Parental Kinship Research Articles

Consanguineous marriage among familial multiple sclerosis subjects: A national registry-based study

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis (MS) in Iran has spurred interest in the potential impact of parental consanguinity on the risk of developing the disease. This study aims to aggregate current knowledge on parental consanguinity and its possible effect on MS risk, particularly among familial MS patients from various regions and ethnicities in Iran. The objective is to enhance the understanding of MS genetics and encourage further research in this field. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on clinically definite familial MS (FMS) patients registered in the nationwide MS registry of Iran (NMSRI). Data were extracted and supplemented with structured telephone follow-ups to gather detailed histories of MS in relatives and the familial relationships of the patients' parents. A family penetration score was proposed. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05, adhering to ethical guidelines. ResultsOut of 19,911 individuals registered in the NMSRI, 2307 FMS patients across 13 provinces were included in the final analysis. Among these, 385 (19.3 %) reported parental consanguinity, with 283 (14.2 %) having parents who were cousins and 102 (5.1 %) having parents who were distant relatives. The data showed no significant association between parental kinship and variables such as MS phenotype, number of affected relatives with MS, hospitalization rates, and expanded disability status scale score. Similarly, MS severity did not differ based on parental consanguinity (P-value >0.05). While the rate of consanguineous marriage was higher among patients with an onset age less than 18 years, there was no statistically significant difference in disease onset age based on parental consanguinity status. ConclusionOur study highlights the complexity of factors influencing MS development, including genetic and environmental components. These results highlight the need for further research to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of MS etiology.

Development of the Implementation of Inheritance Division from the Patrilineal Kinship System to the Parental Kinship System in Customary Law in Maubesi Village, Rote Tengah District, Rote Ndao Regency

Development of the Implementation of Inheritance Division from the Patrilineal Kinship System to the Parental Kinship System in Customary Law in Maubesi Village, Rote Tengah District, Rote Ndao Regency

Providers' experiences collaborating with child welfare workers: The good, the bad, and the impacts

BackgroundSuccessful interprofessional collaborations have been identified as a potential solution to mitigate problems associated with negative outcomes for clients involved with the child welfare system. The barriers to collaborative relationships need to be better understood and effectively addressed. ObjectiveTo understand the characteristics, barriers, and facilitators of collaborations between different types of providers and child welfare workers, as well as their impacts. Participants and settingMental health professionals, foster and kinship parents, legal professionals, and other providers responded to an online survey distributed in a Northeastern State of the United States of America. MethodParticipants (n = 208) completed the Quality of Collaboration with Child Welfare survey. Qualitative responses were analyzed by three coders using three levels of axial coding with constant comparison. ResultsParticipants identified different aspects of communication, relationships, and follow-through as key elements of successful collaborations, as well as the items most likely to interfere with their formation. Providers differed somewhat in how concerned they were with various aspects of collaborations in accordance with their professional roles. Barriers to successful collaborations included both individual and systemic factors which often resulted in negative outcomes. Overall, more negative experiences were offered than positive ones. ConclusionsStrategies are needed to improve communication, promote positive relationships, and address systemic barriers to enhance collaboration and, in turn, improve outcomes for child welfare-involved clients.

Parental kinship coefficient but not paternal coloration predicts early offspring growth in lake char

The ‘good genes’ hypotheses of sexual selection predict that females prefer males with strong ornaments because they are in good health and vigor and can afford the costs of the ornaments. A key assumption of this concept is that male health and vigor are useful predictors of genetic quality and hence offspring performance. We tested this prediction in wild-caught lake char (Salvelinus umbla) whose breeding coloration is known to reveal aspects of male health. We first reanalyzed results from sperm competition trials in which embryos of known parenthood had been raised singly in either a stress- or non-stress environment. Paternal coloration did not correlate with any measures of offspring performance. However, offspring growth was reduced with higher kinship coefficients between the parents. To test the robustness of these first observations, we collected a new sample of wild males and females, used their gametes in a full-factorial in vitro breeding experiment, and singly raised about 3000 embryos in either a stress- or non-stress environment (stress induced by microbes). Again, paternal coloration did not predict offspring performance, while offspring growth was reduced with higher kinship between the parents. We conclude that, in lake char, the genetic benefits of mate choice would be strongest if females could recognize and avoid genetically related males, while male breeding colors may be more relevant in intra-sexual selection.

