Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire Research Articles

Nutritional status, feeding behavior, and oral conditions in preschool children exposed to secondhand smoke

ABSTRACT This study evaluated whether the nutritional status of preschoolers is influenced by secondhand smoke. Pairs of mothers-children (N = 201) were allocated in “children exposed to secondhand smoke (ESHS)” or “not exposed (N_ESHS).” Mothers answered, “The Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ).” The nutritional status and oral conditions were evaluated using WHO criteria. ESHS was 3.5 more likely to have a high BMI and their mothers had 10 kg more than N_ESHS. The probability of having dental caries was 2.28 and 3.68 times greater when the mother’s BMI increases and when family/mothers were smokers, independently whether they smoke in the child’s presence.

Association of Maternal Feeding Style with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Saudi Preschoolers: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Parental feeding style (PFS) remarkably influences fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption in preschoolers. This study aimed to determine the association between PFS and preschoolers' F&V consumption, as influenced by socioeconomic factors. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted among 1418 mothers of children aged 3-5 years in Saudi Arabia. Multinomial logistic regression model analysis was performed to assess the association between PFS and children's daily F&V intake using the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire. The influence of socioeconomic factors on this association was also evaluated. For mothers with university degrees, encouragement, emotional, and instrumental feeding enhanced their children's intake of F&Vs, fruits, and vegetables, respectively. Children from families earning SAR >10,000 monthly had increased F&V intake with encouragement feeding and increased fruit intake with emotional feeding. However, F&V intake was reduced in children of working mothers with controlling feeding styles. Breastfeeding for <6 months was associated with increased F&V intake through emotional feeding. The most prevalent feeding style was encouragement, followed by emotional, with control and instrumental styles being less common. This study provides strong evidence on the association between PFS and daily F&V intake in Saudi preschoolers. Interventional and longitudinal studies on PFS are required to confirm these findings.

Parental Feeding Styles and Risk of a New Carious Lesion in Preschool Children: A Longitudinal Study.

Parents may influence children's intake of sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages through their feeding styles. This study prospectively assessed the association between parental feeding styles and caries risk in preschool children. In November and December 2021, we recruited 1181 preschool children aged 3-4 years in Guangzhou, China, and then conducted a follow-up visit after 15 months. The children were examined for dental caries, and their parents answered the Chinese version of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. At baseline, 'control over eating' was found to be negatively associated with early childhood caries (OR = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.44, 0.83). After 15 months, no significant association between baseline parental feeding styles and the risk of a new carious lesion was found. When considering changes in parental feeding styles between the baseline and the follow-up visit, we found children with increasing scores on 'instrumental feeding' during the 15 months had a higher risk of a new carious lesion (OR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.18, 3.12). However, children with always-intermediate scores (OR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.30, 0.86), always-high scores (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.23, 0.77), or increasing scores (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.31, 0.83) on 'control over eating' had a lower risk of a new carious lesion. Our study highlighted the influence of parental feeding styles on caries risk in preschool children.

Eating Behaviours, Oral Hygiene, and Caries in a Population of Spanish Children with Divorced Parents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dental caries are a public health problem that is influenced by dietary habits. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the feeding and hygiene habits that divorced parents exercise over their children compared to non-divorced parents, and how this may influence the rate of caries in their children. The data of participants (n = 174) with an average age of 12.17 ± 2.04 years were examined to assess the mean decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index, and they were asked questions about their oral hygiene habits. At the same time, their parents answered the parental feeding style questionnaire. A moderation analysis was conducted with family control of oral hygiene habit levels as an independent variable, decayed teeth as a dependent variable, and feeding control as a moderating variable. Results showed that divorced parents were found to have more problems in controlling their children's hygiene and dietary habits, have less control over their children's feeding, and make more use of instrumental feeding, which led to children of divorced parents having more caries. Despite the limitations linked to the cross-sectional design of the study and considering both the convenience sample and the impossibility of controlling for all aetiological factors linked to the development of caries, it can be concluded that children of divorced parents have an increased risk of tooth decay. However, parental controlled feeding interferes with the effect of family controlled oral hygiene habits on the decayed tooth, decreasing the rate of caries.

