Parental Supervision Research Articles

Workshop training to facilitate parental involvement in their children’s mathematics education: parents’ perceptions

This study investigated the effectiveness of workshops on parental involvement in their children’s mathematical education. The study employed a quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. This study involved 76 parents from one senior secondary school in the Kweneng Region, Botswana. The study included three steps for data analysis: thematic content analysis, hypothesis testing, and descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the parental involvement level before and after the intervention marked a difference with a significant increase. Parental involvement variables such as parenting style, parental expectations, home rules, parental supervision, communication between parents and children, children’s home mathematics activities, and parental attitude toward school all improved significantly. The findings further indicated that parental involvement in their child's general and mathematical learning can be improved. As a result, the study recommended that all basic education schools reach out to parents through parent education programs that can assist parents in understanding the value of being active in their children’s mathematics education, which will probably affect their education performance positively.

Risk factors for the gambling, smoking and alcohol consumption triad in Portuguese adolescents

Abstract Background Addiction to gambling, tobacco, and alcohol poses significant risks to mental, social, and physical health, particularly during adolescence, a critical period for habit formation. This study investigates risk factors linked to these habits among Portuguese adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study used the 2019 ESPAD questionnaire, targeting 16-year-old adolescents. The sample comprised 4,365 responses. Descriptive analysis determined the prevalence of gambling, smoking, and alcohol use, as well as social, economic, and behavioral factors. Bivariate associations were assessed using the Exact Fisher test, and multiple logistic regression identified key predictors for the outcome of interest (cumulative presence of gambling, smoking and alcohol consumption). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS version 29.0, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results Among adolescents, 6.2% presented probable problematic gambling according to the Lie/Bet test, with 3.7% spending at least 30 minutes a day gambling. In the past 30 days, 14.3% smoked, 42.7% drank alcohol, and 10.5% engaged in binge drinking. The behavioral triad was observed in 56 individuals. Male gender (OR = 2.024; 95% CI: 1.097-3.734; p = 0.024), problematic online gaming behavior (OR = 2.041; 95% CI: 1.005-4.144; p = 0.048) and going out at night at least once a week (OR = 1.439; 95% CI: 1.242-1.669; p < 0.001) significantly increased the risk of the behavioral triad. In contrast, parental control (parents knowing where the adolescent is on Saturday night) had a significant protective effect (OR = 0.162; 95% CI: 0.086-0.303; p < 0.001). Conclusions The study underscores the importance of parental supervision to curb risky behaviors in adolescents. It suggests implementing public health programs in schools, leveraging gaming for early screening, and tightening online gambling regulations to mitigate future health risks associated with gambling, smoking, and alcohol use. Key messages • Absence of parental supervision, male gender, problematic online gaming and frequently going out at night are risk factors for this behavioral triad. • Public health strategies are needed to prevent gambling addiction, emphasizing parental awareness, identification of at-risk students, and comprehensive school-based approaches.

The association between family socio-demographic factors, parental mediation and adolescents’ digital literacy: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDigital technology has a two-sided impact whether it is used appropriately or not. It is crucial to promote the benefits of digital technology and reduce its harms by bolstering adolescents’ digital literacy. The appropriateness of the strategies parents use to manage their children’s digital lives plays a key role. This study aims to investigate the separate effects of family socio-demographic factors and varied dimensions of parental mediation on adolescents’ digital literacy separately and simultaneously to explore the appropriate parental mediation strategies even in the absence of favorable family status.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was utilized with a sample of 1894 Chinese adolescents in junior and senior high schools (mean age = 14.01, 48.94% female), using a set of exam questions to test children’s objective digital literacy online. Family socio-demographic factors (parental marital status, economic status, and parental education levels) and varied dimensions of parental mediation were included as predictors of digital literacy. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to estimate the relation between the variables.ResultsHigher parental education levels were positively associated with adolescents’ parental mediation and digital literacy while better family economic status and parental divorce were negatively associated. Among the dimensions of parental mediation, active mediation, restrictive mediation and supervision were significantly associated with adolescents’ digital literacy, but not for co-use. Active mediation and supervision showed significant positive associations with adolescents’ digital literacy, whereas, co-use showed a significant negative association when all parental mediation dimensions were integrated into the model, The significant association between restrictive mediation and digital literacy disappeared. Parental mediation has diluted the impact of family socio-demographic factors on adolescents’ digital literacy.ConclusionsEffective interventions are needed to promote parental active mediation and supervision to help adolescents develop digital literacy and navigate the digital world, especially for adolescents who do not have highly educated parents or whose parents are divorced.