Evaluation of ocular and genetic findings in patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease affecting multiple organ systems and showing many different clinical symptoms. The severity of the disease varies from person to person and progresses gradually over the years. In this study, 17 NF1 patients who had a definite diagnosis were evaluated in terms of genetic, ophthalmological, and nervous system investigations. Approximately 5000 patients who visited medical genetics clinic between 2012 and 2022 are recorded in our archive. In 17 of these patients, a definitive genetic diagnosis was made. In the course of the study, the researchers collected some clinical parameters such as antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum history and family history. In the family history, the researchers did a detailed pedigree with at least 3 generations of analysis, questioned parental kinship, looked for similar members in families, and identified inheritance patterns of the disorder. Peripheral venous blood samples were taken from the patients and sent to a commercial laboratory for gene panels or WES while the karyotyping was carried out in our laboratory. After obtaining the definitive genetic diagnosis of all patients, we compiled a table with the other parameters we questioned. This study presented the genotype and phenotype findings of NF1 patients. Ophthalmological symptoms in patients were also examined. These new-generation genetic disease diagnosis methods can be routinely used in clinical practice by medical geneticists. The diagnosis of a disease is one step ahead of its treatment. Because if the necessary diagnosis is not made, treatment of the disease is not possible. While this situation was more difficult in the past, nowadays, with the developing technology, diseases can be diagnosed more easily. In NF1 disease, more information can be obtained as a result of genetics, imaging, and examinations of other branches.

Menilik Kedudukan Hukum Waris Adat dalam Perspektif Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia

Inheritance is part of civil law which is a vital part of family law. Inheritance conflicts still often occur in society. Indonesia consists of many tribes, customs and cultures, giving rise to a diversity of habits in living life. The habits of these groups of people become different points of view in determining legal standards in meeting all the needs of citizens. The kinship system has a major influence on inheritance from customary inheritance law. The kinship system is drawn along three lines, namely patrilineal, matrilineal and parental kinship. The hierarchy of statutory regulations is an order that determines the priority of use of existing legal regulations, the application of which varies from higher rules to lower rules. The research uses normative juridical methods which are carried out using three research materials. Primary materials are in the form of laws, secondary materials are books or journals, and tertiary materials are dictionaries or encyclopedias. Recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples in Indonesia is guaranteed in the constitution in Article 18B Paragraph (2). Customary law is not formally accommodated in Law Number 12 of 2011 but its application is the same as other statutory regulations which have binding legal force. Indonesia itself does not yet have a national inheritance law. Settlement of customary inheritance disputes in Indonesia is carried out by means of consensus resolution, resolution through customary institutions, and also resolution through the courts.

Penyelesaian Sengketa Waris Tanah Pusako Tinggi sebagai Tanah Adat melalui Pengadilan Agama Kelas 1a Padang

Indonesia is a country that has ethnic and cultural diversity, this becomes an advantage as well as a weakness if the government is not able to develop rules and policies that represent the needs of its citizens.This can be seen in the system of inheritance distribution in Indonesia which adheres to three systems of inheritance law, namely Customary Inheritance Law, Islamic Inheritance Law and Indonesian Civil Inheritance Law. The legal system of heirs is influenced by the kinship system owned by a region. Indonesia knows 3 (three) kinship systems, namely matrilineal, patrilineal and parental kinship systems. The matrilineal kinship system sees the maternal lineage, the patrilineal kinship system sees the paternal lineage, and the parental kinship system sees the maternal and maternal lineage. The Minangkabau are a growing tribe in West Sumatra Province, where the people adopt a matrilineal kinship system, a kinship system and the Inheritance is inherited according to the lineage of the Mother. This means that boys and girls and their families, including racism mother, who inherited the property. Basic on decision No 292 / K / Ag / 2019 that the origin of the land on the decision proved to be the executor of Appeal, but still devolved court Religion. This is contrary to the West Sumatra Regional Regulation No. 16 of 2008 Article 12 paragraph 2 on Ulayat Land and its Use, if the peace decision is not accepted by the disputing party as referred to in paragraph 1 then the disputing parties may take the matter to the District Court. It is clear that the regulation states that the Religious Court does not have the authority to examine and adjudicate matters a quo. Inheritance of High Estate in Minangkabau is only regulated in the provisions of customary law which sometimes when there is a dispute over the division of heirs of High Estate, often overrides the provisions of customary law in resolving disputes so that in its application some rules even make the essentials of High Estate reduced or even lost.

