Parental Presence Research Articles

The Role of Parents in Overcoming Juvenile Delinquency According to the Islamic Perspective

Juvenile delinquency has become a common phenomenon in society. Although various efforts have been made in order to overcome this problem, the behavior of young people to show their existence in these deviant ways is never ending. Apart from creating a space for actualization to accommodate their various interests and talents, the role of parents is very important in dealing with juvenile delinquency. In particular, this article examines the role of parents in overcoming juvenile delinquency from an Islamic perspective. The purpose of this study is to find alternative solutions, especially solutions that come from family influences. Meanwhile, the method used in the research uses a research library, namely analyzing and reviewing various previous scientific articles. The results obtained from this study indicate that the role of parents is very important in overcoming juvenile delinquency. The presence of parents by inviting positive dialogue to their teenage children is needed so that they get exemplary figures from the attitudes and behavior of their parents. In this case, parents also need to teach their children with commendable morals (al-Akhlak al-Mahmudah).

Significance of Proficient Communication on Career Choice Among First Years in Rural South Africa

Career choice involves the selection of one occupation over another. It is very important as it gives people focus on what career to follow. However, a lack of adequate information on career choice is capable of negatively influencing career choices. Hence, this study examines the significance of the adequate information on career choice among first year students using a selected rural South African university. A quantitative research method was employed for data collection. Purposive and random sampling was used to select the institution and sample respectively. Questionnaires were administered to 375 randomly selected first year students studying in the selected rural South African university. The findings of the study show that career choice is important and can contribute to the success of students. Attempts are made to communicate about career pathways with students while in high schools through the provision in the curriculum. Various factors ranging from parental influence, teachers, presence or absence of career counsellors, amongst others affect the career choice of students. The study recommends that education stakeholders, inclusive of parents, should be informed on the need to guide students in making informed career choices. Career information centres should be made available to students in various locations in the country.

Pandemic visitor policies: Parent reactions and policy implications.

Pandemic visitor policies: Parent reactions and policy implications.

Soil minerals affect taxon-specific bacterial growth

Secondary minerals (clays and metal oxides) are important components of the soil matrix. Clay minerals affect soil carbon persistence and cycling, and they also select for distinct microbial communities. Here we show that soil mineral assemblages—particularly short-range order minerals—affect both bacterial community composition and taxon-specific growth. Three soils with different parent material and presence of short-range order minerals were collected from ecosystems with similar vegetation and climate. These three soils were provided with 18O-labeled water and incubated with or without artificial root exudates or pine needle litter. Quantitative stable isotope probing was used to determine taxon-specific growth. We found that the growth of bacteria varied among soils of different mineral assemblages but found the trend of growth suppression in the presence of short-range order minerals. Relative growth of bacteria declined with increasing concentration of short-range order minerals between 25–36% of taxa present in all soils. Carbon addition in the form of plant litter or root exudates weakly affected relative growth of taxa (p = 0.09) compared to the soil type (p < 0.01). However, both exudate and litter carbon stimulated growth for at least 34% of families in the soils with the most and least short-range order minerals. In the intermediate short-range order soil, fresh carbon reduced growth for more bacterial families than were stimulated. These results highlight how bacterial-mineral-substrate interactions are critical to soil organic carbon processing, and how growth variation in bacterial taxa in these interactions may contribute to soil carbon persistence and loss.