The effect of social support and parental monitoring on glycaemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Glycaemic control is a crucial aspect of managing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Strict glycaemic control has been proven to reduce the long-term complications of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of parental involvement in diabetes care and social support on glycaemic control in adolescents with T1DM. In this cross-sectional study, 94 adolescents and their parents admitted to a university hospital between January and July 2023 were included in the study. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (PMDC-R) and Parental Monitoring Scale (MSPSS) in Diabetes Care of Adolescents with T1DM were used as data collection tools. Females constituted 63.8% of the adolescents who participated in the study and the glycaemic control of females was significantly lower than males (p < 0.05). The mean HbA1c of the adolescents was 8.65 + 1.57. In the study, PMDC-R and MSPSS scores of adolescents with good and poor glycaemic control were compared. The PMDC-R of the good control group were statistically significantly higher than the poor control group (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the MSPSS scores. Parental supervision plays a protective role in adolescents, and glycaemic control is better as parental supervision increases. Paediatric nurses should collaborate with parents in diabetes management. This approach may help adolescents to be more successful in diabetes management.

A Chinese Perspective on Online Gaming Usage and its Impact on Students' Attitudes Toward Learning

In the context of the digital era, online games have become part of the daily life of Chinese middle school students, affecting not only their academic performance and social activities but also significantly influencing their attitudes toward learning. Starting from the current situation of secondary schools in China, this review analyzes online gaming usage, the industry development trend, the cognitive and psychological impact on adolescents, the social impact, and the role of parental involvement and supervision, and explores the impact of online gaming usage on secondary school students' attitudes toward learning. This academic review help educators, parents, and policymakers design interventions that facilitate proper modulation between gaming and academics to promote healthier developmental pathways among middle school students.

Does parenting style work on gadget addiction? A cross-sectional study among adolescence

Background: The increasing dependence on gadget use among adolescents which has a negative impact on their growth and development, requires increased parental supervision and appropriate parenting patterns. Purpose: This study aims to identify the relationship between smartphones addiction and the characteristics of young people, as well as the parenting styles of both fathers and mothers in Samarinda. Method: The study employs an analytical survey that measures the level of gadget addiction in teenagers and the influencing factors, including demographics, parenting styles, and gadget usage factors such as perception of addiction, usage purpose, and peer influence. The sample criteria include teenagers who own their gadgets, aged 13-19, actively use them for communication and internet access. Resulting in a sample size of 79 adolescents by purposive sampling technique, and using a self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate analysis is used to test the relationship between variables (correlation tests). Result: The correlation table shows that smartphone addiction is strongly correlated with daily life disturbance (r = 0.565, p &lt; 0.01), positive anticipation (r = 0.760, p &lt; 0.01), withdrawal (r = 0.829, p &lt; 0.01), cyberspace relationship (r = 0.727, p &lt; 0.01), overuse (r = 0.742, p &lt; 0.01), and tolerance (r = 0.490, p &lt; 0.01). Among parenting styles, only permissive father (r = 0.282, p &lt; 0.05) and permissive mother (r = 0.298, p &lt; 0.01) show significant positive correlations with smartphone addiction. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significant relationship between parenting styles, particularly permissive in overall smartphone addiction and democratic styles in aspect of tolerance. It suggests that interventions targeting parenting practices. The clearer, more specific, and targeted restrictions on gadget use are needed, particularly for parents who adopt a permissive parenting style.

Epidemiology and characteristics of unintentional self-inflicted penetrating ocular injuries in children less than 6 years-old

