Parent-Child Relationship Inventory Research Articles

Children's Temperament: A Bridge between Mothers' Parenting and Aggression.

Childhood aggression is important to acknowledge due to its social impact and importance in predicting future problems. The temperament of a child and parental socialization have been essential in explaining behavioral problems, particularly in the case of childhood aggression. The aim of this study is to examine—from the parents’ perspective—the role of childhood temperament in the dynamic by which mothers’ reactions socialize their children’s aggression. We also explore how children’s gender and age differences affect these relationships. The sample was composed of 904 participants between 1 and 6 years old. The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire and the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire were used to evaluate children’s negative affect and effortful control. The Parent–Child Relationship Inventory Maternal was used to assess maternal communication and discipline, and child aggression was assessed using the Children’s Behavior Checklist. The results supported the mediating role of temperament in the processes by which perceived mothers’ reactions socialize their children’s aggression and suggested that maternal behaviors may not have the same consequences for girls and boys. Specifically, the aggressiveness of girls is dependent on a negative affect throughout toddlerhood and early childhood, while for boys, the duration of the negative affect’s contribution is shorter, and aggressiveness is more sensitive to the maternal behaviors of discipline and communication.

Effects of the ‘Circle of Security’ group parenting program (COS-P) with foster carers: An observational study

The Circle of Security-Parent DVD program (COS-P) is a widely used parenting intervention that is gaining popularity globally as it is currently being delivered across several continents. Despite the uptake of COS-P, there is limited research on its effectiveness for specific groups. Here we present a multi-site evaluation of a group delivery of the eight-week COS-P program to foster carers (n = 54) of 6–12 year-old children in an urban community as facilitated by community-based providers from a specialist child and youth mental health services (n = 2). Three measures, the Parent Stress Index, the Parent Child Relationship Inventory, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, were used to assess functioning via a pre-post treatment design. Foster carers who participated in COS-P reported reductions in levels of emotional and behavioural difficulties for the children in their care. They also reported reductions in parent–child dysfunctional interactions and parental distress. Finally, program completion appeared to be associated with a reduction in foster carers’ perceptions of their foster child as being difficult to take care of, and with lower levels of overall stress related to their role as a foster carer. These findings, and their implications for service delivery and future research, are discussed.

Is the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) Valid for Family Measurement in Hebrew-Speaking Parents? A Report with Evidence on the Validity and Reliability of the Hebrew Version of the PCRI

The Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) is one of the most used instruments in child custody contexts, and it is also designed for clinical and research usages. This study aimed to initially analyze the psychometric properties of the Hebrew form of the PCRI in an Israeli sample of mothers and fathers. The sample consisted of 133 parents, 80 mothers (Mage = 39.66 ± 6.23) and 53 fathers (Mage = 46.74 ± 7.84), who completed the PCRI form, the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and a social desirability scale. Apart from the Autonomy scale, the PCRI scales exhibited good internal consistency reliability, and support for the measure’s construct validity was obtained among mothers and fathers through correlations with the PAQ’s theoretically relevant scale (i.e., the Authoritative scale). The PCRI scales also demonstrated negligible associations with a social desirability indicator. Taken together, the Hebrew form of the PCRI initially seems to be an acceptable index for parenting core aspects in the context of parent-child relationship. This conclusion is discussed in the light of the study’s limitations and the necessity for further validity evidence.

Paternal and Maternal Variables Related to Depression in Childhood.

Several studies have highlighted the relationship between parenting styles and depression in children. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether there are differences in the parenting practices received by two groups of children who obtain low-risk and high-risk scores respectively in relation to depression and determine which parenting variables are linked with the presence or absence of this kind of internalizing problem. From a sample of 550 subjects, obtained by probabilistic cluster sampling, we selected 140 children between 3 and 12 years of age who met a set of specific criteria as having high risk scores (70 children) for depression according to the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) or having low scores in this variable (70 children). Then, the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) was applied to both parents. We carried out a binomial logistic regression analysis which resulted in a prediction model for 89.3% of the sample, based on the following parenting variables: limit setting and involvement from the mothers, and parental support, autonomy, satisfaction with parenting, and communication from the fathers. Finally, the usefulness of our results to plan intervention strategies within families of children with depression is discussed.