Translation, Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese Language

Translation, Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese Language

ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILES OF YOUNG RHYTMIC GYMNASTIC ATHLESTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PARENTAL NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOR

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that is supported by strength, speed and endurance with an emphasis on flexibility and coordination. It is assumed that low fat percentage, normal height, low body weight, and elegant and thin structure influence the performance of the athletes because it provides an aesthetically advantage in this sports branch. The aim of the study was to reveal the anthropometric properties in rhythmic gymnastics athletes, and to examine the changes and relationships of these parameters according to their parents' diet. A questionnaire with socio-demographic information, Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire, was used to gather data. The data on children's BMI, waist circumference and upper middle arm circumference were also included; these measurements were all taken by the same researcher. It was determined that the scores obtained from the parent feeding style scale differed according to the waist circumference of the child (p &lt;0.05). It can be concluded that the scores obtained from the parent feeding style scale and its sub-dimensions of promoting to eat /encouraging feeding and instrumental feeding differ according to the child's upper middle arm circumference (p &lt;0.05). As a result of the research, some sociodemographic and anthropometric features seem to affect the parents' feeding style of their children. The results obtained from this study can be used as a guide when creating forward-looking nutrition models for children engaged in rhythmic gymnastics, and planning the nutritional education for their parents.

Symptoms of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder among 2-10-Year-Old Children: The Significance of Maternal Feeding Style and Maternal Eating Disorders.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the feeding style and core behavioral features of eating disorders of mothers are related to the symptoms of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) among their children. This study involved 207 mothers of children aged 2 to 10 years (Mage = 5.82 ± 2.59 years), of which 19.32% were children with neurodevelopmental disorders and 22.71% were children with chronic diseases (e.g., allergy, asthma, diabetes). The mothers were asked to complete the ARFID Parents Questionnaire-Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR), the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ) and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Our findings revealed that both the maternal feeding style and core behavioral features of eating disorders were associated with ARFID symptoms among their 2-10-year-old children. While biological factors increase the risk of feeding/nutrition difficulties, the maternal attitude towards feeding and eating behavior may play a relevant role in children's eating behavior.

The Influence of Parenting Styles on Eating Behavior and Caries in Their Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The type of parenting style influences the way children cope with problems and can create states of anxiety that can even alter their eating habits, which can cause problems in their oral health. The present study aimed to find out which parenting style is more favorable for the oral health of their children. In this cross-sectional study, 186 children (aged 8–15 years) were examined to assess the mean Decayed/Missing/Filled teeth (DMFT + dmft) index, and they were asked to complete the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Parenting Style Scale, and questions about their oral hygiene habits. On the other hand, their parents answered the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire and the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that a worse oral health status was associated with a higher state of anxiety, more overeating, more emotional eating, and higher psychological control. A higher rate of missing teeth was associated with increased undereating and overeating. Emotional eating was positively related to psychological control. State of anxiety, overeating, and parental psychological control predicted 24.6% of DMFT + dmft. In addition, emotional eating had a moderating effect in DMFT + dfmt only in those with low levels of affection and communication. In conclusion, high psychological control and low levels of parental affection and communication will increase the state of anxiety in children, influencing their caries rate.

The nutritional behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder, parental feeding styles, and anthropometric measurements

Background Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known to include problems relating to nutrition, information about nutritional behavior, caregiver feeding styles, and anthropometric measurements is still limited. Aims We aimed to assess the nutritional behavior, anthropometric measurements, and caregiver feeding styles of children with ASD. Method One hundred and four children with ASD and 100 controls were enrolled in the study. Children’s weight and height were measured and recorded by the researchers. The Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire, Development Assessment Form, and Sociodemographic Data Form were conducted by their caregivers. Results Children with ASD were difficult to feed as babies, experienced more problems in the transition to supplementary food, were more selective about food, and were fed diets with a more limited variety than the control group. The BMI z-scores for children with ASD were higher than those for children without ASD, while their height z-scores were lower. Children with ASD displayed more responsiveness to food, emotional overeating, enjoyment of food, desire for drinks, emotional undereating, and food selectivity behaviors, while the parents of these children were found to use more emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, and tolerance-controlled feeding styles than the parents of the controls. Conclusions Children with ASD are more selective about foods and have greater difficulty in switching to supplementary food. The BMI-z score for children with ASD is higher and the height-z score is lower. Children with ASD have different eating and feeding styles compared to children in the control group.