THE EXISTENCE OF CUSTOMARY INHERITANCE LAW NORM DEVELOPMENT IN JURISPRUDENCE SUPREME COURT

Customary inheritance law is affected by three kinship systems, which are patrilineal kinship, matrilineal kinship and parental kinship. These three kinship systems have their own characteristics that are typically traditional ones. Traditional customary inheritance law norms in the patrilineal kinship system explain that only male descendants are heirs in the distribution of their parents' inheritance. Meanwhile, women (daughters and widows) are not heirs of their parents/fathers or husbands. On the other hand, the norms of traditional customary inheritance law in Minangkabau with a matrilineal kinship system, which is from the mother or female line, are basically male descendants and female descendants of their mother's property. The father's property is inherited by his sisters and nieces. The norms of inheritance law in the parental kinship system do not distinguish between the position of sons and daughters. Therefore, both sons and daughters have the same rights in the distribution of inheritance from their parents. The development of customary inheritance law norms can be affected by the decisions of judges or the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. The research method used normative legal research, which refers to legal norms regulated in laws and regulations, literature, expert opinions in order for the researchers to obtain information related to legal issues. Normative legal research is legal research conducted by examining literature or secondary legal materials as basic material to be researched by conducting searches of regulations, jurisprudence or judges' decisions and literature related to the issues discussed.

Hidden impacts of conservation management on fertility of the critically endangered kākāpō.

Animal conservation often requires intensive management actions to improve reproductive output, yet any adverse effects of these may not be immediately apparent, particularly in threatened species with small populations and long lifespans. Hand-rearing is an example of a conservation management strategy which, while boosting populations, can cause long-term demographic and behavioural problems. It is used in the recovery of the critically endangered kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus), a flightless parrot endemic to New Zealand, to improve the slow population growth that is due to infrequent breeding, low fertility and low hatching success. We applied Bayesian mixed models to examine whether hand-rearing and other factors were associated with clutch fertility in kākāpō. We used projection predictive variable selection to compare the relative contributions to fertility from the parents' rearing environment, their age and previous copulation experience, the parental kinship, and the number of mates and copulations for each clutch. We also explored how the incidence of repeated copulations and multiple mates varied with kākāpō density. The rearing status of the clutch father and the number of mates and copulations of the clutch mother were the dominant factors in predicting fertility. Clutches were less likely to be fertile if the father was hand-reared compared to wild-reared, but there was no similar effect for mothers. Clutches produced by females copulating with different males were more likely to be fertile than those from repeated copulations with one male, which in turn had a higher probability of fertility than those from a single copulation. The likelihood of multiple copulations and mates increased with female:male adult sex ratio, perhaps as a result of mate guarding by females. Parental kinship, copulation experience and age all had negligible associations with clutch fertility. These results provide a rare assessment of factors affecting fertility in a wild threatened bird species, with implications for conservation management. The increased fertility due to multiple mates and copulations, combined with the evidence for mate guarding and previous results of kākāpō sperm morphology, suggests that an evolutionary mechanism exists to optimise fertility through sperm competition in kākāpō. The high frequency of clutches produced from single copulations in the contemporary population may therefore represent an unnatural state, perhaps due to too few females. This suggests that opportunity for sperm competition should be maximised by increasing population densities, optimising sex ratios, and using artificial insemination. The lower fertility of hand-reared males may result from behavioural defects due to lack of exposure to conspecifics at critical development stages, as seen in other taxa. This potential negative impact of hand-rearing must be balanced against the short-term benefits it provides.

HUKUM ADAT DALAM PEMBAGIAN WARIS TERHADAP MASYARAKAT BUGIS

Customary law is one of the important sources of law in the development of national law which leads to statutory regulations. Bugis tribe is one of the four tribes in South Sulawesi. In the case of inheritance, Bugis tribe recognizes parental kinship system. One of the core elements of customary law for the development of national inheritance law is customary inheritance law. The research results show that the distribution of inheritance to the Bugis community is carried out in three ways:grants, testament or last testament and testament, and after the testator dies.