Relationship between Parenting Style and Anxiety in a Spanish Children Sample

The aim of this study is to ascertain whether there are any differences in the parenting practices experienced by two groups of children with, respectively, low-risk and high-risk scores for anxiety. A second objective is to determine which parenting variables are linked with the presence or absence of this kind of internalizing problem. From a sample of 550 subjects, we selected 180 children between 3 and 12 years of age who met a set of specific criteria as having either high risk scores (90 children) or low risk scores (90 children) for anxiety, according to the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). After applying the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI-M) to both parents, we carried out a binomial logistic regression analysis which resulted in a prediction model for 83.9% of the sample. The model was based on the following parenting variables: paternal involvement and support for autonomy, and maternal parental support, satisfaction with parenting, involvement, limit setting and role orientation. The paper also discusses the usefulness of our results for the planning of family intervention strategies. The information obtained has broad applications for interventions with families with anxious children, since parents’ responses to the instruments used revealed patterns of behaviour that can be modified in both parents and children.

ROLE OF PARENT’S ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE AND PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP IN INCREASING SELF-ESTEEM OF CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA

Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder due to difficulties in phonological processing that impacts on the fluency and reading comprehension ability. The aim of this research is to identify the role of parents’ attributional style and parent-child relationship in determining the level of self-esteem in children with dyslexia. There are 24 respondents who consist of the parent or the caregiver of children with dyslexia along with the child were invited to participate in this research. The method used in this research is a cross-sectional study design using a quantitative approach. The researcher used three different tests to measure the variables involved. Tests used in this research consist of Causal Dimensional Scale II, Parent-Child Relationship Inventory and Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale. Results showed there is a significant relationship between parents’ attributional style and level of self-esteem in children with dyslexia. Attributional style measured in this research consists of four dimensions namely, locus of causality, external control, stability, and personal control. However, only two of the dimensions mentioned above are significantly related to the level of self-esteem in children with dyslexia. The two dimensions are external control (r = 0.408, p > 0.05) and personal control (r = 0.557, p > 0.05). Whereas, results showed there is no significant relationship between the parent-child relationship and the level of self-esteem of children with dyslexia. In a nutshell, the role of parents’ attributional style in determining the level of self-esteem in children with dyslexia is notably significant while the relationship of parent-child does not influence the level of self-esteem in children with dyslexia.

Relationship Quality among Chronically Ill Children and their Parents

The present study examined the quality of parent–child relationships as reported by 383 parents of chronically ill children. The medical condition category, child’s mobility, education type and childcare assistance were examined. Parents answered the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI). In addition, 45 parents of chronically ill children were interviewed. The results indicated a significant difference in most aspects of the PCRI (limit setting, promotion of autonomy, communication, satisfaction and involvement) across medical condition categories. Further child variables (mobility, assistance and education type) had an effect on the PCRI subscales as well. Interview analysis revealed a difference in the reported quality of parent–child relationships between medical conditions categories. Parents of mentally ill children primarily felt anger and guilt in their relationship with their ill children, whereas parents of children with cancer and autoimmune disease primarily felt depressed. Our results suggest the need for further study of parent–child relationships in and between different chronic childhood medical conditions in an attempt to address parents’ and children’s needs in an optimal way.

Psychometric properties of the “parent-child relationship inventory” (PCRI) in a portuguese forensic sample

ABSTRACTIn Portugal, there is a gap regarding psychological tests validated for forensic contexts, particularly those related to child custody issues. The Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) is one of the most used instruments in child custody contexts. This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of PCRI in a Portuguese forensic sample. PCRI factorial structure and psychometric properties were analyzed in a sample of 144 parents involved in child custody assessments. The questionnaire showed good internal consistency, except for the parental support, autonomy, and role orientation scales. It also showed good discriminant capacity. The confirmatory factor analysis did not replicate the 7-factor model proposed by Gerard. The results were discussed based on the use of PCRI in the context of child custody assessment.