Maternal visual perception of children’s nutritional status and feeding style

Background Mothers’ visual perception is an important determinant for their children’s nutritional status. Visual perception of their children’s nutritional status is believed to drive mothers to modify or apply certain feeding styles, which influence the probability of either optimal growth or malnutrition.&#x0D; Objective To determine if maternal visual perception of children’s nutritional status influences maternal feeding style.&#x0D; Methods The study was conducted in 3 kindergartens in Medan, North Sumatera, involving children aged 4-5 years and their mothers. Mothers filled three-part questionnaires, consisting of basic information, a series of body image sketches by a graphic artist to assess maternal visual perception, and the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ) to assess maternal feeding style. Children’s body heights and weights were measured to assess their nutritional status.&#x0D; Results A total of 102 subjects were eligible for this study. Surprisingly, more than half of the mothers involved in our study misinterpreted their children nutritional status. Thus, there was no significant relationship between maternal visual perception, nor maternal misperception, and maternal feeding style. In fact, mothers tended to encourage their children to eat when they considered their children to have normal nutritional status.&#x0D; Conclusion Mothers’ visual perception does not influence feeding practice.

Impact of problematic eating behaviour and parental feeding styles on early childhood caries

Eating behaviour in childhood has been implicated in development of early childhood caries. Parenting feeding styles can also contribute to development of various eating behaviours. To evaluate relationship between children's eating behaviour and parental feeding styles with ECC in preschool children. A case-control study was conducted in 440 children who were selected and divided into 2 groups: Group A-children with ECC and Group B-children without ECC. Dental caries was recorded using dmft index. The parents of children in both groups were requested to complete the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFQ). There was positive association of food avoidance subscales of CEBQ (Satiety Responsiveness, Food Fussiness, Slowness in Eating, and Emotional Undereating) along with certain food-approaching subscales (Desire to Drink and Emotional Overeating) with dental caries status. It was also seen that parental feeding patterns such as Encouragement and Instrumental feeding contributed to decrease in dental caries of the child when compared to Control and Emotional feeding. Certain eating and feeding behaviours can possibly be associated with development of ECC, such behaviours can be successfully identified using CEBQ and PFQ.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the parental feeding style questionnaire with a preschool sample

Despite being widely used, there has not yet been a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the English version of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ). Preschool is a critical time to assess parental feeding styles, and the PFSQ is one of the few measures that can be used with young children. As such, the current study conducted the first CFA on the PFSQ in an English-speaking sample in the United States to establish preliminary evidence of its factor structure. Parents of preschoolers aged 3-5years (N = 297; M = 33.47 years; 85.2% mothers) presenting to a pediatric dentistry office in the Midwest of the United States were recruited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Parents completed the PFSQ in the waiting room of the dental office. Robust maximum likelihood factor analyses were conducted on the PFSQ. The original four-factor model was not confirmed, but rather, results provided preliminary support for a five-factor solution: Control over Eating, Instrumental Feeding, Emotional Feeding, Encouragement of Variety, and Prompting of Eating, CFI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.06, RMSEA = 0.05. The PFSQ is a widely used measure for assessing parental feeding styles in young children. However, the CFA indicated that the originally proposed four-factor structure did not fit well. Certain modifications to the measure were necessary to improve model fit. A five-factor model fit better, and six items were removed, reducing the original 27-item scale to 21 items. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Parental feeding styles, young children's fruit, vegetable, water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and the moderating role of maternal education and ethnic background.

