Parental Behavioral Control Research Articles

Parenting Styles and Coping Strategies among Vietnamese Adolescents

Coping ability is one of the crucial factors helping adolescents face and overcome changes and difficulties during this developmental stage. The selection and use of coping strategies by adolescents are influenced by various factors from family, school, and social environment, including parenting styles. This study aims to examine the influence of parenting styles, as perceived by adolescents, on their coping strategies. Using a cross-sectional design, the study employed the Proactive Coping Inventory and Parenting Scale. Results showed that parental autonomy support, psychological control, and behavioral control have different effects on adolescents' coping strategies.

The links between parenting, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms: a meta‐analysis

AbstractIntroductionFramed by attachment and cognitive theories, the current meta‐analysis tested the direct and indirect links among parenting dimensions (parental support, authoritative control, psychological control, and behavioral control), self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms for children and adolescents.MethodsBased on 53 studies, and 74 independent samples, the present study used One‐Stage Meta‐analytic Structural Equation Modeling (OSMASEM) to investigate these links, including testing a mediation effect by self‐esteem between parental support‐, authoritative control‐, psychological control‐, behavioral control‐, and depressive symptoms. It also tested for potential moderation effects by several variables.ResultsThe evidence indicated that parental support (β = .29), authoritative control (β = .23), and behavioral control (β = .07) are positive correlates of self‐esteem, while psychological control (β = −.26) is a negative one. It also found that self‐esteem was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β range: −.49 to −.53). Furthermore, parental support (β = −0.14), authoritative control (β = −0.10), and behavioral control (β = −0.05) are negative correlates of depressive symptoms, while psychological control is a positive correlate (β = .11). OSMASEM also provided evidence that parental support, authoritative control, psychological control, and behavioral control are indirectly associated with depressive symptoms, via self‐esteem.ConclusionParenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms both directly and indirectly. That is, self‐esteem partially mediates the relationships between parental support, authoritative control, psychological control, and behavioral control with depressive symptoms. Furthermore, OSMASEM moderator tests provided evidence of several significant moderators, including age, sex, parenting measurement, and self‐esteem measurement.

Family and Friends: Key Influences on Teenage Traits and Behaviors

The teenage years are a critical period of development, characterized by significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes. During this time, adolescents are particularly impressionable, with their traits and behaviors heavily shaped by the relationships they maintain. Among these relationships, the influences of family and friends are paramount, serving as the primary socializing agents that guide decision-making, value formation, and identity development. The study examines how family dynamics, including parental affection, communication, and behavioral control, influence adolescent development. The study also examines the influence of peer relationships, highlighting how friendships can reduce or exacerbate behavioral problems. By analyzing both direct and indirect effects, the study found that positive family interactions and supportive friendships are important for healthy adolescent development. Conversely, negative influences from any context can lead to increased risk-taking behavior and emotional challenges. The findings highlight the importance of fostering strong, positive relationships within both the family and peer groups to support adolescent development and well-being. The research is conducted by survey with 466 teenagers to find out the influence of family and friends on their adolescence development. The research aims to identify the roles that family and peers play during this crucial period and to provide recommendations for enhancing their positive impact on adolescents.

Reciprocal Relationships Between Parental Involvement and Academic Performance in Early Adolescence: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study in China.

Previous literature has focused on the overall influence of parental involvement on adolescents' academic performance, while less attention has been accorded to the reciprocal relationships between different forms of parental involvement and academic performance across gender. The present study examined the reciprocal associations between different forms of parental involvement and adolescents' academic performance using nationally representative data. A total of 9449 Chinese adolescents (47.82% girls, Mage = 13.21, SD = 0.65, 91.20% Han Ethnicity) have participated in the two-year and two-wave longitudinal study. Cross-lagged model results indicated reciprocal associations between parent-reported involvement and academic performance. Autonomy-supportive parental involvement in Grade 7 was positively associated with better academic performance in Grade 8, while behavioral control was negatively associated with later academic performance. Parental socialization practices vary by adolescent's gender. Compared with girls, boys experienced increased parental behavioral control in response to better academic performance. The findings reflect the persistence of stereotypical gender expectations and gender socialization in contemporary China.