Lost in translation—the influence of language on infant sleep research

ObjectivesWe consider whether language shapes cultural interpretations of sleep in the family context using ethnographic data from the Czech Republic to explore one of the methods employed by Czech parents in helping their children aged 0-3 years to fall asleep. MethodsMulti-methodological ethnographic data were collected in the Czech Republic during 2015-2018 with supplemental online data obtained in 2020. This involved focus groups with 90 participants in mother-baby centers, and interviews with 30 families, supplemented with 468 online responses. ResultsIn the Czech Republic the use of parental presence with or without physical contact to help a child to fall asleep is a widespread practice. It is well-embedded within Czech culture and referred to by a widely known term: Uspávání. Parents expressed multiple motivations for using Uspávání to help their child sleep. DiscussionWithin much of the Anglophone sleep literature the practice of actively helping a child to fall asleep is perceived as problematic. A child who cannot fall asleep alone is considered to exhibit “behavioral insomnia of childhood,” and parents are advised to prevent this “sleep problem” by promoting self-soothing techniques in infancy. We suggest that as there is no English-language equivalent for the word Uspávání the concept it encapsulates is under-valued by sleep researchers, and the practice and its consequences are insufficiently researched. ConclusionsSome important variations in parental sleep practices that are embedded in everyday family systems lack English terminology; Uspávání is one such example. This may lead to researchers overlooking or rejecting the validity of such diverse family sleep practices. There is a need for more ethnographic research of sleep in the context of different cultural environments and family systems to explore how language constrains understanding of parent-child sleep.

The role of early attachment and parental presence in adolescent behavioral and neurobiological regulation

Early attachment shapes brain development underlying emotion regulation. Given that sensitivity to affective cues is heightened during adolescence and effective emotion regulation strategies continue to develop, it is imperative to examine the role of early attachment and parental influence on adolescent regulation. Fifty-one children (M age=32.61 months) participated in a modified Strange Situation with their mother and approximately 10 years later (M age =13.2 years) completed an fMRI scan during which they were presented with appetitive and aversive affective cues (images of adolescent interactions) during a Go-Nogo task. They completed the task alone and in the presence of a parent. Behavioral multilevel models and whole-brain analyses showed attachment-related patterns, such that affective cues elicited greater behavioral and neural dysregulation in insecure (versus secure) adolescents.Furthermore, parental presence buffered behavioral and neural dysregulation toward socially aversive cues for adolescents with early insecure attachment, underscoring the salience of caregivers across development in promoting regulation in their offspring

Association between Teenage Pregnancy and Family Factors: An Analysis of the Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey 2017.

Adolescence is a key developmental period in one’s life course; health-related behaviors of adolescents can be linked to lifelong consequences, which affect their future health. Previous studies highlight the role of family and its significant association with adolescents’ health. In East Asia and the Pacific, the Philippines is the only country that is showing an upward trend of teenage pregnancy while other countries in the region have declining teenage pregnancy rates. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the association between teenage pregnancy and family factors, specifically parent structure. Data for the study were extracted from the Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey 2017. All adolescent women aged 15–19 years old (n = 5120) were included in the analyses. The dependent variable was teenage pregnancy, while parent structure, defined as a presence or absence of parents in the domicile, was the exposure variable. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized in assessing the association of teenage pregnancy and family factors after adjusting for several potential confounders. Adolescent women were more likely to become pregnant as a teenager when they lived with neither parent (aOR = 4.57, 95% CI = 2.56–8.15), were closer to 19 years of age (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.91–2.46), had knowledge of contraception (aOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.22–1.32) and lived in a big family (aOR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.20). Furthermore, adolescent women who lived with neither parent and belonged to the poorest wealth quintile were more likely to become pregnant as a teenager (aOR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.67–7.55). Conversely, educational attainment higher than secondary education (aOR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01–0.49) and those who belonged to the richest wealth quintile (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.18–0.92) exhibited a statistically inverse association with teenage pregnancy compared with those with no education and from the middle wealth quintile, respectively. Living with neither parent was found as a risk factor for teenage pregnancy. Furthermore, we found that several sociodemographic factors exhibited a non-uniform increment and reduction in the risk of teenage pregnancy.