To examine the associations between parental feeding styles and children's dietary intakes and the modifying effect of maternal education and children's ethnicity on these associations. Cross-sectional study of parental feeding styles, assessed by the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire, and children's dietary intakes. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to assess the associations between the parental feeding styles studied ('control', 'emotional feeding', 'encouragement to eat' and 'instrumental feeding') and children's dietary intakes (consumption of fruit, vegetables, water and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)). The modifying effect of maternal education and children's ethnicity on these associations was explored. North-western part of the Netherlands. Children aged 3-7 years (n 5926). Both 'encouragement' and 'control' were associated with higher consumption of vegetables and lower consumption of SSB, but only 'encouragement' was positively associated with fruit and water intakes. 'Instrumental feeding' showed a positive association with SSB and negative associations with fruit, vegetable and water consumption. No significant associations were found for 'emotional feeding'. Maternal educational level and children's ethnicity moderated some associations; for example, 'control' was beneficial for vegetable intake in all subgroups, whereas the association with SSB was beneficial only in highly educated mothers. The study shows that both encouraging and controlling feeding styles may improve children's dietary behaviour, while 'instrumental feeding' may have a detrimental effect. Furthermore, maternal educational level and children's ethnicity influence these associations. The study's findings could provide a basis for development of interventions to improve parental feeding styles.

The effect of childrens' eating behaviors and parental feeding style on childhood obesity

In is important to determine the factors that affect obesity in childhood, in order to raise generations of healthy children. This study aims to determine the effect of primary school students' eating behaviors and parental feeding styles on obesity in childhood. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 1201 children and their parents between September 2014 and March 2015. The data were collected using the socio-demographic data collection form for children and parents, the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using percentage calculators, mean, Spearman's correlation analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Of the children, 16.9% were found to be obese. Three models were created considering the relationships between the variables in this study and the occurrence of obesity. In the first model, the factors that affect childhood obesity were found to be enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness and food fussiness. In the second model, the factors were prompting/encouragement and control over eating. Enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, emotional feeding and food fussiness were also found to be the factors in the third model (p<0.05). This study showed that children's eating behaviors and parental feeding style affect the occurrence of obesity in childhood.

Associated Demographic Factors of Instrumental and Emotional Feeding in Parents of Hong Kong Children

BackgroundInstrumental and emotional feeding have been associated with obesogenic dietary behaviors and obesity in children. Therefore, identifying parents who are more likely to use detrimental feeding styles may be helpful for tailoring interventions. ObjectiveThis study examines the demographic variation of instrumental and emotional feeding by using a sample of the Hong Kong population. DesignA cross-sectional research is presented. Instrumental and emotional feeding styles were assessed. ParticipantsA total of 3,742 Hong Kong parents from 27 kindergartens, with children aged 2 to 7 years old, were enrolled in this study. Main outcome measuresInstrumental and emotional feeding styles were assessed by a validated Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire. Statistical analysisDifferences among the demographic characteristics in parental feeding styles were compared by independent t test or analysis of variance. Multiple linear regressions were performed to determine the associated demographic factors. ResultsA greater tendency to adopt instrumental feeding was associated with younger children (β=−.07), feeding a daughter (β=.05), and a mother having a full-time job (β=.10). By contrast, a greater tendency to adopt emotional feeding was associated with younger children (β=−.07), feeding a daughter (β=.06), a mother having a full-time job (β=.16), or a lower parental education level (β=−.11). ConclusionsParents with full-time jobs, lower education levels, or who were nurturing a younger child may be more likely to use unhealthy feeding styles. Researchers should consider developing intervention strategies that focus on decreasing emotional and instrumental feeding styles for full-time employed or less-educated parents of younger children, particularly daughters.

Associations between Parental Feeding Styles and Childhood Eating Habits: A Survey of Hong Kong Pre-School Children.