IntroductionPediatric ocular injuries, notably unintentional self-inflicted penetrating ocular injuries in children under 6, pose a substantial public health concern, leading to visual impairment and psychological distress. With global prevalence indicating severe visual impairment or blindness in 2–14% of affected children, these injuries necessitate multiple surgeries and extended monitoring. Our study aims to analyze the epidemiology and characteristics of such injuries, emphasizing preventive measures, parental supervision, and timely medical intervention to mitigate their impact on young lives.MethodConducted at Khalili Hospital in Shiraz, Iran, our retrospective study included 141 cases admitted between April 2018 and April 2023. Ethical principles guided data collection from medical records, encompassing demographic details, causative objects, ocular laceration specifics, surgical procedures, complications, and visual acuity assessments.ResultsThe mean age of the participants in this study was 47.18 ± 16.48 months (ranging from 10 to 71 months), and the male to female ratio was 1.76:1 (90 vs. 51). Objects of injury mostly included knives (34.8%), wood (12.1%), and glass (10.6%), and the most common initial manifestation of injury was iris prolapse (56.7%), followed by traumatic cataract (46.8%) and limbus laceration (34.0%). Fifteen (10.6%) patients had a visual acuity better than LogMAR 0.5, 24 (17.1%) had finger count vision, 37 (26.2%) had hand motion, 7 (0.5%) had light perception, and 58 (41.1%) were uncooperative. Type of laceration and season of injury were associated with retinal detachment, and a longer time-to-visit was correlated with a higher risk of developing retinal detachment or endophthalmitis.ConclusionOur study highlights the significant burden of unintentional self-inflicted penetrating ocular injuries in children under 6. Emphasizing preventive measures, parental supervision, and timely medical intervention, our findings underscore the potential psychological and visual consequences. This research advocates for parental education and safety measures to reduce the occurrence and severity of such injuries in this vulnerable population, promoting a healthier and safer environment for children.

Does parent-child connectedness influence substance use among Bhutanese adolescents: evidence from a national survey?

Highlights• Tobacco use was highest, followed by alcohol and marijuana use.• The prevalence of substance use was higher in male than female adolescents.• Parental homework supervision significantly lowered the odds of alcohol and tobacco use.• Parental free-time supervision significantly reduced the odds of alcohol and tobacco use.• No significant association was found between parent-child connectedness and marijuana use.

Socio-ecological factors associated with e-cigarette susceptibility and current use among Thai adolescents

International research documents the popularity of youth e-cigarette use and factors associated with consumption. However, less research has examined the behaviour in jurisdictions where such products are illegal. This study therefore investigated social and demographic factors associated with the use of e-cigarettes among youth in Thailand, where such products are prohibited. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among middle and high school students (n = 6,111) to capture individual, interpersonal, organizational, and social factors potentially related to the behaviour. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess associations with e-cigarette susceptibility and use. The prevalence of e-cigarette susceptibility was 15.9%, with 9.7% reporting current use. Risk factors, including lower GPA, current smoking, current substance use, and peer vaping, were associated with susceptibility (vs. non-susceptibility) and use (vs. susceptibility). Parental vaping was linked solely to current use, while middle school attendance, current alcohol use, exposure to e-cigarette use in school and exposure to online marketing, were linked to susceptibility. Negative attitude towards e-cigarettes and regular exposure to anti-e-cigarette activities in school were protective factors against both. High-risk perceptions and regular parental supervision were protective factors for susceptibility. Despite bans, a significant proportion of Thai youth engage in e-cigarette use or are susceptible to it. Unique factors influence susceptibility and use, highlighting the need for strengthening laws and adjusting prevention efforts.

Clinical characteristics and toxicological spectrum analysis of 493 cases of acute poisoning in children

ObjectiveThis retrospective study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and toxicological spectrum of acute poisoning in children treated at our pediatric intensive care unit. The findings provide a basis for the treatment and prevention of acute poisoning in children.MethodsClinical data of hospitalized children aged 0 to14 years with acute poisoning, treated between January 2015 and December 2023, were collected and analyzed. The analysis included the types of poisoning, sex and age distribution of children, routes and causes of poisoning, time from poisoning to medical consultation, length of hospital stays, and treatment outcomes.ResultsAmong the 493 cases of acute poisoning in children, pesticide poisoning (n = 252, 51.1%) was the most common type, followed by medication poisoning (n = 182, 36.9%). Chemical poisoning accounted for 7.7% (n = 38), while food poisoning and inhalation of harmful gases accounted for 3.0% (n = 15) and 1.2% (n = 6), respectively. The main route of poisoning was oral ingestion (n = 477, 96.8%), while accidental ingestion accounted for a large proportion (n = 379, 79.4%), and adolescents aged 11 to 14 years accounted for 20.6% (n = 98).Apart from the predominance of girls attempting suicide by self-administering antipsychotic medications (n = 88, 75.9%) due to depression, there was no significant difference in sex distribution among other types of poisoning children. The highest incidence of poisoning except children who self-administer antipsychotic drugs occurred in children aged 1–3 years (n = 267, 54.2%) and 8–14 years (n = 135, 27.4%), with the highest proportion in the preschool age group. The average time from poisoning to medical consultation was 33.4 ± 54.9 h, and majority of children received treatment within 48 h after poisoning (n = 423, 85.8%). The overall effective treatment rate was 96.8%.ConclusionAcute poisoning in children has complex and diverse causes, with accidental ingestion being the main route. Prevention should be emphasized, including strengthening child safety education and improving parental supervision. Moreover, psychological health education is crucial for adolescents during their puberty. In the event of acute poisoning, prompt medical consultation and appropriate treatment are necessary to mitigate adverse outcomes.

