism, but that there are gender-based differences in the aspect of parenting style of responsiveness, with girls perceiving their parents (M = 20.07) as more responsive than the boys (M = 18.57) (t=-2,82, p&lt;0.05).

Can dimensions of parenting style contribute to self-compassion among South African adolescents?

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between dimensions of parenting style and self-compassion among a group of adolescents and examined parenting style as a predictor of self-compassion. The participants (n = 188; M age = 14.4 years) completed the Self-Compassion Scale and the Parenting Style Inventory II. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, and standard multiple regression analysis. There was a statistically significant association between parental responsiveness and self-compassion, while the relationship between parental demandingness and self-compassion was non-significant. The results suggested that responsive parenting, characterised by sensitivity, warmth, acceptance and nurturance is related to the ability to develop self-compassion during adolescence. Specifically, the father’s parenting style seems to make a unique contribution to adolescents’ self-compassion.

The study of the relationship between parenting styles and risk-taking in adolescents in only-child families in Qazvin city.

Risk-taking reasons in adolescents are divided into four cognitive, emotional, socio-environmental, and family factors. Structure, composition, and size of family as well as parenting styles effect on the development of creative abilities, transmitting cultural and social values, and the amount of adolescent risk-taking. The present study aimed to evaluate the tendency toward high-risk behaviors based on ways of interacting with children in only-child families. This research is a descriptive analytical study. The research population was only-child adolescents and one of their parents who referred to health centers in Qazvin city to receive healthcare. The sampling has been conducted in census method. The data collection tools were adolescents' risk-taking questionnaires and Baumrind Parenting style Inventory which were completed by adolescents and one parent, respectively. The questionnaires were completed in health centers of Qazvin City, and the sampling was conducted since February to September 2018. The SPSS version 24 was used to analyze the data. One hundred and seventeen adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years together with one of their parents participated in this study. The majority of the mothers were housewives (62.9%) and fathers were either employees or self-employed (76.9%). Authoritative parenting style was the most dominant parenting style amongst parents (93%), and the majority of the samples (78%) had the least amount of risk. The average risk-taking score of adolescents was 23.3±61.29 and the highest risk-taking behavior was dangerous driving (12.83). Risk-taking amount was negatively correlated with authoritative parenting style (r=-0.20, p=0.28), while having direct and meaningful correlation with the permissive style (r=0.20, p=0.02). The authoritative parenting style in only-child families has been a dominant trend that justifies the intimate parent-children relationships and decreases the risk-taking amount of adolescents. Therefore, parents are suggested to focus on increasing their relationship with their adolescents, rather than reducing their family size.

Autodeterminação, suporte parental e coping: comparação em diferentes fases da carreira atlética de futebolistas

Cada fase da transição da carreira atlética apresenta demandas e necessidades específicas. Assim, investigar os atributos pessoais que os atletas dispõem, como motivação autodeterminada, estratégias de coping e suporte parental que recebem, se mostra necessário para verificar o gerenciamento das situações estressoras dentro do contexto esportivo, de mmodo a garantir a adesão e continuidade da prática esportiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os atributos pessoais de atletas de futebol de campo nas diferentes fases do desenvolvimento atlético. Foram sujeitos 120 jogadores de um clube da Primeira Divisão do Campeonato Brasileiro (13 a 20 anos de idade). Como instrumentos foram utilizados a Escala de Motivação Esportiva, o Inventário de Estratégias de Coping e o Inventário de Estilos Parentais para avaliar os atributos pessoais. Autodeterminação, Estratégias de Coping e Estilos Parentais foram comparados entre três estágios da carreira esportiva: Experimentação, Especialização e Investimento, por meio do teste de Levene, ANOVA com post hoc de Bonferroni e Kruskal-Wallis, com U de Mann-Whitney para comparação entre os pares. Os resultados evidenciaram que o grupo de atletas no Estágio de Investimento apresentou maiores valores de Autodeterminação, maior amplitude nas Estratégias de Coping e percepção de Suporte Parental. Ao longo das fases da carreira esportiva, os atributos pessoais tendem a melhorar, com maior utilização das Estratégias de Coping e motivação mais autodeterminada, orientada para o treinamento e o rendimento. Além disso, o suporte parental mostrou-se importante para a manutenção na carreira esportiva até o estágio de Investimento.

Definições operacionais e análise funcional de termos presentes nas questões do Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP)

&#x0D; O método científico proposto pelo Behaviorismo Radical a partir do pragmatismo e do funcionalismo prioriza termos que possibilitam uma definição e análise operacional focada nas variáveis antecedentes e consequentes do comportamento. Essas análises podem contribuir para a área de estudos de Estilos Parentais. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar análises funcionais e definições operacionais das questões presentes no Inventário de Estilos Parentais. O estudo foi realizado nas seguintes etapas: identificar e operacionalizar termos de cada questão em descrições observáveis, identificar relações funcionais entre o ambiente e o comportamento, e formular predições com base nas descrições das relações funcionais. As análises das questões possibilitaram especificar topografias e contextos de ocorrência de diferentes comportamentos parentais e filiais e a posterior identificação de possíveis variáveis de controle presentes em interações baseadas em estilos positivos e em estilos negativos. As possíveis contribuições dessa análise consistem do auxílio na identificação das variáveis envolvidas nas relações funcionais na área de Estilos Parentais. Sugere-se que ela deve ser complementada por observação direta em intervenções voltadas para casos específicos para uma análise funcional mais completa e fidedigna e identificação de outros comportamentos.