Genetic and Clinical Evaluation of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common underlying genetic and clinical etiologies of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) disease in our geographical area.
 Material and Method: In our archive, there are about 3000 patients who applied to our clinic between the years 2015-2021. The files of approximately 700 patients with a definitive genetic diagnosis were retrospectively scanned. A definitive genetic diagnosis was made in 22 of these patients. During our research, we collected some clinical parameters including the prenatal, natal, and postnatal history of the patients, history of surgery and seizures, and family history. In family history, we did a detailed pedigree with at least 3 generational analyses, questioned parental kinship, looked for similar members in families, and identified inheritance patterns of their disorder. We draw 3 generations pedigree and we collected peripheral venous blood samples from patients and sent them to a commercial lab for gene panels or WES. After obtaining the definitive genetic diagnosis of all patients, we compiled a table with the other parameters we questioned.
 Results: As a result of our WES analysis in patients 1 and 2, homozygous c.1331_1332 dupAG/p. Thr445ArgfsTer10 Class 2 variant was detected in the POC1B gene of patient #2.In the RP panel 1 reports of patients 3 and 4, the genomic alteration of c.2254dupA (p.Ser752Lysfs*14) was detected in exon 15 of the ABCA4 (NM_000350) gene. Patient 5, EYS c.4964T>C heterozygous. Patient 6. SEMA4A C.1168A>G (heterozygous). Patient 7, SEMA4A C.1168A>G (heterozygous), RP1 c.5402C>T (heterozygous), CGNB1 c.1382C>T (heterozygous).Patient #8, . Heterozygous variation of p.Thr390Ala (c.1168A>G) in the SEMA4A gene is present.As a result of our WES analysis, a homozygous c.2021C>A/p.Pro674His Class 2 variant was detected in the RPGRIP1 gene of patient #9. Heterozygous c.119-2A>C Class 1 mutation was detected in the NR2E3 gene of patient 10. Homozygous c.271C>T/p.Gln91* Class 1 mutation was detected in the MFRP gene in patient 11. Patient #12 was diagnosed at the age of 7-8 years. When we look at the exome sequencing results, a homozygous mutation in the CNGB1 gene c.413-1G> of patient 13 was detected. Heterozygous p.Ser361Tyr (c.1082C>A) change detected in the ABCA4 gene of patient #14 was detected. The heterozygous p.Glu150Lys (c.448G>A) change detected in the RHO gene of patient #15 was pathogenic according to ClinVar database and in silico analysis. rated as. Prediagnosis was Bardet-Biedle Syndrome in patient 16. P.Gly244Asp change was detected in RPE65 gene of patients 17 and 18. Automated DNA sequencing of patient #19 and patient #20 results in a homozygous sequence variation in the coding sequence of the NR2E3 genes, a homozygous CGG>CAG nucleotide substitution, and an amino acid replacement of Arg311Gln. Heterozygous mutation was detected in the same gene region in patient 21 (fathers). Variation in NR2E3 is the most likely cause of these patients' eye condition, as it is a complete genotype and is strongly associated with RP in many published families. Genetic results on an allele of the BBS1 gene of patient 22 (chr11:66.278.121-66.291.364 (13.2kb)/ISCN: seq [GRCH37]11q13.2(66.278).121-66.291.364)x1). The other allele has a heterozygous point mutation (c.1424dupT p.Ser476fs-rs886039798).
 Conclusıons: As determined in our study, the disease can be encountered with many different genetic etiologies. In this regard, patients undergoing genetic testing should be carefully examined for both SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and CNV (copy number variation).In addition, before genetic tests are performed, it should be well determined whether there is an isolated RP or an accompanying RP. In this respect, patients should be evaluated by making a detailed anamnesis and physical examination and drawing a pedigree containing at least 3 generations. Therefore, it was concluded that accompanying abnormalities should also be examined in the evaluation of retinitis pigmentosa anomalies.

Kinship care: uncannily close for comfort?

ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of kinship care upon the child, as observed through the clinical lens of child psychoanalytic psychotherapy. It acknowledges the social care and policy landscape, which retains a widely held belief that kinship care is a preferable option to foster care. In the light of this belief, the paper also draws attention to the internal and external dynamics inherent in the complexities of this arrangement as presented in the child’s psychotherapy and the parallel parent work. Clinical vignettes are used to illuminate the often unconscious, painful and confusing thoughts, feelings and fantasies experienced by both the child and the kinship parent. Psychoanalytic ideas relating to Freud’s ‘The Uncanny’ and Winnicott’s paper ‘Mirror-role of the mother and family in child development’ are used to underpin the clinical material and reflections. The paper culminates in emphasising the need for practitioners to be attentive to these dynamics, and to provide robust support for the kinship parents, in processing their kinship experience and the intergenerational traumas it may stir up.

