Parental Monitoring Behaviors Research Articles

Beyond the Laws: Parental Monitoring, Perceived Acceptability of Underage Drinking and Alcohol Use Among Belgian Youth.

Parental monitoring behaviors are negatively associated with adolescent substance use. Yet, the processes explaining these associations are still unclear. The current study examined adolescents' knowledge of minimum legal drinking age laws and their perceived acceptability of underage drinking as potential mediators of the links between parental monitoring behaviors and youth alcohol use. The sample included 1154 Belgian adolescents (Mage = 16.34, SD = 1.33; 71% girls), who were recruited in Wallonia (54.9%) and in Flanders (45.1%). Path analyses revealed that higher parental rule setting, but not solicitation, was related to lower alcohol use. Acceptability of underage drinking mediated this link, but not knowledge of the laws. Results suggest that beyond laws regulating the minimum legal drinking age, alcohol use prevention programs should consider the importance of parental rule setting and youth's perceived acceptability of underage drinking.

Parental Attitudes on Social Media Monitoring for Youth: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Online environments dominate the daily lives of American youth and pose evolving challenges to their health and well-being. Recent national poll data indicate that social media overuse, internet safety, and online bullying are among parents' top child health concerns, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. While parents are uniquely positioned to help youth navigate social media, their attitudes on monitoring media use may be impacted by a myriad of personal and family factors. This study aimed to examine factors associated with parental attitudes about monitoring social media use among youth. Data were analyzed from the Voices of Child Health in Chicago Parent Panel Survey, administered to parents over the web and by telephone. Parents with at least 1 child aged ≥11 years responded to questions about bullying and social media monitoring from May to July 2020. The primary outcome was their response to the following question: "Do you think parents should monitor their children's use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram?" Bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine parental agreement with frequent social media monitoring and concerns about bullying, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Analyses were weighted to represent the parent population of Chicago. Among 1613 survey respondents, the analyzed sample included 808 parents with at least 1 child aged ≥11 years. Overall, 62.9% (n=566) of parents agreed with frequent parental monitoring of their children's social media use. Compared with parents aged ≤35 years, parents who were >35 years old were significantly less likely to agree with frequent social media monitoring (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.81). Parents expressing a high level of concern regarding the effects of bullying were more likely to agree with frequent monitoring of youth social media (aOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.24-3.73). Parents' personal characteristics and concerns about bullying may influence their attitudes toward monitoring social media use among youth. Given the potential impact of these attitudes on parental monitoring behaviors and the subsequent health impact on youth, pediatricians should consider these factors when counseling about bullying and social media. Child health professionals can support families in developing a safe media use plan that fits family circumstances.

Differential Associations Among Cyberbullying Victimization, Parental Monitoring, and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Male and Female College Students

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aimed to examine the role of parental monitoring and help seeking in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in male and female college students. Method Data were collected for 336 college students (71.72% female and 28.28% male) aged 18 to 24 or older years from two universities in the Midwest and the South Central regions. Results Logistic regression indicated the interaction term of cyberbullying victimization and parental monitoring was negatively related to suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a male group (B = −.155, p < .05, Exp(B) = .86). Discussion Male students whose parents monitored about being safe on the computer had dramatically fewer suicidal thoughts/behaviors. In both male and female groups, seeking professional help was not a significant moderator that weakened the relationship. Conclusion There is a need for additional research on the importance of prevention and intervention efforts to foster open dialogue between students and their parents.

Parental Monitoring and Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2021

Parents have an important role in the promotion of healthy adolescent behaviors that can influence positive developmental trajectories and health outcomes. Parental monitoring is a central component of the parent-child relationship with the potential to reduce adolescent risk behaviors. Data from CDC's 2021 nationally representative Youth Risk Behavior Survey were used to describe the prevalence of parental monitoring reported by U.S. high school students and examine associations between parental monitoring and adolescent behaviors and experiences. Behaviors and experiences included sexual behaviors, substance use, violence, and indicators of poor mental health. This report marks the first national assessment of parental monitoring among U.S. high school students. Point prevalence estimates and corresponding 95% CIs were generated in the bivariate analyses between parental monitoring and the outcomes, stratified by demographic characteristics (sex, race and ethnicity, sexual identity, and grade). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the main effects of parental monitoring (categorized as high = always or most of the time and low = never, rarely, or sometimes) for each outcome, controlling for all demographics. Overall, 86.4% of students reported that their parents or other adults in their family know where they are going or with whom they will be all or most of the time. Reports of high parental monitoring were protective for all risk behaviors and experiences, with models controlling for sex, race and ethnicity, sexual identity, and grade. Results highlight the need for public health professionals who develop public health interventions and programs to conduct further research on the relation between parental monitoring and student health outcomes.