Childhood obesity is a global public health issue, including in the Chinese setting, and its prevalence has increased dramatically throughout the last decade. Since the origins of childhood obesity may lie in the pre-school period, factors relating to very young children’s food consumption should be investigated. Parental influence, including feeding style, is the major determinant of childhood dietary behaviour through altering food provision and social environment. However, the applicability of previous research on parental feeding styles was limited by small sample size. To evaluate the influence of parental feeding styles on children's dietary patterns, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 4553 pre-schoolers in Hong Kong. Information was obtained about dietary intake and how regularly they had breakfast, using previous health surveillance surveys taken among primary school students. Parental feeding styles were assessed by a validated Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire and categorized into ‘instrumental feeding’, ‘emotional feeding’, ‘prompting and encouragement to eat’ and ‘control over eating’. Multivariable analysis was performed, adjusted for demographic information. Instrumental and/or emotional feeding was found to relate to inadequate consumption of fruit, vegetables and breakfast, and positively correlated with intake of high-energy-density food. Encouragement on eating was associated with more frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products and breakfast. Control over eating correlated with more frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables and breakfast, and less consumption of dairy products and high-energy-density food. The present study has provided evidence on the associations between parental feeding styles and dietary patterns of Hong Kong pre-school children from a reasonably large population. Parents should avoid instrumental and emotional feeding, and implement control and encouragement to promote healthy food intake. Longitudinal studies and interventions on parental feeding style are required to confirm the research findings.

Chinese translation and validation of a parental feeding style questionnaire for parents of Hong Kong preschoolers

BackgroundChildhood obesity is a major public health issue in many countries, including China. The importance of parenting relative to the healthy development of children requires the development of instruments for assessing parental influence on child dietary pattern. This study aimed to confirm the internal reliability and validity of a self-report measure on parental feeding styles, including emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, prompting or encouragement to eat, and control over eating.MethodsA 27-item parental feeding style questionnaire (PFSQ) was translated into Chinese and then translated back into English to verify consistency. The questionnaire was then used to conduct a cross-sectional survey on the parents of Hong Kong preschoolers. The internal reliability and validity of the questionnaire were examined by Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis, respectively.Results4,553 completed questionnaires were received. Cronbach’s alpha of subscales ranged from 0.63 to 0.81, and the overall reliability was good (alpha = 0.75). The factor structure of this questionnaire was similar to that of the original and Turkish versions. One-factor structure was identified for emotional feeding, instrumental feeding (four items), and prompting or encouragement to eat, whereas a two-factor structure was revealed for control over eating.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the PFSQ has good reliability and validity in assessing parental feeding styles in Hong Kong. Researchers can use this instrument to improve their understanding on how parental feeding styles may affect the dietary patterns and ultimately the weight statuses of children among Chinese-speaking populations across different countries.

How does parents' visual perception of their child's weight status affect their feeding style?

Eating style is one of the prominente factors that determine energy intake. One of the influencing factors that determine parental feeding style is parental perception of the weight status of the child. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between maternal visual perception of their children's weight status and their feeding style. A cross-sectional survey was completed with only mother's of 380 preschool children with age of 5 to 7 (6.14 years). Visual perception scores were measured with a sketch and maternal feeding style was measured with validated "Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire". The parental feeding dimensions "emotional feeding" and "encouragement to eat" subscale scores were low in overweight children according to visual perception classification. "Emotional feeding" and "permissive control" subscale scores were statistically different in children classified as correctly perceived and incorrectly low perceived group due to maternal misperception. Various feeding styles were related to maternal visual perception. The best approach to preventing obesity and underweight may be to focus on achieving correct parental perception of the weight status of their children, thus improving parental skills and leading them to implement proper feeding styles.

1439 Obesity Structural Link: Parenting Stress, Feeding and Eating Impact on Chinese Young Children Weight Outcomes in Hong Kong

AimsThe aims of this study were to explore the interrelationship between parenting stress, parental feeding and children eating behaviour and weight outcomes in order to tackle the rapid increased childhood...

78 – Validation of the Russian version of Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire and its applicability

78 – Validation of the Russian version of Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire and its applicability