The Development of Inheritance Customary Law For The Heirs of Girls According To The Patrilineal Kinship System

Inheritance law in Indonesia is still plural, this happens because Indonesia does not yet have a National Inheritance Law that applies to all Indonesian people. In connection with the absence of the law, in Indonesia there are still three (3) kinship systems, i.e. the kinship system, the parental kinship system and the matrilineal kinship system. Additionally, through the Decree of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia dated November 1, 1961 Reg No. 179/K/Sip/1961 which states that the girl and boy of a joint heir are entitled to inheritance in the sense that the share of boys is equal to that of girls. The problems in this research are 1) how to development of inheritance distribution practices for inheritance to girls in the patrilineal kinship system 2) how is the direction of development of customary inheritance law towards inheritance to girls in the patrilineal kinship system? This study uses research methods with a normative approach. The results showed that the practice of dividing inheritance for inheritance to girls in the patrilineal kinship system has undergone changes in several factors that effect the development of changes in indigenous peoples, including education, overseas/migration, economic and religious factors as well as social court decisions. 2) The direction of development of customary inheritance law towards inheritance to girls in the patrilineal kinship system began with the issuance of Supreme Court Decision Number 179K/Sip/1961 and has moved towards a patrilineal system that provides equality towards equality and rights for boys and girls because it is influenced by human factors, justice and equality between men and women.

Screening of the Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies in Pregnant Women Attending Maternity and Obstetric Hospitals at Mosul City

To determine the possible risk factor leading to common congenital anomalies among fetuses and neonatal and assess possibly causes the lead to congenital anomalies A descriptive study (it was cross-sectional) was adopted to achieve the objectives of the current study for the period from October 16 to May 31, 2020. Data were collected from Nineveh Governorate. An objective sample of (120) women who gave birth to children with congenital anomalies in maternity wards was selected in this study. Data were prepared, organized, and entered a computer file; Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS, version 26). In a questionnaire for women in maternity wards in maternity hospitals in the city of Mosul, 120 women who gave birth to deformed children were monitored. Most of the risk factors were important in an association between congenital malformations and parental kinship, fever, and maternal nutrition. Malnutrition during pregnancy also shows an association between parental consanguinity and NTD. It was concluded from the available data that there is a significant association between congenital anomalies, parental consanguinity, maternal nutritional status, and high temperature during pregnancy. Support parents who have a deformed baby or are at risk of having a baby with a congenital problem, by doing basic checkups before and during pregnancy to make sure the pregnancy is healthy. Keywords: Risk Factor, Pregnant Woman, Congenital Anomalies.

De novo mutations in SOD1 are a cause of ALS

ObjectiveThe only identified cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are mutations in a number of genes found in familial cases but also in sporadic cases. De novo mutations occurring in...

Pilot randomized controlled trial of an attachment- and trauma-focused intervention for kinship caregivers

BackgroundKinship care placements are increasing in many Western countries, however families in kinship care are underserved partly due to the lack of evidence-based interventions addressing their unique needs. ObjectiveWe conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine research feasibility and the acceptability, fidelity, and preliminary outcomes of an attachment- and trauma-focused intervention for kinship caregivers in Australia. Participants and settingParticipants included 26 kinship caregivers (Mage = 55.00 years; 54% grandparents) with youth (Mage = 10.58 years; 38% female), and 19 practitioners from child protection, out-of-home care and other services. MethodKinship caregivers were randomized to Connect for Kinship Parents (Connect-KP) or care-as-usual (CAU), and completed assessments at baseline, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up. Placement changes were evaluated at 6-month follow-up. A subset of practitioners received both training and supervision in implementing Connect-KP, and their videorecorded sessions were coded for fidelity. ResultsPractitioners rated the training highly and demonstrated excellent fidelity to program content and process. Results supported the research feasibility and all kinship caregivers reported high levels of program satisfaction and had very high attendance and completion rates. Direction of effects favored Connect-KP vs. CAU for all nine caregiver and youth outcomes, with the largest effects observed for significant reductions in caregiver strain, caregiver psychological aggression, and youth affect suppression following intervention. At 6-month follow-up, more youth from CAU (15%) vs. Connect-KP (0%) experienced an unplanned placement change. ConclusionsOur findings show promise of Connect-KP as a potentially effective intervention that can be successfully implemented in child welfare services, and provide impetus for a larger-scale RCT.