Perceived parental monitoring and school motivation during adolescence: a bidirectional model

School motivation is key to promoting optimal educational pathways. Some studies suggest that parental monitoring behaviors foster school motivation among adolescents; however, they did not examine the potential role of adolescents’ motivation in shaping parental monitoring behaviors. This longitudinal study aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between three types of school motivation (autonomous, controlled, and amotivation) and two types of perceived parental monitoring behaviors (solicitation and control). The sample consisted of 328 adolescents (212 girls, 116 boys; M = 15.78 years), assessed at the end of their third or fourth year of secondary school, and again, 1 year later. Path analyses revealed that over a 1-year period, bidirectional associations were found between autonomous motivation and perceived parental solicitation. Moreover, parental solicitation as perceived by the adolescents was associated with a decrease in amotivation during the following year. Findings provide support for the dynamic nature of the parent–child relationships and highlight the need to consider child-to-parent effects to promote positive school-related outcomes.

The Relationships Between Home-Based Parental Involvement, Study Habits and Academic Achievement among Adolescents

This study examined the relationships among home-based parental involvement, study habits, and academic achievement using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 566 eighth-grade students in Taiwan, and their mean age was 14.35. The data for home-based parental involvement and study habits was collected in the first survey wave in September 2016, and the data for academic performance was collected in the second survey wave in May 2017. The results showed that two major psychological constructs of home-based parental involvement, involvement and monitoring behaviors, were significantly correlated with academic achievement. While appropriate involvement behaviors were positively related to achievement, inappropriate monitoring behaviors were negatively related to achievement. Moreover, the bootstrapping results demonstrated that study habits fully mediated the relationship between home-based parental involvement and achievement. These findings support the generalization of one part of Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's model of parental involvement to an Asian culture.

Perceived Parental Monitoring and Online Deviant Behavior Among Chinese Adolescents: a Moderated Mediation Model

Perceived Parental Monitoring and Online Deviant Behavior Among Chinese Adolescents: a Moderated Mediation Model

HUBUNGAN PARENTAL MONITORING DAN PENGARUH TEMAN SEBAYA DENGAN PERILAKU SEKSUAL BERESIKO PADA REMAJA

&lt;p&gt;When entering adolescence, sexual stimulation in adolescents begins to increase. High about sexual stimulation causes adolescents, to carry out risky sexually behavior, so that it will have a bad impact on adolescent, even sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV / AIDS and Pregnancy out of wedlock. Risky sexual behavior cannot be separated from peer involvement and parental supervision. The purpose of this study was to determine The Correlation between Parental Monitoring and the Influence of Risky Peers Sexual behavior in Teenagers at SMA A, Pesisir Selatan Regency in 2021.This studywas conducted on March – July 2021 at SMA A, Pesisir Selatan Regency. This type of this study was a analitical correlational study with 60 students in the second grade were chosen as the samples. They had been chosen by total sampling technique. The data were collected through a questionnaire. Then, it was analyzed by chi square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between parental monitoring and risky sexual behavior (p=0.004) and the influence of risky peer sexual behavior (p=0.004). Parents are expected to be able to carry out supervision by increasing control over adolescent in daily life, to the school so thT they can reactivate counseling guidance. health servics are expected to be able to carry out socialization and health education about sexual problems so that adolescents avoid risky sxual behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

Parental monitoring for type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk young children: The TEDDY study.