Enhancing parent-child relationship through dialogic reading

Dialogic reading (DR) has been identified as an effective strategy for enhancing children’s literacy skills in Western and Asian contexts. Given that storytelling is a shared experience between adults and children, parent–child relationships is hypothesised to be enhanced by DR. Despite this possibility, there has been no systematic attempt to examine the possible impacts of DR on the parent–child relationship. This study bridges this gap in the literature by studying the relationship between adults and children before and after training in the practice of dialogic reading techniques. Forty-eight Cantonese-speaking parents with children aged between 3 and 12 were recruited from schools. They were assessed prior to and after undergoing a four-hour dialogic reading training programme with a two-hour follow-up session using the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory. The results of this study suggest that DR has considerable potential for improving parent–child relationships. The findings are discussed in relation to the situation of Chinese learners in the Hong Kong context.

PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Abstract:The family plays a crucial role throughout the child’s life, being responsible for raising him/her according to certain values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors accepted both in the family and respective society/culture. Specifically, parent-child relationship is proved to affect interpersonal skills and relationships, behaviors, academic achievement and professional, amongst others. Research shows that for a healthy, positive, and adaptive development, a close, warm, supportive, and accepting parent-child relationship should have place. In this research, it was aimed to analyze parent–child relationships in a very specific and idiosyncratic context that has been under lots of recent economic, social, cultural, and, we assume, familiar changes and that has been understudied: United Arab Emirates. Concretely, we explored Emirati parents’ perceptions on seven main dimensions of parent–child relationships: parental support and satisfaction, involvement, communication, limiting setting, autonomy and role orientation. The participants were 122 Emirati parents, mostly mothers (73.8%) and married (96.3%), with ages between 21 and 63 years old (M=35.98, SD= 9.172), and with different levels of education (50% of the parents have a bachelor degree). The instrument used was the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI), a standardized instrument published by the Western Psychological Services that integrates 78 items with a 4-point agreement Likert scale, divided by the dimensions previously presented plus a validity indicator (social desirability). All the questionnaires were individually administered, and descriptive and correlational analyses were performed to understand Emirati parents’ attitudes towards their children and explore how the PCRI dimensions interrelate. Overall, Emirati parents perceive themselves as satisfied, involved and communicative with their children, meanwhile they face some difficulties in establishing limits and promoting autonomy, and tend to accept and apply within their families traditional gender roles. The dimensions of the PCRI exhibit a global pattern of positive and moderate intercorrelation, consistent with the theoretical background of this instrument.Keywords: Parent-Child relationship; United Arab Emirates; Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI).Resumen:RELACIONES PADRE-HIJO EN LOS EMIRATOS ÁRABES UNIDOS (EAU)La familia juega un papel fundamental en la vida del niño, siendo responsable por criarlo conforme valores, creencias, actitudes y comportamientos aceptados en la familia y sociedad. La relación padres-hijos afecta las habilidades interpersonales y relaciones, comportamientos, rendimiento académico y profesional. Estudios muestran que, para un desarrollo saludable, positivo y adaptativo, es necesario una relación cerca, cálida, de apoyo y aceptación. Esta investigación analizó las relaciones entre padres y hijos en un contexto muy peculiar tras muchos cambios economicos, sociales, culturales y familiares, que han sido poco estudiadas: los EAU. En concreto, hemos explorado las percepciones de los padres en siete dimensiones de las relaciones entre padres e hijos: apoyo y satisfacción de los padres, participación, comunicación, establecimiento de límites, autonomía y orientación del rol parental. Fueron inquiridos 122 personas, en su mayoría madres (73,8%), casados (96,3%), con edades entre 21 y 63 años (M=35.98, SD=9,172), y con diferentes niveles de educación (50% de los padres tienen un título de grado). Se utilizó el Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI), un instrumento estandarizado publicado por Western Psychological Services que integra 78 items con una escala de acuerdo Likert de 4 puntos, entre las dimensiones anteriormente presentadas, además de un indicador de validez (deseabilidad social). Todos los cuestionarios fueron administrados individualmente, y análisis descriptivas y de correlación se realizaron para comprender las actitudes de los padres a sus hijos y explorar cómo las dimensiones del PCRI se interrelacionan. En general, los padres se perciben como satisfechos, participativos y comunicativos con sus hijos, mientras enfrentan algunas dificultades en el establecimiento de límites y la promoción de autonomía, y tienden a aceptar y aplicar dentro de sus familias los roles de género tradicionales. Las dimensiones del PCRI exhiben un patrón global de intercorrelación positiva y moderada, en consonancia con el marco teórico de este instrumento.Palabras claves: Relaciones padre-hijo; Emiratos Árabes Unidos (EAU); Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI).