The Impact of Nutritional and Lifestyle Changes on Body Weight, Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents during the Pandemic of COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the measures taken by most countries to curb virus transmission, such as social distancing, distance learning, population, home confinement and disruption of all organized activities, has affected children and adolescents worldwide. The aim of this review was to assess the role of diet and lifestyle changes due to COVID-19 measures on body weight/composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. An electronic search was conducted in PUBMED, COCHRANE, Google Scholar and SCOPUS databases up to 31 October 2021. 15 eligible studies were identified. According to the studies included in the analysis, COVID-19 measures seem to have had a negative impact on the diets and lifestyles of children and adolescents, with a consequent increase in body weight and central fat accumulation. On the other hand, the parental presence and control resulted in better glycaemic control in children with diabetes mellitus (DM) Type 1, but the effect of the pandemic in the glycaemic control of children with DM2 2 is controversial. Finally, diet and lifestyle changes had a differential impact on children’s hypertension prevalence. These findings point to the need for public policy measures to prevent obesity and its complications, to and improve diet and lifestyle during the continuing and yet unresolved COVID-19 epidemic.

From Pedagogies to Research: Engaging With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families of Students With Dis/Abilities

For decades, educational research has focused on centering the experiences of children of color. From this research arose culturally relevant pedagogies (CRPs) and culturally sustaining pedagogies (CSPs). However, as countless teachers focus on developing more inclusive classroom practices, the cultural needs of parents continue to be ignored. One reason for this is that, while being manifestations of funds of knowledge, CRP and CSP are rooted in the classroom and not the home. As such, there is a need for culturally sustaining research that supports/affirms parents. This article presents how testimonios gathered in Spanish with Spanish-dominant mothers serve as counter-narratives to research that positions them as disengaged. The article also features the ways in which mothers subvert attempts to minimize their parental presence. A preliminary framework for culturally sustaining research is also shared. Participants included 10 Spanish-dominant Latinx mothers from a large immigrant community in New York City. Mothers qualified for inclusion if their child (a) attended a local public elementary school, (b) was in Grades 2 to 6, (c) was classified as having a disability, and (d) was classified as an English language learner by their school. Qualifying children were receiving services in one of three special education settings: bilingual inclusive classrooms, transitional bilingual special education, or monolingual inclusive education. This study employed a combination of qualitative research methods and consisted of two phases. During the first phase, 10 mothers took part in two narrative interviews. For the second phase, three focal mothers, chosen from the larger sample, took part in ethnographic case studies consisting of five additional interviews, two home observations, one communal recollection, and sharing of artifacts. (a) Mothers of emergent bilinguals labeled as disabled (MoEBLADs) are systematically excluded from their child’s education at both the school and district levels. (b) MoEBLADs internalize these experiences and fault themselves for their limited participation in their children’s learning. (c) MoEBLADs subversively make space for themselves in their children’s educational experiences by focusing on contributions they can make outside of school. Research about MoEBLADs typically frames them as unwilling to support and/or incapable of supporting their children academically, signaling that many of the deficit-grounded perspectives MoEBLADs encounter in schools are also present in research. Researchers must address how the language of research contributes to the reinforcement and maintenance of deficit-grounded perspectives calling for a need to shift from inclusive research to culturally sustaining research.

Parents\u2019 pandemic NICU experience in the United States: a qualitative study

BackgroundPrior to the COVID-19 pandemic, parents of infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) frequently reported high levels of stress, uncertainty, and decreased parenting confidence. Early research has demonstrated that parents have had less access to their infants in the hospital due to restrictions on parental presence secondary to the pandemic. It is unknown how parents have perceived their experiences in the NICU since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experience of parents who had an infant in the NICU in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to inform healthcare providers and policy makers for future development of policies and care planning.MethodsThe study design was a qualitative description of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parents’ experiences of having an infant in the NICU. Free-text responses to open-ended questions were collected as part of a multi-method study of parents’ experiences of the NICU during the first six months of the pandemic. Participants from the United States were recruited using social media platforms between the months of May and July of 2020. Data were analyzed using a reflexive thematic approach.FindingsFree-text responses came from 169 parents from 38 different states in the United States. Three broad themes emerged from the analysis: (1) parents’ NICU experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic were emotionally isolating and overwhelming, (2) policy changes restricting parental presence created disruptions to the family unit and limited family-centered care, and (3) interactions with NICU providers intensified or alleviated emotional distress felt by parents. A unifying theme of experiences of emotional distress attributed to COVID-19 circumstances ran through all three themes.ConclusionsParents of infants in the NICU during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic experienced emotional struggles, feelings of isolation, lack of family-centered care, and deep disappointment with system-level decisions. Moving forward, parents need to be considered essential partners in the development of policies concerning care of and access to their infants.