We examined parental diabetes monitoring behaviors in a cohort of children at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that being informed of a positive islet autoantibody (IA) would increase monitoring behaviors. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study follows 8676 children with high-risk human leucocyte antigen-DQ genotypes from birth to age 15, including general population (GP) children and those with a first-degree relative (FDR) with diabetes. Data on parental monitoring behaviors were solicited yearly. Serum samples were tested for IA and parents were informed of child results. We examined parental monitoring behaviors during the first 7 years of TEDDY. In IA- children, the most common monitoring behavior was participating in TEDDY study tasks; up to 49.8% and 44.2% of mothers and fathers, respectively, reported this. Among FDRs, 7%-10% reported watching for diabetes symptoms and 7%-9% reported monitoring the child's glucose, for mothers and fathers, respectively. After IA+ notification, all monitoring behaviors significantly increased in GP parents; only glucose monitoring increased in FDR parents and these behaviors continued for up to 4 years. FDR status, accurate diabetes risk perception, and anxiety were associated with glucose monitoring in IA+ and IA- cohorts. Many parents view TEDDY participation as a way to monitor for type 1 diabetes, a benefit of enrollment in a longitudinal study with no prevention offered. IA+ notification increases short- and long-term monitoring behaviors. For IA- and IA+ children, FDR parents engage in glucose monitoring, even when not instructed to do so.

Parental Monitoring and Risk Behavior in Middle Adolescents

Friends played significant role due to middle adolescents tended to imitate behaviour of their friends including the risk behaviour. Parental monitoring could minimize the risk. However, the excessive unreasonable parental monitoring tended to increase risk behaviour of middle adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to know whether perceived parental monitoring had a significant relationship with risk behaviour among middle adolescents. This study used quantitative method with two measuring instruments in the form of a questionnaire, Parental Monitoring Questionnaire which consisted of 25 items to measure parental monitoring and Adolescence Risk Behaviour Questionnaire which consisted of 15 items to measure risk behaviour. The participants in this study were 105 male senior high school student age 15-17 years, who lived with both of their parents in Jakarta. Correlation test results showed that there was a significant relationship between perceived parental monitoring and substance use, premarital sex, and criminal behaviour among middle adolescents. Based on these results, the researcher presented some discussion materials and the suggestions that needed to be considered for further research.

Onset of smoking amongst middle school students in Switzerland

Abstract Smoking is a major concern amongst youth in Switzerland. This study aims to understand the longitudinal drivers of smoking initiation among middle school students in Switzerland. Data was collected as part of an ongoing longitudinal survey study. Participants were students from middle schools in Switzerland. 1076 adolescents were surveyed in four waves from 2015 to 2019. All participants were non-smokers at the start of the study, when they were aged 10 respectively 11. Furthermore, data from adolescents' parents were collected, including their smoking behavior, perceived quality of relation with their child, as well as parental monitoring behavior. A survival analysis was carried out, describing if and when the event of smoking initiation occurs among adolescents. Our life table showed that 31% (n = 330) of participants started smoking between the first and fourth years of their schooling. The proportion of non-smoking participants decreased yearly. The proportions of non-smokers were 0.98, 0.93, 0.86, and 0.83 in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. A life table was used to describe and summarize the sample distribution of smoking initiation and the percentage of risk. Second, a Discrete-Time Hazard Model was tested with parental smoking behavior, perceived quality of relation with their child and parental monitoring behavior as drivers to predict adolescents' smoking initiation. The findings show that the number of smokers and new smokers increases over time among adolescents. Parental smoking behavior and the perceived quality of relationship with their offspring are factors that influence an adolescent's smoking initiation. This suggests that there may be sharing and normative influences amongst the cohorts as students move up the school grades. Future studies should investigate personal and environmental factors that contribute to smoking initiation amongst adolescents. Key messages Findings show that the number of smokers and new smokers increases over time among adolescents. Sharing and normative influences among adolescents as they move up the school grades may influence smoking initiation.

Latino STYLE: Preliminary Findings From an HIV Prevention RCT Among Latino Youth.

Latino STYLE is a family-centered, HIV-focused intervention (HIV) emphasizing cultural factors and parent-adolescent communication. We hypothesized that, compared with a general health promotion (HP) intervention, the HIV arm would improve caregiver and adolescent HIV knowledge, attitudes, parental monitoring, sexual communication, and family relationships after a 3-month postintervention period. This article reports on the short-term findings of the longer trial. A single-site, two-arm, parallel, family-based, randomized, controlled trial was conducted; eligible participants were Latino adolescents aged 14-17 and their primary caregiver. The study was conducted at the University of South Florida with 227 adolescent-caregiver dyads allocated to the HIV (n = 117) or HP (n = 110) intervention after completing a baseline assessment. Interim measures at 3-month follow-up included demographics, HIV knowledge, self-efficacy, parental monitoring, sexual communication, family relationships, and adolescent sexual behavior. Adolescents in the HIV group reported small effects in parental permissiveness and the HP group reported small effects for family support. Caregivers in both groups reported decreases in all outcomes. Incidence of past 90-day sexual intercourse decreased in both treatment arms. Among those who were sexually active over the past 90 days, the number of sex acts decreased from baseline, particularly in the HIV group. The percentage of condom-protected sex acts increased in the HIV group and decreased in the HP group, but did not reach statistical significance. The HIV Latino STYLE intervention was not efficacious in improving hypothesized outcomes over a 3-month period. However, exploratory analyses revealed moderate effects for decreases in adolescent sexual risk behavior, particularly in the HIV group.