The possessive enclitics with kinship nouns in Italo-Romance and the possessive determiners in the Francoprovençal of Faeto

Abstract This paper deals with the possessive constructions in Italo-Romance dialects compared with the possessive constructions of one Francoprovençal (Gallo-Romance) variety spoken in Faeto (Foggia, Apulia). Francoprovençal possessive constructions are at a first glance distinct from Central and Southern Italian possessive constructions, mainly since in Francoprovençal (as in French) possessive forms (clitics) are prenominal. In Central and Southern Italian dialects, we find instead a split possession: 1) postnominal enclitic possessives (weak possessive markers) associated with parental kinship nouns distinct from 2) prenominal possessives associated with common nouns and postnominal strong possessive forms. Crucially, I claim that enclitic possessives are inflexional affixes, that receive a structural word-internal linearization from the same external (syntactical) linearization identified for proclitic possessive markers (in Faeto). I retain that the distinction between postnominal weak enclitics in Italian dialects and Francoprovençal weak prenominal possessive constructions is based on the inalienability (parental kin nouns + enclitics in DP). All possessive clitics (proclitics and enclitics) show a common syntactic configuration and differ only in Distributed Morphology, according to a “late” feature insertion and operations after syntax. Indeed, the possessive determiners represent three different morphological spells out of the same syntactic object: the bundle of features [Person], [(Gender) Number], [Definite], generated in functional heads.

The Role of Kinship and the Effectiveness of Traditional Customary Law on Inheritance System in Berbah, Sleman Regency

Indigenous peoples in Indonesia have a diverse family system, this leads to diversity in the devolutionsystem. This form of parental kinship applies to the people of Berbah Sub-District of Sleman Regency. Andwhoath is in the heavens and the earth, and who is in the heavens and the earth, and who is in the heavensand the earth, and who is in the heavens and the earth, and whoth in the heavens and the earth, and currently,the people in Berbah Sub-District of Sleman Regency are predominantly Muslim, which could potentiallyinfluence the pattern of setting inheritance distribution in Islamic Law. There is still a strong principle oftogetherness, the principle of deliberation, and the principle of benefit in the order of life of the people ofBerbah District of Sleman Regency. Most importantly, they can accept the results of deliberation whileupholding the principle of harmony

PEWARISAN BERDASARKAN HUKUM WARIS ADAT TERKAIT SISTEM KEKERABATAN DI INDONESIA

There are three kinds of inheritance law in Indonesia, namely Islamic inheritance, Customary inheritance and BW inheritance. The scope of this writing is limited to customary inheritance law. The parts of customary law have a big influence on customary inheritance law and vice versa. Customary inheritance law has its own characteristics and characteristics that are unique to Indonesia, which is different from Islamic law and western law (BW). Because the difference lies in the natural background of the Indonesian people who have the philosophy of Pancasila with a society that is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. The inheritance law that exists and applies in Indonesia to date is still not in the form of legal unification. The purpose of this study is to analyze the inheritance system according to the customary inheritance law related to the kinship system in Indonesia.The type of research used in this research is normative juridical research, namely research on legal systematic is research conducted on primary and secondary legal materials, the terms of reference used are the basic definitions contained in the legal system. The approach used is a conceptual approach, a statute approach and a case approach. Types of Legal Materials are primary legal materials and secondary legal materialsThe results of this study indicate that the inheritance system according to the Adat Inheritance Law does not refer to the kinship system of the customary law community. Customary law communities whose system of collective inheritance can occur are parental kinship systems. Heritage assets related to inheritance must be distinguished from the origin of the assets, because they are related to the kinship system that exists in the local customary law community, whether parental, patrilineal or matrilineal, because not all inheritance can be divided individually.

Testing predictions of inclusive fitness theory in inbreeding relatives with biparental care.

Inclusive fitness theory predicts that parental care will vary with relatedness between potentially caring parents and offspring, potentially shaping mating system evolution. Systems with extra-pair paternity (EPP), and hence variable parent–brood relatedness, provide valuable opportunities to test this prediction. However, existing theoretical and empirical studies assume that a focal male is either an offspring's father with no inbreeding, or is completely unrelated. We highlight that this simple dichotomy does not hold given reproductive interactions among relatives, complicating the effect of EPP on parent–brood relatedness yet providing new opportunities to test inclusive fitness theory. Accordingly, we tested hierarchical hypotheses relating parental feeding rate to parent–brood relatedness, parent kinship and inbreeding, using song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) experiencing natural variation in relatedness. As predicted, male and female feeding rates increased with relatedness to a dependent brood, even controlling for brood size. Male feeding rate tended to decrease as paternity loss increased, and increased with increasing kinship and hence inbreeding between socially paired mates. We thereby demonstrate that variation in a key component of parental care concurs with subtle predictions from inclusive fitness theory. We additionally highlight that such effects can depend on the underlying social mating system, potentially generating status-specific costs of extra-pair reproduction.