Parental Communication Style Research Articles

Current status and influencing factors of test anxiety of senior one students in Yanji, China: a cross-sectional study.

Examining the current situation of test anxiety among first year senior high school students in Yanji City and investigating the factors that contribute to exam anxiety. Using cluster sampling, a survey was conducted on 1,550 first-year high school students from three high schools in Yanji City in April-May 2023. The survey utilized general information questionnaires, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of test anxiety. A total of 1,550 first-year high school students were included in the analysis, with a test anxiety occurrence rate of 79.8%. Test anxiety exhibited statistical differences among different genders, ethnicities, family economic levels, frequency of communication with parents, and relationships with parents (with results of 53.44, 10.42, 17.31, 20.42, 31.95, all p < 0.05). Scores of hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), psychasthenia (Pt), paranoia (Pa), psychopathic deviate (Pd), schizophrenia (Sc), and hypomania (Ma) in the 10 clinical personality scales were significantly positively correlated. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, ethnicity, frequency of communication with parents, and scores of hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), psychasthenia (Pt), paranoia (Pa), and hypomania (Ma) in the 10 clinical personality scales were the main influencing factors for test anxiety in first-year high school students (all p < 0.05). The test anxiety level of high school students in Yanji City is relatively high, with variations in test anxiety levels among students of different genders, ethnicities, parental communication styles, and deviant personality traits. It is recommended that schools and teachers should give more consideration to test anxiety among high school students, particularly targeting those with potential risk factors. Parents should also be more attentive to their children's development and advancement, and improve their family education principles.

Factors Influencing Aggression Among Adolescents in Indonesia: A Literature Review

Adolescent aggression has long been a major concern in the fields of educational psychology and sociology, especially in Indonesia where social and cultural dynamics play a role in shaping adolescent behavior. This study is a systematic literature review, examining 30 publications from the years 2014 to 2023 to understand the factors influencing aggression among Indonesian adolescents. This method involved collecting data from various sources accessed through Google Scholar using relevant keywords associated with adolescent aggression. The purpose of this review is to specifically ascertain the effects of internal factors such as emotional maturity, emotional intelligence, and self-control, as well as external factors including peer conformity, parental communication styles, parenting styles, and the intensity of online gaming on aggressive behavior in adolescents. The findings from this analysis are expected to provide deeper insights into effective ways to intervene and prevent aggressive behaviors among adolescents in Indonesia, thereby making a significant contribution to parenting practices, education, and social and mental health policy for adolescents.

Parental verbal responsiveness to infant vocalizations from 9 to 14 months of age

Parental communication styles and language usage may undergo changes during the course of child development, exhibiting variations across language backgrounds and cultures. This study aimed to explore how infant-parent interactions within Korean-speaking environments evolve over time through meticulous coding of day-long home audio recordings. The study examined whether the ratio and types of parental verbal responses vary based on infants’ age and vocalization types. A total of 16 infants and their parents participated in all-day home recordings using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) system. The recordings were conducted in two rounds per family when the infants were aged 9–11 months and 12–14 months, with a three-month gap between each round. The frequency and types of infant vocalizations were analyzed and the contingency and types of parental verbal responsiveness were determined based on semantic and phonetic connection, as well as temporal appropriateness. The results showed that parents did not verbally respond to approximately 50 % of the infant vocalizations in the natural home environment. However, parents’ lack of verbal responses decreased significantly, and their contingent responses increased significantly with infant age. Parents were also not selectively responsive to infants’ canonical vocalizations over non-canonical vocalizations. Nevertheless, parents demonstrated a higher frequency of responses that were not only linguistically meaningful but also socially appropriate and contextually relevant to infants’ vocalizations as infants developed, which may play a significant role in scaffolding speech and language development.