Parental Monitoring and Youth's Binge Behaviors: The Role of Sensation Seeking and Life Satisfaction

ABSTRACT Framed within an ecological perspective of the onset of adolescent problem behaviors, the current study explored the joint role of parent-adolescents’ relationships and youth's individual factors in binge eating and drinking. Firstly, in line with pieces of research highlighting the beneficial impact of effective parenting on youth development, the present paper sought to enhance the knowledge about the positive influence of parental monitoring on youth's binge drinking and eating. Moreover, since literature evidenced that the explanatory mechanisms of the association between parental monitoring and binge behaviors are not fully explored, the study focused on the potential intervening role of sensation seeking and life satisfaction as mediators. The study design was cross-sectional and self-report questionnaires were administered among a population of 944 high school students (M = 16.35, SD = 1.31) living in Palermo (Italy). Path analysis showed that parental monitoring was directly and negatively related to both binge eating and binge drinking. Moreover, sensation seeking negatively mediated the relationships between parental monitoring and both binge behaviors, whereas life satisfaction only mediated between parental monitoring and binge eating. The current study provided data useful to understand the complex interrelations between intrapersonal (life satisfaction and personality trait, i.e. sensation seeking) and contextual factors (parent–child relationships) that may discourage or cause eating and alcohol use disorders among youth. Finally, implications for parents and practitioners working with youngsters were discussed.

Parental overprotection and youth suicide behavior in low- and middle-income countries: a multilevel analysis of cross-national data.

Research on youth suicide behavior has emphasized parent-child relations as a critical protective factor. This study investigates whether "too much" regulation of children, i.e., overprotection, may actually increase the likelihoods of youth suicide intent and plan. Data are drawn from the subset of the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2000-2012), consisting of children living in 48 low- and middle-income countries. Two-level hierarchical linear models are fitted to examine the potential curvilinear (U-shaped) association between parental monitoring and suicide behavior among youth. Adjusting for individual- and country-level covariates, significant support is found for non-monotonicity specifically among boys: Greater parental involvement in male children's lives lowers both suicide ideation and suicide plan to some extent but, after certain thresholds, increases the odds of both outcomes. Results for girls, however, are much less pronounced. In resource-poor countries marked by some of the highest teenage suicide rates in the world, overprotective parenting style is found to have negative and gendered consequences on the mental health of youth. More research is needed to confirm its replicability in economically more developed societies.

Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Risk Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and Gender

Parental monitoring can reduce adolescents’ engagement in risky behaviors; however, adolescents’ internalizing symptoms may alter the effectiveness of parental monitoring. The current study examines independent and interactive effects of maternal and paternal monitoring, adolescent’s internalizing symptoms, and adolescent gender on sexual behaviors and substance use with data from 659 of the 15-year-olds enrolled in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Results suggest girls who experienced less maternal monitoring and more internalizing symptoms—both independently and interactively—engaged in more risky sexual behaviors. Greater substance use was associated with less maternal and paternal monitoring for girls and boys, more internalizing symptoms for girls, and interactively with less maternal and paternal monitoring depending on girls’ levels of internalizing symptoms. The current study highlights the unique influences of mothers’ and fathers’ monitoring efforts on adolescent risky behavior based on the adolescent’s level of internalizing symptoms.