Parental involvement and children’s L2 learning motivation and engagement: A person-centered approach

Research has consistently demonstrated that parental involvement plays a key role in children’s early second language (L2) development. However, little is known about how different aspects of parental involvement in children’s L2 learning are configured and how these differentiated combinations of parental involvement are associated with children’s L2 motivation and engagement. Moving beyond prior studies, which typically focused on the effects of single aspects of parental involvement, this study utilized a person-centered approach to examine the configuration patterns of various indicators of parental involvement in children’s L2 learning (i.e. parental autonomy support, psychological control, and behavioral control). Data were collected from a sample of 702 seventh graders ( Mage = 13.09, SD = 1.64; 50.14% girls) in two major cities in China. Four distinct profiles (i.e. Authoritative, Neglectful, Control-centered, and Intrusive) were identified. Children’s L2 learning motivation and engagement varied across these profiles. These more nuanced findings shed light upon the heterogeneous nature of various parental involvement in children’s L2 learning and carry significant practical implications for both parents and practitioners aiming to foster a more supportive environment for children’s L2 learning.

Changes in Latinx parenting behaviors during adolescence: Variation by neighborhood characteristics.

General parenting research indicates parenting shifts, such as declines in parental warmth, parent-child conflict, and parental monitoring and increases in parental autonomy support, as youth progress through adolescence. Culturally and contextually informed scholarship, however, acknowledges that stability and change in parenting behaviors among ethnically and racially minoritized families and across different neighborhood environments may follow distinct patterns. Neighborhood structural disadvantages might disrupt parenting, and parents might adapt parenting in response to neighborhood opportunities and challenges. This study explored stability and change in parenting processes (e.g., conflict, warmth, control, solicitation, autonomy support) from early to middle adolescence among Latinx families across neighborhoods that varied on key characteristics: concentrated poverty, ethnic concentration, and ethnic-racial diversity. Data derived from the "Caminos" study, which utilized an accelerated longitudinal design of 547 Latinx adolescents (MW1age = 13.31 years; 55.4% girls; 89.6% U.S. born). Two-level growth models were used to analyze 10 time points of data following adolescents from Spring of sixth to Fall of 11th grade. Parent-adolescent conflict and warmth declined linearly; parental solicitation showed a curvilinear increase that flattened over time; parental behavioral control and autonomy support remained stable. Some parenting trajectories varied systematically by neighborhood structural characteristics. This study underscored the significance of culturally and contextually informed frameworks for understanding changes in Latinx parenting during offspring adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The roles of parent temperament and parenting styles in adolescent temperament development

This study examined temperament development from early to middle adolescence and the roles of parenting styles and parent temperament in this development. The sample consisted of 842 adolescents (n = 842 in Grade 6; 54% girls) and their parents (N = 707). Adolescents assessed their temperament in Grades 6 and 9 and parents assessed their temperament and parenting styles when adolescents were in Grade 6. The results showed that adolescent affiliativeness increased and effortful control decreased from early to middle adolescence. High parental warmth was related to higher adolescent affiliativeness and higher effortful control, but also to a decrease in adolescent negative affectivity. High parental behavioral control, in turn, was related to adolescents’ initially higher, but subsequently decreasing surgency. Further, high parental psychological control was related to lower adolescent effortful control. Parent temperament was also related to adolescent temperament, and parenting styles partially mediated several associations between parents’ and adolescents’ temperament. The results suggest that parents’ temperament and parenting styles are related to adolescents’ temperament development in a complex manner, even as adolescents seek to gain independence from parents. Understanding the roles of parental temperament and parenting in adolescent temperament development is important in order to support adolescents in their development towards a stable adulthood.

From Parent's COVID-19 Stress to Children and Young People's Behavior Problems: The Mediating Role of Parental Burnout and the Buffering Role of Parenting Behaviors

Coronavirus has caused a global pandemic, and its adverse effects have spread to both adults and children. This study explores the mediating role of parental burnout in the relationship between parents’ COVID-19 stress (PCS) and children's behavior problems and whether this mediating process is moderated by parenting behaviors. Participants included 692 Vietnamese parents ( Mage = 36.82, SD = 5.548 years) selected through an online survey. Participants completed questionnaires including demographic information, PCS, parental burnout, parenting behaviors, and children and youth's behavior problems. The main findings include: (a) PCS had no direct association with children and youth's behavior problems; (b) parental burnout played a mediating role in the relationship between PCS and children and youth's behavior problems; (c) the direct association of PCS with parental burnout was moderated by parenting behaviors. Findings from this study showed that PCS did not affect parental burnout in families with highly positive parental support. In contrast, in families with highly negative parental behavioral control, COVID-19 stress positively correlated with parental burnout. This study's results have implications for the development of interventions in family settings during the uncertain days of the COVID-19 pandemic or other contexts that might happen in the future and that pose similar challenges in order to improve the mental health of parents and children.