Analyzing the Developmental Processes and Influencing Factors of Children’s Emotional Recognition, Expression, and Regulation Abilities: A Comprehensive Review

This article explores the influencing factors on children’s emotional regulation abilities. It discusses the impact of parental modeling and communication style, cultural norms and expectations, and the teaching of self-soothing techniques, cognitive reappraisal, and problem-solving skills. The role of emotional support from caregivers and peers is also examined, as well as the effects of exposure to stress and trauma. By understanding these factors, caregivers and individuals can support children in developing healthy emotional regulation abilities.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Factors that Influence Educational Attainment among Latinxs in the U.S

ABSTRACT Parental involvement in education is critical to academic achievement. Mainstream forms of parental involvement often dismiss Latinx parents’ subtle practices. We surveyed 252 Latinxs about their and their parents’ parental communication styles, parenting styles, school involvement, and academic expectations. Correlations were weak to strong. Respondents reported higher mean scores than their parents across all practices except psychological support and authoritarian parenting. Most parenting variables were significantly associated with participants’ academic outcomes. Acculturation moderated the relationship between respondents’ parents’ parental pressure and authoritarian parenting style and their own. Results suggest intergenerational transmission of parenting practices regardless of acculturation.

Parent-child communication about sexual issues in Zambia: a cross sectional study of adolescent girls and their parents

BackgroundParent-child communication about sexual issues can reduce risky sexual behaviour amongst adolescents. Risky sexual behaviour is of concern in sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of early pregnancy, unsafe abortion and HIV are high. Parent-child communication about sexual issues presents a feasible approach for reducing sexual risk amongst adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa but limited research exists from the region. This study from Zambia examines the sociodemographic and psychosocial factors that are associated with whether parents communicate with their daughters about sexual issues.MethodsData from a cluster randomized controlled trial examining the effect of interventions aiming to reduce teenage pregnancy and school drop out in Zambia was used. The data was collected between January–July in 2018 and consists of structured, face to face interviews with 4343 adolescent girls and 3878 parents. Cross sectional analyses examined the associations between parent-child communication about sexual issues and sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsAdolescent girls who felt connected to their parents and those who perceived their parents to be comfortable in communicating about sex, were more likely to speak to their parents about sexual issues than those who did not (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.52; and AOR 2.94, 95% CI 2.45–3.54, respectively). Girls whose parents used fear-based communication about sexual issues, and those who perceived their parents as being opposed to education about contraception, were less likely to communicate with their parents about sex than those who did not (AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65–0.89; and AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.91, respectively). Girls enrolled in school were less likely to communicate with their parents about sex than those out of school (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44–0.71).ConclusionParenting style, children’s perception of parental attitudes and parental communication styles are associated with whether parents and children communicate about sexual issues. This may imply that parents can improve the chances of communicating with their children about sex by conveying non-judgemental attitudes, using open communication styles with neutral messages and appearing comfortable whilst displaying positive attitudes towards communication around sex and contraceptive use.Trial registrationISRCTN registry: ISRCTN12727868, (4 March 2016).

Impact of Parental Communication on African American Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Mini Literature Review

Many adolescents are engaging in risky sexual behaviors, which can ultimately lead to adverse health outcomes, such as sexually transmitted infections and/or teen pregnancy. Research has shown that youth aged 15–24 account for half of the 20 million new sexually transmitted infections acquired each year in the United States. This paper examined the effect of parental communication on African American adolescent sexual behaviors. A narrative literature review was completed in order to identify common themes across articles. Analyses indicated parental communication is associated with increased safe sex practices. More specifically, breadth of content, and open parental communication style were shown to be associated with safer sex practices. However, frequency/timing of parental teen sexual communication (PTSC) was not examined within the selected articles. Additionally, results indicated significant differences in PTSC topics discussed between male and female adolescents. Researchers and health educators alike should consider parental involvement in community and school-based sex education programs to help increase adolescent safe sex practices.

"Let's talk about it" The role of parental communication in adolescents' motivation to adhere to treatment recommendations for type 1 diabetes.