Child online safety and parental intervention: a study of Sri Lankan internet users

Purpose Today’s world of digital and mobile media does not require actual physical contact, between the suitable target and the motivated offender, as with traditional crime. In fact, as Mesch (2009) contended that the internet is not merely an information channel but it creates a new space of activities for children, where they are exposed to motivated offenders and the actors of fourth party. Therefore, for the sake of children’s safety, the practice of parental mediation control is increasingly becoming more pertinent everyday. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine how parental mediation control in Sri Lanka is influenced by their internet self-efficacy, their experience as online victims and their trust in online users. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a unique data set of computer and internet users from Sir Lanka to examine parental intervention in their children’s online activities. Specifically, the data set contains 347 responses from computer and internet users. To analyze the data, the authors use a binary dependent (probit) model. Findings The results show that such factors alter the baseline probability of parental intervention. However, some differences are found between younger and older parents, with the latter group responding more to trust in online users and victimization experience while the former is mainly driven from computer self-efficacy. In particular, the older group is less likely to trust online internet users in terms of never adding unknown persons in the social media. Finally, being self-employed and an older parent has a positive effect on the likelihood of adopting parental controls, possibly because of the non-pecuniary attributes of self-employment. Originality/value This study adds to the emerging parental mediation control literature by looking at the likelihood of younger and older parents who were victims of cybercrimes, who have greater internet self-efficacy and lower online third-party trust to adopt parental mediation control behaviors. Also another contribution to the literature is the role of occupation type on parental monitoring behaviors.

The Association of Parental Monitoring and Peer Rejection on Antisocial Behavior among Malaysian Juvenile Offenders

ABSTRACTFrequent reports concerning vandalism, bullying, and other delinquent behaviors have revealed that antisocial behaviors among adolescents are a major social issue in Malaysia. This study examined the relationships between poor parental monitoring, peer rejection, and antisocial behavior of Malaysian juvenile offenders. The participants consisted of three hundred and sixty (n = 360) juvenile offenders. Participants were selected randomly from three juvenile rehabilitation residential schools (Tunas Bakti Schools; TBS). The findings revealed a gender difference in antisocial behavior with a significant positive relationship between poor parental monitoring, peer rejection, and antisocial behavior. Parental monitoring was the strongest predictor of antisocial behavior among Malaysian juvenile offenders, followed by peer rejection. The result of the study reveals the importance of developing integrated preventive intervention programs focusing on positive parenting monitoring practices and the development of self-resilience among juvenile offenders

Effect of Child Gender on the Bidirectional Relationships between Parental Monitoring and Delinquent Behavior

This study examined the effect of child gender on the bidirectional relationships between perceived parental monitoring and self-reported delinquent behaviors from childhood to adolescence, using data from the Korean Youth Panel Study. In this longitudinal study, different age cohorts for childhood (ages 9–12; N = 2283) and adolescence (ages 13–16; N = 2722) were analyzed. The findings from cross-lagged path analyses showed that the parent–child relationships differed for boys and girls. For girls, delinquency had a stronger effect on parental monitoring in childhood, whereas parental monitoring had a stronger effect on delinquency in the childhood–adolescence transition and adolescence. Boy’s delinquency similarly had a stronger effect in childhood. Parental monitoring, however, did not affect boy’s delinquency at any age. This study highlights the importance of considering gender when developing interventions to support families with delinquent children and adolescents.

Family and School Influences on Youths' Behavioral and Academic Outcomes: Cross-Level Interactions between Parental Monitoring and Character Development Curriculum

ABSTRACTThe authors examined the joint (interactive) roles of the Second Step curriculum (a validated social-emotional learning and bullying prevention program; Committee for Children, Seattle, WA) and parenting practices on students' behavioral and academic outcomes in Grades 5–8. Participants were 763 parents and their children from 22 schools (8 control and 14 treatment). A 2-level random coefficient model was conducted to assess the effect of parental monitoring on school outcomes, as well as the interaction between character development curriculum and parental monitoring. Results indicated that parental monitoring was a significant predictor of school behaviors and school grades. Furthermore, the Second Step curriculum moderated the relationship between parental monitoring and problem behaviors, prosocial behaviors, and grades at school. Specifically, in schools without the Second Step curriculum parental monitoring predicted higher school grades but had no impact on students' school behaviors. By contrast, in schools with the Second Step curriculum, parental monitoring predicted fewer problem behaviors as well as more prosocial behaviors. The study results highlight the joint influences of the family and the school in children's behavioral and academic trajectories. Results have implications for education and intervention, including improving the school climate, student behaviors, and learning or achievement.

Parental Monitoring and HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men

Parental Monitoring and HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men