A Case Study on Chinese Student: Parental Control and Adolescent Depression

The National Blue Book of Depression 2022 revealed that 50% of the participants with depression were school students. As the mental health problems of children and adolescents are becoming more and more prominent in China, it is necessary to study the influencing factors and mechanisms of adolescent depression. Parental control is one of the key factors influencing adolescent depression. However, there are not many studies on the effects of parental control on adolescent depression. This paper initiates the discussion with a case study to analyze the depth of the association between parental control and adolescents by analyzing the case in depth. The results showed that both parental psychological and behavioral control were closely related to adolescents’ depression problems. In addition, there is a possibility of intergenerational transmission of parental control. Intergenerational transmission should be included as one of the research factors in relevant studies on parental control.

Parent-Child Discrepancies in Perceived Parental Control and Their Associations with Children's Prosocial Behaviors in Early Adolescence within Chinese Families.

How parent-child discrepancies in perceived parental control associate with children's prosocial behaviors remains unknown. This study examined this issue in 578 Chinese children (297 girls, Mage = 10.85, SDage = 0.72) and their mothers and fathers. Parents and children reported parental psychological and behavioral control, and children reported their prosocial behaviors. The latent difference scores modeling showed that compared to parents' perceptions, children's higher perceptions of guilt induction were related to more public prosocial behaviors; higher perceptions of love withdrawal were linked to fewer altruistic, compliant, emotional, and dire prosocial behaviors; and higher reporting of solicitation was associated with more general prosocial behaviors. The findings revealed the association between parent-child discrepancies and early adolescents' prosocial behaviors, supporting both the discrepancy-maladaptive hypotheses and the discrepancy-adaptive hypotheses within Chinese families.

Different impacts of parental psychological and behavioral control on the cultivation of advantageous strength in Chinese rural adolescent.

Numerous studies have focused on the mental and behavioral problems or negative emotions of adolescents when examining the impact of parental control. However, limited research has explored the relationship between parental control and adolescents' future planning, neglecting the distinctions between parental psychological and behavioral control, as well as the significant roles of personal growth initiative and meaning in life. The present study aims to investigate the differential effects of parental psychological control and behavioral control on the future planning of rural adolescents in China. A sample of 909 individuals (13.60±0.93 years old, 470 boys and 439 girls) completed a self-report questionnaire anonymously. The study utilized the Adolescent Future Orientation Questionnaire, Parental Control Questionnaire, Adolescents' Personal Growth Initiative Scale, and Meaning in Life Questionnaire. The findings revealed that parental control significantly influenced the future planning of Chinese rural adolescents, with psychological control and behavioral control exerting distinct impacts in this process. Specifically, parental psychological control was found to have a direct negative effect on adolescents' future planning, while also exhibiting a positive influence due to the masking effect of meaning in life; it did not negatively affect adolescents' future planning through their personal growth initiative. On the other hand, parental behavioral control was observed to directly and positively impact adolescents' future planning, as well as positively influence it through the mediating role of personal growth initiative and the chain mediating role of personal growth initiative and meaning in life. These results suggest that the influence of parental control on adolescents' future planning is not a simple, singular mechanism, but rather a multi-layered and complex process, yielding mixed outcomes as a result of psychological control, behavioral control, and other factors. This complexity should be taken into consideration in educational practices and future research endeavors.

Self-Concept and Parenting Pattern of Parents in Children with Physical Disabilities of Early Deaf

<p>This research is based on the phenomenon of parents who have children with hearing impairments,they feel disappointed, ashamed and closed.This study aims to identify and understand the social symptoms of self-concept and parenting parents of deaf early childhood children. This study used a qualitative method with a qualitative descriptive approach which was carried out on 3 parents of deaf children at an early age who attended Special Schools (SLB) Sunan Prawoto, Sukolilo, Pati. The research results show that; 1) the self-concept of parents of deaf children at an early age is negative, assuming that their children are different, not according to expectations; 2) the parenting style given is more permissive in: (1) parent support parents do not foster, educate, and instill good values, (2) parental control behavior gives too much freedom and leeway to children without prohibitions and supervision, 3) psychological control does not provide warmth, affection, attention, and a sense of security for children. The contribution of this research is to provide knowledge, understanding, and awareness to parents about children as entrusted by God who must be grateful for any form so that self-concept becomes positive and can accept children and then provides democratic parenting, provides guidance and education is more proportional to developing the potential of children with disabilities so that independent in his life.</p>

A Meta-analysis of the Relations Between Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Practices.