Социально-правовые аспекты защиты прав детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, в России (X – XVIII века)

The authors consider the main trends in the evolution of care in Russia for orphaned children and children left without parental care as one of the social functions of the state. The article analyzes a number of legal regulations of different years, which enshrine the norms governing the operation of care homes in Russia and in Russia in different time periods. The authors concluded that the emergence of state social care oc-curred during the reign of Peter the Great, but only by the end of the 18th century, measures to solve the problem of protecting children belonging to these categories began to acquire a centralized state-legal character. This article will be useful for students, masters, postgraduates and all persons interested in the historical and legal aspects of regulating the upbringing of children left without parental supervision.

RISK FACTORS FOR SUBSTANCE USE AMONG MALE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ADEN GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Substance use among secondary school students is a growing concern with significant implications for public health. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with substance use in a community of secondary school students in Aden Governorate, Yemen. A cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in Aden governorate, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on potential risk factors for substance use. The questionnaire included measures of Peer Pressure, Academic Performance (GPA), Parental Monitoring, as well as self-esteem towards drug use. The Self-esteem among secondary students was measured using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors. A total of 280 male students from 10 secondary schools (both section) of Aden governorate participated in the study, with a mean age of 17.37± 1.42 years. Risk factors associated with substance use included peer pressure (OR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.56-3.42), poor academic performance (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.23-2.81), lack of parental supervision (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.09-2.37), and low self-esteem (OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.01-2.11). The findings highlight the complex interplay of social, familial, and individual factors in contributing to substance use among secondary school students. These results can inform targeted interventions and preventive strategies to address the identified risk factors in the community. This study identified several key risk factors for substance use among secondary school students in the community. Understanding and addressing these risk factors is vital for the development of effective preventive interventions and support systems to mitigate the impact of substance use on the health and well-being of young individuals.

Nomophobia syndrome and its impact on morale and behavior change in early childhood

Nomophobia has become a prevalent issue which affects individuals today. This leads many to feel constantly connected to their devices. The term, derived from "No Mobile Phone Phobia," describes an excessive reliance on gadgets. This psychological condition is recognized as a global psychosocial phenomenon that influences mobile phone users and affects their morals and behavior. Alarmingly, this issue has also emerged among young children, with many preschoolers showing signs of addiction. This study is aimed at exploring the effects of nomophobia on early childhood, focusing on its moral and behavioral consequences in daily life. The study employed a qualitative case study approach and it involved two 5-year-old children. Data were collected through observations and unstructured interviews with their parents. The findings indicated that excessive gadget used in early childhood could significantly alter children's morals and behaviors. This was primarily due to insufficient parental supervision of their app usage. The study emphasized the need for intervention from adults, including both parents and teachers, who are the closest guardians to children in monitoring smartphone usage. These collaborative preventive measures to monitor and mitigate the negative impacts of smartphone usage are important to do. Future studies for exploring nomophobia in early childhood contexts are encouraged to delve deeper into the surrounding events and circumstances that affect children.

Investigation of perceived parental attitude in children exposed to sexual abuse: A case-control study.