CT Trends After Minor Head Injury Guideline Implementation

Source: Corwin DJ, Durbin DR, Hayes KL, et al. Trends in emergent head computed tomography utilization for minor head trauma after implementation of a clinical pathway. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021;37(9);437-441; doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000001728Investigators from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, conducted a retrospective study to assess changes in neuroimaging among children seen in the ED for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) following implementation of guidelines designed to reduce unnecessary CT scans. The guidelines, implemented in 2011, were adapted from guidelines published by the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) that included specific clinical criteria for identifying children at low risk.1 Study participants were patients ≤21 years old seen in the ED at CHOP between 2012 and 2016 with TBI (identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes) with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13–15 who were discharged home following evaluation. Data abstracted on these children included demographics, time of day, provider type (general pediatrician, pediatrician emergency physician, or nurse practitioner), whether a CT was obtained, and Emergency Severity Index (ESI) score. ESI scores range from 1–5, with 1 being the most acute. The medical records of a random sample of 10% of patients on whom a CT was obtained were reviewed to assess the reason for obtaining the scan and to classify the child’s risk for intracranial injury based on PECARN criteria. The primary outcome was change in rate of CT utilization during the study period, assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum test for trend. Secondary outcomes included rate of ordering CT scans by provider type, using logistic regression and adjusting for ESI scores.Data were analyzed on 21,129 patients with a mean age of 6.6 years; 62% were male. Overall, CT scans were obtained on 6.3% (95% CI, 5.9%, 6.6%) of these patients. During the study period the rate of CT scan utilization fell from 8.3% in 2012 to 4.9% in 2016 (average decrease 0.9% per year; P <0.001 for trend). After adjusting for ESI score, general pediatricians were more likely to obtain a CT scan than pediatric emergency physicians (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02, 1.83); there was no difference in likelihood of ordering a CT between nurse practitioners and pediatric emergency physicians (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.33, 1.17). In the 10% random sample of patients on whom CT scans were obtained, 30% met PECARN criteria for being low risk. The most common indications for ordering a CT in children <2 years old were concern for non-accidental trauma and vomiting, while for older patients the most common reasons were parental preference and presence of a scalp hematoma.The authors conclude the rate of CT scan ordering in children with mild TBI decreased after implementation of guidelines designed to reduce unnecessary neuroimaging.Dr Bechtel has disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device.Clinical pathways (CPWs) are tools to promote evidence-based healthcare delivery and strive to standardize care for a specific clinical problem in a specific population.2 Thus, compliance with a CPW by a diverse swath of healthcare providers is ultimately the best indicator of its relevance and utility. The primary objective of the current well-done study was to assess the pattern of change in CT utilization in discharged children with mild TBI following the implementation of a CPW in a children’s ED.The authors found that for 5 years, the rate of obtaining CT in children discharged with minor TBI declined by 0.9% per year, a statistically significant decrease, without an accompanying increase of LOS in the ED. However, despite these guidelines, 30% of surveyed Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of discharged children were characterized as low risk by the guidelines and still had a CT obtained. When documented in the EHR, the most common indications for obtaining a CT in this population were age specific. For example, in children younger than 2 years, providers were more concerned about the presence of abusive trauma and vomiting, whereas, in children older than 2 years, parental preference and scalp hematomas drove CT utilization. It may be noted that updated PECARN guidelines do not use vomiting as a risk factor, while parental preference is still a consideration in choosing CT over observation.3 The other interesting finding was that general pediatricians were more likely to order a CT compared with emergency medicine providers. Thus, the dissemination of this CPW to general pediatricians would be helpful to reduce CT use further. (See AAP Grand Rounds. 2017;37[6]:68.)4A CPW for the management of minor closed head trauma in children can lead to the reduction in the utilization of head CTs in childrenAbove and beyond decreasing unnecessary use of expensive resources and decreasing length of ED stay, decreased cranial CT frequency in children with minor TBI reduces exposure to potentially harmful ionizing radiation.4