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study examines the role of parental expectations and communication style (ie, in an autonomy-supportive vs controlling way) in the prediction of adolescent motivation (ie, internalization or defiance) to adhere to self-management for type 1 diabetes. Structural Equation Modeling was used in a cross-sectional, multi-informant study of 129 adolescents (Mage = 14.43; 54.4% girls), 110 mothers, and 98 fathers. Adolescents reported on self-motivation, treatment adherence, and parental expectations and communication styles; parents reported on their own expectations, communication style, and perceptions of adolescent treatment adherence. Medical record review provided HbA1c values. Across adolescent and parent reports, parental communication of diabetes-specific expectations and an autonomy-supportive style of communicating expectations related positively to adolescents' internalization of diabetes self-management and negatively to defiance against diabetes self-management. In contrast, a controlling parental communication style showed the opposite patterns of associations. Higher adolescent defiance was related to poorer treatment adherence and worse glycemic control. Parental communication styles related to adolescent motivation, which in turn, related to adolescent treatment adherence and glycemic control. Future longitudinal research can address the long-term impact of both maternal and paternal communication styles on adolescent motivation to adhere to treatment and their subsequent glycemic control.

Parental Behavior Comparisons Between Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Parents of Children Without Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis

Parental behavior plays an important role in child development. Given inconsistent findings in the literature related to parental behaviors or parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those without, the purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to examine whether parenting behavior differences existed between parents of children with and without ASD. In addition, this meta-analysis examined the moderation effect of child development (e.g., global and language development) and parental communication style (verbal only and verbal/non-verbal interactions combined) on the parental behavior differences between parents of children with and without ASD. A systematic database and manual search identified 16 observational studies, which met predetermined inclusion criteria. Observable parental behaviors were categorized into four globally identifiable parental dimensions (parental warmth/support, parental behavioral control, parental negativity and neutral parental behavior) to capture the fundamental parental behaviors. There were no significant parental supportive/warmth and neutral behavior differences between the two groups. However, parents of children with ASD showed more controlling and negative behaviors compared to parents of children without ASD. The parental communication style was a significant moderator in the parental supportive/warmth dimension. Additionally, a child’s developmental ability was a significant moderator in the parental control dimension. These parental behavior differences between parents of children with and without ASD should be considered when creating and developing family-related interventions for children with ASD.

The value of early intervention for children with autism

Abstract Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties in social communication and social interaction, along with a range of impairing sensory interests or aversions, and repetitive and stereotyped behaviour. Prevalence estimates vary from approximately 1 to 2 in 100. Diagnosis may be as early as 2 years of age, but this is influenced by a range of factors such as the symptom severity, family circumstances and professional factors. Interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder primarily aim to promote social communication and basic core skills through a number of different behavioural approaches. These may be administered by professionals but also often involve parents as co-therapists. Behavioural interventions primarily incorporate either a developmental approach, based on an understanding of the way that language and communication emerge in typical development, or approaches based on applied behavioural analysis. The evidence base for the effectiveness of interventions for children with autism is limited but a number of randomised control trials have shown benefits across a number of outcome measures, including early social communication in children and parental communication style within parent-child dyads. Emerging findings suggest that earlier and more intensive treatment may result in more favourable outcomes.

Environmental influences on pre-schooler’s understanding of brand symbolism

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the factors influencing young children’s (aged three to five years) understanding of brand symbolism.Design/methodology/approachMultiple hierarchical regression was used to analyse the relationships between age, gender and environmental factors, including family and the media, on the development of brand symbolism in pre-school children based on 56 children and parent dyad interviews.FindingsResults confirmed the primary influence of age, television exposure and parental communication style on three to five-year-old children’s understanding of brand symbolism. The study demonstrates that the tendency to infer symbolic user attributes and non-product-related associations with brands starts as early as two years, and increases with age throughout the pre-school years. Children exposed to more television and less critical parental consumer socialisation strategies are more likely to prefer branded products, believe that brands are better quality and that they make people happy and popular.Social implicationsIdentifying the factors that influence the development of symbolic brand associations in pre-school children provides an important contribution to public policy discussions on the impact of marketing to young children.Originality/valueThe paper extends existing research by considering, for the first time, the role of environmental factors in pre-schooler’s understanding of brand symbolism. The results provide a more informed basis for discussion about the impact of marketing messages on very young children and the environmental factors that may lead to a more critical engagement with brands.