The enduring impact of children being subjected to sexual abuse is characterized by lasting traumatic effects. This study aims to assess the influence of perceived parental attitudes on the incidence of sexual abuse in children who have experienced such abuse, comparing them with a control group. The research took place at the Child Advocacy Center (CAC) of a hospital in northern Turkey and in the pediatric outpatient clinics of the same institution. The study evaluated 101 children who were exposed to sexual abuse and 100 children who were not. Data collection took place between November 2022 and August 2023. The study employed a 'Descriptive Information Form' and the 'Parental Attitude Scale' for both case and control groups. The t-test for independent samples, descriptive statistics, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Analysis of scores from the Parental Attitude Scale revealed significantly lower mean scores in acceptance-involvement and strictness-supervision in the case group (p < .05). The mean scores for 'acceptance-involvement' (X¯ = 22.82 ± 6.26, X¯ = 25.71 ± 3.89) were highest in the case and control groups. Neglectful attitude (38.6%) was more prevalent in the case group, while the control group exhibited a higher frequency of democratic attitude (37%). In terms of predictors, acceptance-involvement (OR = 1.091, p = .005) and maternal employment (OR = 4.410, p < .001) were identified as the most significant predictors of exposed to sexual abuse. The study's Cronbach's alpha value for the scale was α = .743. The study's findings on parental attitudes suggest a potential connection between children's exposure to sexual abuse and inadequate parental acceptance, involvement, supervision, and control.

The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice in Resolving Juvenile Criminal Cases: An Examination of Legal and Social Perspectives

The objective of this research is to examine and address issues pertaining to the enforcement of the law in instances of violent criminal activity perpetrated by students of legal age who are enrolled in educational institutions. External factors, including association, education, and social environment, exert a significant influence on children's criminal behavior, which frequently originates from the tendency to emulate negative behaviors and the lack of adequate parental supervision. This research employs a normative legal approach to elucidate the nature of the penalties imposed upon minors who perpetrate criminal acts, as delineated in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System No. 11/2012. The findings indicate that to avert criminal conduct by minors, it is imperative to implement sustainable development initiatives that bolster the survival, physical, mental, and social advancement of children, while safeguarding them from threats that could jeopardize their future and the nation. The juvenile criminal justice system incorporates community involvement throughout the entirety of the case process. Crimes occurring within the community are shaped by the prevailing social conditions, along with individual factors pertaining to the perpetrators and victims. At the conclusion of each case, the community is tasked with facilitating the reintegration of offenders and victims back into the social milieu. This is achieved through either the establishment of new informal institutions or the reinforcement of existing formal ones.

Effect of virtual reality-based visual training for myopia control in children: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTo assess the efficacy and safety of virtual reality-based visual training (VRVT) in myopia control among children.MethodsThe randomized, parallel-group, single-blind clinical trial conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital enrolled 65 low-myopic children (aged 8 to 13 years) with cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) between − 0.50 and − 3.00 diopters (D), astigmatism less than − 1.00 D, anisometropia less than 1.50D, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) more than 0.0 logarithm (LogMAR) of the minimum angle of resolution. The participants were enrolled in December 2020, and the follow-up of this study concluded on August 2021. Children were assigned randomly to the intervention group (VRVT plus single-vision spectacle [SVS]) and the control group (only SVS without receiving VRVT). The intervention group was administered for 20 min per day with VRVT under parental supervision at home. The primary outcome was changes in axial length (AL) at 3 months. Macular choroidal thickness (mCT) was regarded as a key secondary outcome.ResultsAmong 65 participants (mean age: 10.8 years, 52.3% male), 60 children (92.3%) who completed the 3-month intervention and 6-month follow-up were included in the analysis (30 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group). The changes of AL were 0.063 ± 0.060 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.074 to 0.119 mm) in the intervention group and 0.129 ± 0.060 mm (95% CI, 0.107 to 0.152 mm) and in the control group at 3 months (t = − 2.135, P = 0.037), and the mean difference between the two groups was 0.066 mm. The change of mCT were 22.633 ± 36.171 μm (95% CI, 9.127 to 36.140 μm) in the intervention group and − 3.000 ± 31.056 μm (95% CI, − 14.597 to 8.597 μm) in the control group at 3 months (t = 2.945, P = 0.005). VR vertigo was the most common adverse event which was occurred in two children (2/30, 6.67%) in the intervention group.ConclusionsVRVT is a promising method for myopia control in children with good user acceptability. Among children aged 8 to 13 years with low-myopia, nightly use of VRVT resulted in slowing myopia progression.Trial registrationThis protocol was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06250920), retrospectively registered on 01 February 2024.