The question of why parents parent the way they do is central in parenting studies. Research about the predictors of parenting has been guided by Belsky's classical model of parenting determinants. In this model, socioeconomic status was not explicitly considered as a determinant of parenting. However, there is ample research that came later that found relations between socioeconomic status and parenting. The aim of this study was to find an aggregate estimate of the relations between socioeconomic status and parenting practices using meta-analytic methods. We found that socioeconomic status was positively linked to positive parenting, and negatively linked to negative parenting. In particular, socioeconomic status was positively linked to parental warmth and parental behavioral control, but negatively linked to parental psychological control. The relations between socioeconomic status and positive or negative parenting were not moderated by child's age or sex and did not differ based on the type of socioeconomic status indicator. Moreover, all the correlations were small in magnitude, and were comparable to other predictors of parenting such as parent's depression, parent's personality traits, and child's temperament. Our results suggest that parent's overall socioeconomic status, or its different constituents, supplement Belsky's model of parenting determinants.

Research about the Interaction and Interplay Between Parental Psychological Control and the Comorbidity of Depression and PTSD

Different from parental behavioral control, parental psychological control is mostly identified as a bad thing to children. Parental psychological control may make children have some internalizing problems, like depressive symptoms. In psychiatry, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is probably comorbid with depression. This essay will use literature review to study if parental psychological control itself is a kind of PTSD, how the comorbidity of depression and PTSD interact and interplay with parental psychological control, and what can people do to help parents reduce psychological control. Mothers psychological control often stronger than fathers. Psychological control is also associated with some unhealth developmental problems. Parent and childrens characteristics and childrens behavior are probable sources of parental psychological controls happening. This essay will show two ways which children respond to parental psychological control. Their also have some advice to reduce parental psychological control.

Class cohesion and teacher support moderate the relationship between parental behavioral control and subjective well-being among adolescents

Previous studies indicate that parental behavioral control can alleviate deviant issues in adolescents, but whether it facilitates their positive development and the underlying mechanisms within this process remain unclear. This study sought to examine the role of class cohesion (i.e., the closeness of the social relations and connections among peers in the classroom) and teacher support (i.e., perceived care and help from teachers) from the school setting as moderators of the association between parental behavioral control and the subjective well-being of Chinese adolescents. A total of 2,503 junior high school students (Mage = 12.99 years, SD = 0.62, 51.98% boys) from 47 grade 7 classes in central China completed questionnaires. Results of the hierarchical linear model showed that: (1) both parental solicitation and parental restriction at the individual level were significantly positively associated with adolescents’ subjective well-being; (2) both class cohesion and teacher support at the class level were significantly positively associated with adolescents’ subjective well-being; and (3) both class cohesion and teacher support significantly moderated the relationship between parental solicitation and adolescents’ subjective well-being. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

The developmental characteristics of proactive and reactive aggression in late childhood: The effect of parental control.

Previous research has confirmed that parental control is related to children's aggressive behavior. However, few studies have focused on proactive and reactive aggression to distinguish the different effects of parental psychological and behavioral control. Moreover, additional longitudinal evidence is needed to understand these links. In the current paper, a three-wave longitudinal study was conducted to examine the developmental characteristics of proactive and reactive aggression and the role of parental control in China. A total of 484 4th- and 7th-grade students participated at wave 1 (51.65% in 4th-grade, Mage = 11.66 ± 1.52 years), 465 students (52.04% in 4th-grade) at wave 2, and 447 children (51.90% in 4th-grade) at wave 3. The results showed that: (1) Proactive aggression in late childhood remained stable overall, while reactive aggression displayed a clear upward trend. (2) In proactive aggression, boys and girls had a consistent developmental trend. The initial level of boys was higher than that of girls. In reactive aggression, the growth rate was inversely associated with their initial level and the initial level of boys in 7th-grade was significantly higher than that of girls. (3) Both parental psychological and behavioral control positively predicted students' reactive aggression in 4th- and 7th-grade, whereas only parental behavioral control positively predicted proactive aggression in 7th-grade students, with no gender differences.