Patterns of nonverbal parental communication: A social and situational contexts approach

Nonverbal communication plays an important role in parent–child interactions; however, previous studies have focused on patterns of verbal parental communication. The current study expands the existing research to patterns of nonverbal parental communication. This study presents a social and situational contexts approach to explain various nonverbal parental communication styles. Parent–child interactions ( n = 240) in structured joint-game sequences were filmed in families’ homes and analyzed using a mixed multivariant design. Confirmatory factor analysis produced a conceptualization of patterns of nonverbal parental communication: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Multifaceted analyses revealed significant effects of a range of social and situational contexts. The findings delineated the contexts that activated diverse nonverbal parental communication styles. The proposed theoretical and analytical framework contributes to the research of parent–child interactions and establishes a social and situational approach for patterns of nonverbal parental communication.

DEVELOPMETRIC REPORT ON PROPERTIES OF AGGRESSIVE AND WARM-HEARTED DIRECTIVENESS SCALE (DAIS-R) AND ITS APPLICATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF PARENTAL COMMUNICATION STYLE

Istnieje wiele kontrowersji wokół definicji dyrektywności, jak również jej wpływu na interakcje międzyludzkie i interakcje rodzic–dziecko, która jest przedmiotem szczególnej troski w psychologii. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono skalę DAiS-R, przeznaczoną do pomiaru dyrektywności rodzicielskiej. Skala DAiS-R została zbudowana, aby ocenić poziom i rodzaj dyrektywności, który jest zdefiniowany jako akt mowy, którego celem jest zachęcanie partnera do robienia czegoś. Wyłoniono dwa rodzaje dyrektywności: agresywną i serdeczną. Badania przeprowadzono na próbie składającej się z 977 osób. Trafność teoretyczna skali została zweryfikowana za pomocą konfirmacyjnej analizy czynnikowej. Skalę cechuje wysoka rzetelność. Dyrektywność serdeczna i agresywna są skorelowane ujemnie. Skala DAiS-R nie jest skorelowana ze Skalą Dyrektywności Raya. Skala ma zastosowanie do oceny stylu komunikacji rodziców. Prowadzone wcześniej badania ujawniły, że na podstawie wyników rodziców uzyskiwanych w skali można przewidzieć zachowanie dziecka w przedszkolu. Analiza potwierdziła nie tylko przydatność skali, lecz także zdecydowanie wykazała istotny wpływ rodzicielskiego stylu komunikacji na zachowanie dzieci.

Direct Observations of Parenting and Real-Time Negative Affect Among Adolescent Smokers and Nonsmokers

This longitudinal study examined how observations of parental general communication style and control with their adolescents predicted changes in negative affect over time for adolescent smokers and nonsmokers. Participants were 9th- and 10th-grade adolescents (N = 111; 56.8% female) who had all experimented with cigarettes and were thus at risk for continued smoking and escalation; 36% of these adolescents (n = 40) had smoked in the past month at baseline and were considered smokers in the present analyses. Adolescents participated separately with mothers and fathers in observed parent–adolescent problem-solving discussions to assess parenting at baseline. Adolescent negative affect was assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 24 months via ecological momentary assessment. Among both smoking and nonsmoking adolescents, escalating negative affect significantly increased risk for future smoking. Higher quality maternal and paternal communication predicted a decline in negative affect over 1.5 years for adolescent smokers but was not related to negative affect for nonsmokers. Controlling maternal, but not paternal, parenting predicted escalation in negative affect for all adolescents. Findings suggest that reducing negative affect among experimenting youth can reduce risk for smoking escalation. Therefore, family-based prevention efforts for adolescent smoking escalation might consider parental general communication style and control as intervention targets. However, adolescent smoking status and parent gender may moderate these effects.

Parental Communication Style's Impact on Children's Attitudes Toward Obesity and Food Advertising

There have been numerous discussions about what factors influence children's obesity level and their attitudes toward advertising. Among many possible factors, parental influence cannot be ignored, because children (7–12 years old) generally spend more time with their parents than with anybody else. This study investigates the possible influences of parental communication styles/patterns while watching TV with their children on their children's obesity level (body mass index) as well as parental influence's effect on children's attitudes toward TV snack/fast‐food ads. The results reveal that parental communication styles/patterns significantly influence children's obesity level and their attitude toward TV snack/fast‐food ads.