Emotional Intelligence Profiles and Cyber-Victimization in Secondary School Students: A Multilevel Analysis

The research examined how different profiles of emotional intelligence (attention, clarity, and emotional regulation) act as protective or risk factors against cyber-victimization, taking into account individual and behavioral variables such as gender, sexual orientation, self-esteem, social anxiety, Internet risk, and parental control among high school students (11–18 years). A simulated sample was used, which was derived from an experimental sample of 1908 subjects (50.7% girls). Statistical equivalence was ensured between the two samples, and a multilevel analysis was conducted using the emotional intelligence profiles as the grouping variable. The results showed that the variability in emotional intelligence profiles predicted 96.7% of the variability of cyber-victimization. Factors that increase this likelihood include excessive interpersonal attention and low emotional regulation, higher social anxiety, offline victimization, older age, high parental supervision, and low self-esteem. In addition, being male and heterosexual is associated with a lower risk of cyber-victimization than being female and non-heterosexual. In general, it is suggested that protective measures against cyber-victimization should warn about the risk of Internet use, avoid paternalistic behavior by adults, and reduce rumination or excessive attention to the opinions of others.

Comparative evaluation of cranberry extract and sodium fluoride as mouth rinses on S. mutans counts in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Recently, research in the field of caries prevention is emphasizing upon identification of edible non-toxic compounds that can interfere with the formation of cariogenic biofilm. This trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of non-dialyzable material (NDM) containing cranberry mouth rinse (C-MR) on the Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) counts and compare with that of a sodium fluoride (F-MR) mouth rinse. 280 children (8-12years old) were enrolled in this double-blind single center, parallel, one-month, IRB/IEC approved non-inferiority trial. The participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into one of the two groups: C-MR and F-MR. All participants were given verbal and written instructions about at-home mouth-rinsing regimen under parental supervision for a month. Dental plaque samples were collected before and after a month of mouth-rinsing and subjected to culture techniques. S. mutans counts were assessed and compared in both groups. Primary outcome was the difference in the S. mutans counts between two interventions. Both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol analysis were carried out using two-sample t test with equal variance. The mean S. mutans counts (after log transformation) in C-MR group were: 14.66 (90% CI 14.4,14.9) at baseline and 12.85 (90% CI 12.5, 13.2) colony-forming units/ml (CFU/ml) at one-month post intervention (p = 0.001); while these counts were 14.69 (90% CI 14.5, 14.9) at baseline and 12.71 (90% CI 12.3, 13.1) at one-month intervention in F-MR groups (p = 0.001). ITT analysis showed an inter- group difference of 0.14CFU/ml (90% CI -0.32,0.59) in post-SM counts between groups (p = 0.629). The study demonstrated that the cranberry mouth rinse was non-inferior to the fluoride mouth rinse in terms of S. mutans levels change. Cranberry-based mouth rinse can be used effectively to reduce the S. mutans counts in children. Registration number in case of Clinical Trials-CTRI/2019/05/019395.

Perubahan Sosial Fenomena Media Sosial Digitalisasi terhadap Minat Belajar Siswa Sekolah di Depok

Advances in information technology have had a significant impact on students in the learning process, especially through the use of social media which is an important part of the current digital era. The younger generation, especially those who are still pursuing formal education, feel very helped by this development. One very beneficial aspect of the digital era is the ability to use search engines to quickly and efficiently obtain the latest information, knowledge and news related to the world of education. The use of internet technology and social media has also penetrated the teaching and learning process in schools. Intensive use of social media influences student development, which can have positive or negative effects, depending on the individual's awareness in using it. It is important for students to use social media wisely, perhaps with parental supervision, as not all content available on social media is useful or accurate. This research is based on a literature study and methodology that involves collecting sources from currently relevant scientific journals. This approach involves analyzing various previous studies regarding the influence of social media phenomena on students' interest in learning. This phenomenon shows that social media can provide a positive boost to students' interest in learning by making access to information easier. However, the influence of social media can also have negative impacts, such as addiction, exposure to pornographic content, and access to information that is not filtered wisely among students.

The relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem of medical students with age and gender as moderators.

Among various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a significant role. This study investigates the link between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students while exploring the role of age and gender in this context. A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students from December 2020 to March 2021. An online survey was prepared using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version, and students were asked to fill it out. Data were gathered from 255 students by simple random sampling technique, of which 230 forms were filled. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze the data. One sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied. AMOS version 26.00 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Out of 230 participants, 60% of the sample population experienced an authoritative parenting style. Authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Females who experienced authoritative parenting and males who experienced authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had higher self-esteem than their respective counterparts. Authoritative parenting was the most common and the only parenting style with a statistically significant positive correlation with self-esteem. This study further highlights the importance of consistent parental supervision and open communication in determining an individual's self-esteem.