Evolutionary change in the construction of the nursery environment when parents are prevented from caring for their young directly

Parental care can be partitioned into traits that involve direct engagement with offspring and traits that are expressed as an extended phenotype and influence the developmental environment, such as constructing a nursery. Here, we use experimental evolution to test whether parents can evolve modifications in nursery construction when they are experimentally prevented from supplying care directly to offspring. We exposed replicate experimental populations of burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides) to different regimes of posthatching care by allowing larvae to develop in the presence (Full Care) or absence of parents (No Care). After only 13 generations of experimental evolution, we found an adaptive evolutionary increase in the pace at which parents in the No Care populations converted a dead body into a carrion nest for larvae. Cross-fostering experiments further revealed that No Care larvae performed better on a carrion nest prepared by No Care parents than did Full Care larvae. We conclude that parents construct the nursery environment in relation to their effectiveness at supplying care directly, after offspring are born. When direct care is prevented entirely, they evolve to make compensatory adjustments to the nursery in which their young will develop. The rapid evolutionary change observed in our experiments suggests there is considerable standing genetic variation for parental care traits in natural burying beetle populations-for reasons that remain unclear.

Interventions for Parental Anxiety in Preparation for Pediatric Surgery: A Narrative Review.

The preoperative experience can cause significant anxiety for both pediatric patients and their parents in the lead up to a surgical procedure. Pediatric anxiety in a preoperative setting has been shown to have significant negative downstream effects on the clinical outcomes of children and the healthcare system as a whole. Studies have found that preoperative parental anxiety has significant negative effects on children, regarding anxiety and emotional response. Therefore, interventions for parental preoperative anxiety are important to reduce the child’s anxiety. This review provides a brief overview of a broad range of strategies used to alleviate parental anxiety in a preoperative setting. Preoperative education, play-based interventions, music therapy, the presence of parents at induction of anesthesia, and integrative preoperative preparation programs have all demonstrated some evidence for reducing parental preoperative anxiety. The ultimate goal of using interventions for parental preoperative anxiety is to equip healthcare systems to better support families and optimize the perioperative outcomes of children.

Family neighbours and neighbourhood integration: comparing contacts and networks of migrants and natives

ABSTRACT This paper tested the sometimes suggested but rarely tested idea that local ties are more important for migrants than for natives. Using nationally representative data from the Netherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study on first- and second-generation Turkish and Moroccan migrants aged 18–45 in the Netherlands in 2009 (N = 1607) and a comparison group of natives (N = 1979), this study described how important local ties were for people with and without a migrant background. The focus was on the amount of contacts with people in the neighbourhood, the presence or absence of parents in the neighbourhood and the geographic dispersion of the core discussion network. Models were estimated to explain differences between migrants and natives using information on socioeconomic status, life course variables, religiosity and neighbourhood characteristics. Findings showed that migrants were more strongly embedded in the neighbourhood than natives and that this difference could in part be explained by the lower socioeconomic status and higher levels of religiosity of migrants. Moreover, among migrants, parents were considerably more likely to live in the same neighbourhood and this played a major role in understanding the more local orientation of migrants. It is concluded that it is important to reconsider ‘family neighbours’ in empirical and theoretical studies of neighbourhood integration.