Perceived Parental Control, Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Adolescents’ Psychological Adjustment. Does Gender Matter?

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to explore the gender-specific links between perceived parental behavioral and psychological control and adolescents’ psychological adjustment directly and indirectly through the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship. The participants in the study were 930 early adolescents (mean age 12.9; SD 0.71; 49.9% girls) who filled in questionnaires about the parenting of their parents (for mothers and fathers respectively) as well as their own psychological adjustment (self-esteem and life satisfaction). The results of the structural equation modeling showed that the perception of adolescents regarding their parents’ behavioral and psychological control is significantly directly and/or indirectly associated with their psychological adjustment. Behavioral control was found to be positively and psychological control negatively associated with psychological adjustment. These associations have shown some gender-specific patterns. Among the boys, perceived control was associated with boys’ psychological adjustment indirectly through the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship for both mothers and fathers. On the other hand, the link between parental control and psychological adjustment among the girls was found to be direct for the father’s control and both direct and indirect for the mother’s control. Maternal control was associated with adolescents’ adjustment only indirectly through the quality of the mother-adolescent relationship while more direct associations were found among the fathers. This was particularly the case for the father-daughter dyad. However, the results were found to contradict previous findings in several points. This could have been attributed to the age of early adolescence as well as the cultural specifics of the sample.

Parental influences on tobacco use and likelihood of future use among sexual minority young adult men and women in the United States.

Limited research has examined mechanisms, including parenting behaviors, contributing to tobacco use disparities among sexual minority young adults (SMYAs). Participants were 644 young adult (ages 18-29; 36.5% racial/ethnic minority) women (N = 416; 44.7% bisexual, 7.2% lesbian, 48.1% heterosexual) and men (N = 288; 11.0% bisexual, 13.2% gay, 75.9% heterosexual). Bivariate analyses examined differences among sex-by-sexual identity subgroups in perceived parenting (psychological control, behavioral control, knowledge, autonomy support, warmth, communication), past 30-day cigarette, e-cigarette, and cigar use, and likelihood of future use. Multivariable regression examined associations of sexual identity subgroup and parenting behaviors to tobacco use outcomes among women and men. Bisexual (vs. heterosexual) women reported greater parental psychological control and less autonomy support, warmth, and communication. Bisexual (vs. heterosexual) women had greater odds of past 30-day cigarette and cigar use and greater likelihood of future cigarette and e-cigarette use, and parenting behaviors were associated with past 30-day cigarette (knowledge, warmth), e-cigarette (psychological control, autonomy support, warmth), and cigar use (behavioral control, warmth) and likelihood of future cigarette (psychological control, warmth) and e-cigarette use (autonomy support, communication). Gay (vs. heterosexual) men reported greater parental behavioral control, less knowledge, autonomy support, warmth, and communication. Sexual identity and parenting behaviors were largely not associated with tobacco use among men. Findings highlight the role of parenting behaviors as potential mechanisms contributing to tobacco use disparities among SMYA women. Tobacco prevention/cessation programs should be tailored toward specific SMYA subgroups, combinations of parenting behaviors, and patterns of tobacco use.

An examination of different types of parental control on the well‐being of Turkish emerging adults

AbstractObjectiveThe present study explored the association between emerging adults' perceptions of different types of parental control and their well‐being.BackgroundThere is a lack of research investigating parental control in Turkey during emerging adulthood. The current study addresses the gap by examining the role of basic psychological needs frustration (BPNF), guided by the self‐determination theory.MethodThe sample included 714 participants who were unmarried, aged 18 to 24 years, and Turkish. Participants answered self‐report questionnaires on parental control, BPNF, and mental and sexual well‐being.ResultsPerceived parental psychological and sexual control were positively and behavioral control was negatively associated with BPNF. The BPNF mediated the relationship between perceived parental psychological and behavioral control, mental well‐being, and the relationship between perceived parental sexual control and sexual well‐being. The association between perceived parental sexual control and sexual well‐being was moderated by gender and religiosity.ConclusionFindings highlight the importance of examining parental control while investigating the well‐being of Turkish emerging adults.ImplicationsInterference with meeting basic psychological needs may be linked to distress for emerging adults. Future research should explore the long‐term consequences of parental control on youth development, taking gender and religiosity into account.

The Science of Children’s Religious and Spiritual Development

The Science of Children’s Religious and Spiritual Development