Parental communication style and family relationships in children of bipolar parents

To examine relationships between parental communication styles and family environment in parents with bipolar disorder (BD) and their children (CBP). On measures of parental communication styles and family environment, 20 BD parents and their 23 children (CBP) were compared to controls. Children completed a current mood measure. BD parents endorsed more negative communication styles and were less expressive than controls. CBP presented with more current or lifetime mood disorder diagnoses than control children (CC). Current depressive mood was associated with different perceptions of family environment for both CBP and CC. This familial high risk design indicated differences in family environment, parenting style, and in children of bipolar parents' perception of their family environment as it relates to their current mood.

Children’s perception of their influence over purchases: the role of parental communication patterns

Socialisation by children is seen as taking place within a socio‐cultural environment where family patterns of communication play a pivotal role. The socio‐ and concept‐orientation are two predominant parental communication styles that are likely to affect the perceived influence that children believe they hold. This study focuses on the perceived influence of children resulting from the communication pattern adopted by parents. Research is conducted among a dyad consisting of parent and child that visit a recreational site. Results are reported, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for future research are made.

Diagnostic Disclosure to HIV-Infected Children: How Parents Decide when and what to Tell

The objective of this study was to assess parental decision-making about illness disclosure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. This is a cross-sectional study of 51 children with HIV infection based on parent interviews, child cognitive testing, clinical assessments and medical records. Only 43% of children had been told their HIV diagnosis. Qualitative analysis of parental decision- making about illness disclosure varied by child developmental level. Factors influencing parental decision to disclose the child’s HIV status including parental communication style, parental illness, child’s rights, treatment adherence, child questions and provider pressures, whereas concerns about HIV stigma and potential emotional distress were most frequently identified as reasons for non- disclosure. Central decision-making factors for parental HIV disclosure and reported outcomes of disclosure are described. Pediatric HIV disclosure represents a complex task for parents caring for the HIV-infected child, one in which the child’s development and the family’s community should be considered in the setting of a potentially stigmatizing infectious illness.

Differential parental communication with adolescents who are disabled and their healthy siblings

Purpose: To examine the levels of parental communication and differential conversational styles with adolescents who are disabled and their healthy siblings, to better understand why the adolescent who is disabled has a higher risk of psychosocial problems during the transition into adulthood. Methods: Families who had a disabled adolescent and at least one other adolescent who was not disabled were videorecorded during dinner at home. Twenty adolescents (12 girls and 8 boys) and their families participated. Analyses were conducted on the 392 interactions. Results: Not only did the healthy adolescents participate in family interactions at higher frequencies than the adolescents who were disabled F(1, 383) = 14.00, p < .001, but the interactions were also more meaningful with healthy adolescents, F(2, 383) = 5.25, p < .01. Furthermore, healthy siblings had significantly greater conversational control than did their siblings with disabilities, χ 2 (1) = 14.36, p < .001. Parents responded more negatively when adolescents who were disabled initiated a topic in comparison with their response to the healthy siblings, F(2, 69) = 5.44, p < .01. Finally, adolescents with disabilities were ignored more often than their healthy siblings, z = −3.75, p < .001, and they did not monopolize the conversation as often as did their healthy siblings, z = −3.91, p < .001. Conclusion: These results suggest that adolescents who are disabled may be at a disadvantage when engaged in family interactions in contrast with their healthy siblings.

The impact of coping styles and family communication on the social skills of children of alcoholics.

This study examined the relationship between parents alcoholism and their young adult children's social skills. Although parental alcoholism was hypothesized to be negatively related to children's social skills, this relationship was hypothesized to be moderated by family communication styles and young adults' coping styles. Prior to the actual study, potential subjects were screened on a measure of parental alcoholism. To compensate for the positively skewed distribution of this variable, a greater percentage of those in the upper extreme of the scale were invited to participate in the study. For the study, 143 students (77 female) completed self-report measures of parental alcoholism, social skills, family communication and coping styles. Subjects also had a sibling complete measures of parental alcoholism and family communication. Results indicated no significant differences in adult children's social skills as a function of parental alcoholism. Furthermore, family communication and young adults' coping styles did not appear to moderate this relationship. This is one of a growing number of studies that show that children may exhibit undisturbed psychosocial functioning despite having an alcoholic parent.