Healthcare staff as promoters of parental presence at anesthetic induction: Net Promoter Score survey.

BACKGROUNDSurgical intervention is usually a traumatic event that causes stress and anxiety in the pediatric patient and the family environment. To reduce the harmful effects of presurgical anxiety, parental presence during induction of anesthesia (PPIA) is one of the more notable interventions used in medical centers. However, data on this measure are difficult to evaluate and often face resistance from healthcare staff.AIMTo analyze the perception of the healthcare workers after the implementation of a PPIA program.METHODSA survey was developed and sent by email to all the healthcare staff working in the children’s area of a tertiary hospital. It consisted of 14 items divided into positive aspects of PPIA and negative aspects of PPIA evaluated with the use of a Likert scale (1 to 5). The demographics of the respondents were included in the data collected. The answers to the questions were interpreted through the Net Promoter Score (NPS). The statistical analysis compared the differences in the responses to each question of the survey made by the different groups of health personnel included.RESULTSA total of 141 surveys were sent out, with a response rate of 69%. Of the total number of responses, 68% were from women and 32% from men. The average age of the participants was 42.3 ± 10.6 years. As for the positive questions about the PPIA, 83% had an NPS > 50, and only one had a score between 0 and 50, which means that the quality of the service was rated as excellent or good by 100% of the respondents. On the other hand, 100% of the negative questions about the PPIA had a negative NPS. Responses to the question “PPIA increases patient safety” were significantly different (P = 0.037), with a lower percentage of pediatric surgeons (70%) thinking that PPIA increased patient safety, compared with anesthesiologists (90%), nursing (92%), and other medical personnel (96%).CONCLUSIONThe personnel who participated in the PPIA program at our center were in favor of implementation. There were no validated arguments to support worker resistance to the development of the PPIA.

Attitudes of Health Care Professionals on Parental Presence During Invasive Procedures and Resuscitation: A Cross-sectional Study in Eastern Nepal

Introduction: Trends are changing to allow parents and families to be with their child during invasive procedures. Because of the intense workload, there is a tendency to overlook the parents’ feelings. Attitudes of physicians and nurses are the common obstacles for this.&#x0D; Objective: To determine health care professionals’ attitudes toward parental presence during invasive procedures.&#x0D; Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the health professionals in the department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine of a tertiary care center in Eastern Nepal. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of the institute. Total sample size was 112 (83 nursing staff and 29 physicians). Attitudes of physicians and nursing staff towards parental presence during various invasive procedures were recorded in the predesigned proforma. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS version 21.0. Frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, independent t-test and one-way ANNOVA were used for data analysis at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: Simple procedures like intravenous blood sampling and the simple wound repair or suture majority of the health professionals (71.1% to 79.3%) agreed for parental presence. Other major procedures including resuscitations, majority (69.0 % to 85.5%) disagreed for the parental presence. The most important factors considered was the child’s request (62.1% to 80.7%) for parental presence. The major likely reason for declining was unjustly blaming the medical staff for common/ simple complications (69.9%). Only for the simple wound repair, statistically significant differences were noted between the physicians and the nursing staff (p= 0.033) on the basis of years of experiences where the physicians preferred for the parental presence.&#x0D; Conclusion: Both the physicians and the nursing staff preferred not to allow the parents in the major invasive procedures including resuscitations whereas when the level of invasiveness decreased, the rate of approval increased in both the groups.

THE ROLE OF TEACHERS AND PARENTS IN LEARNING AKHLAK DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN MTsN 2 PASAMAN: CASE STUDY OF LEARNERS' LEARNING INTERESTS

Researchers found problems in the practice of the role of teachers and parents during online learning for students. Based on these conditions, the role of teachers and parents becomes what students need during learning. Therefore, the author raised this qualitative research with the title `The Role of Teachers and Parents in Learning Morals during the Covid-19 Pandemic at MTsN 2 Pasaman: A Case Study of Student Interest in Learning.` Problem formulation: (1) What is the role of teachers and other people? parents in online learning of morals during the covid 19 pandemic to students of MTsN 2 Pasaman? (2) What is the role of teachers and parents in fostering interest in religious learning, especially moral aqidah to students of MTsN 2 Pasaman? to students of MTsN 2 Pasaman. (2) The role of teachers and parents in cultivating interest in learning Islam, especially the moral creed towards the students of MTsN 2 Pasaman.Research method: This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Descriptive research aims to make research results real, accurate, and systematic about a series of real events and characteristics of certain regions and communities. Data collection techniques apply interview, observation, and documentation methods. The results of this study were determined by the level of knowledge, the presence of parents, and interaction. So, students who have parents with religious knowledge are also good, and are more at home, then the role of parents can be given as a whole in learning morals. On the other hand, students who have parents with less knowledge or religious knowledge, and are busy working, have a limited role in learning activities for their children's morals and beliefs. Parents provide motivation, messages, advice, sanctions (punishments) and rewards (rewards) to their children. This is done to foster interest in learning the religion of their children who study at school or at home. Therefore, parents have performed their roles as motivators, educators, discipline enforcers, and regulators or controllers. All of these roles are carried out differently for each parent, depending on the level of knowledge and religious basis, as well as the intensity of the meeting between parents and children in interacting while at home.

The Role of Parents and Teachers in Fostering Interest in Memorizing the Koran for Students in The New Normal

Learning for students in the new normal period requires the main role of parents and teachers. The role of both determines interest in memorizing the Qur'an for students in the new normal period. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of parents and teachers during tahfiz learning for students, the role of parents and teachers in an effort to foster interest in learning tahfiz students, forms of collaboration between parents and teachers in order to foster interest in learning tahfiz and the level of memorization of participants. Studied at MTsN 2 Pasaman. This research method is based on a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of the research in this thesis are determined by the level of knowledge, the presence of parents, and interactions. So, students who have parents with good insight into tahfiz knowledge, and are more at home, then the role of parents can be given in full in tahfiz learning. On the other hand, students who have parents with less knowledge or knowledge of tahfiz, and are busy working, have a limited role in their children's tahfiz learning activities. Parents provide encouragement, messages, advice, sanctions and rewards to their children. This is done in order to foster interest in learning tahfiz students who study at madrasas or at home. Therefore, parents have performed their roles as motivators, educators, discipline enforcers, and regulators or controllers. The role of parents depends on the level of knowledge and basic tahfiz, as well as the intensity of the meeting between parents and students in interacting while at home.

Barriers to Palliative Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from Nurses’ Perspective: A Qualitative Study

Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommend that palliative care be provided as standard care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Objectives: The present study aimed to explain the nurses' experiences of barriers to palliative care in NICUs. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis approach in NICUs of Beheshti and Amin hospitals in Isfahan in 2020. The data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 nurses who had palliative and end-of-life care experiences for infants and families. The nurses were selected using purposive sampling. The duration of each interview varied from 25 to 50 minutes. Data were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis conducted inductively with Graham and Lundman’s approach. The criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln were used to ensure the credibility and reliability of the data. Results: Three main categories were extracted from the data, including unfavorable conditions (subcategorized into “unsuitable physical environment” and “shortage of nurses”), nurse's mental problems (with the subcategories of “nurses’ mental problems in providing neonatal care” and “nurses’ mental problems in providing family care”) and challenges ahead (with the subcategories of "parental presence challenge” and “doctor's instructions challenge”). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed the barriers to palliative care for infants and families in NICUs. Given the importance of palliative care in NICUs, effective measures must be taken to overcome these barriers.

Parental Presence’s Effect on Children’s Behavior During Dental Care

Parental Presence’s Effect on Children’s Behavior During Dental Care