Relationship between perceived limit-setting abilities, autism spectrum disorder severity, behaviour problems and parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder

Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is high and impacts perceptions about parenting. This study examined the relationship between parenting stress and observer-perceived limit-setting ability. Participants' perceptions of other parents' limit-setting ability were assessed by showing participants video clips of parenting behaviours. Mothers of 93 children with autism spectrum disorder completed an online survey regarding the severity of their own child's autism spectrum disorder (Social Communication Questionnaire), their child's behaviour problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and their own levels of parenting stress (Questionnaire on Resources and Stress). They were shown five videos of other parents interacting with children with autism spectrum disorder and were asked to rate the limit-setting abilities observed in each video using the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory. Higher parenting stress negatively related to judgements about others' limit-setting skills. This mirrors the literature regarding the relationship between self-reported parenting stress and rating child behaviour more negatively. It suggests that stress negatively impacts a wide range of judgements and implies that caution may be required when interpreting the results of studies in which parenting skills are assessed by self-report.

Effectiveness of an Intervention Program to Improve Parent-Adolescent Relationships

Parent education has expanded in recent decades as one of the effective intervention strategies and different programs in this field have been designed and implemented. The purpose of most of these programs is to increase the role of parents and improve parent-child relationship. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effectiveness of educational strategies to improve the relationship between parents and their adolescents. The present study is a quasi-experimental design with single group with pre-posttests design. Sample included 65 parents of preschool and primary school students from private schools in Tehran. These parents participated in a briefing held by the officials of the workshops and the objectives as well as the topics were introduced to them. Finally, parents who tended to participate in the workshops were enrolled. In each workshop, experienced and trained instructors taught strategies to improve the relationships of parents and adolescents. Workshops were held once a week in 5 sessions, each for 2hours. Effectiveness of these workshops was evaluated by using Baumrind's Parenting Style Scale and Parent–Child Relationship Inventory. Participants completed these instruments before any training and also after taking all of the training sessions of the workshops. Although findings of the current research suggest that training programs increase the average scores for some factors of parenting style and parent-child relationship, they were not statistically significant, except for the parenting satisfaction subscale of The Parent-Child Relationship Inventory. Overall results showed that the intervention program had minimal positive impact on parenting style and parent-child relationship.

Child Custody Evaluations: Review of the Literature and Annotated Bibliography

This review of custody evaluation literature encompasses a number of perspectives gleaned from the following: practitioners who perform the evaluations; the professional organizations that recognize the necessity to establish performance standards for practitioners; and the judges who depend on the findings and recommendations in the evaluations to assist with difficult custody decisions.General agreement exists among practitioners about the components of a comprehensive evaluation (interviews of adults responsible for child care, interviews of children and their preferences, life histories, observations, psychological testing, document review, and collateral source data), though little consensus exists about the details of performance concerning a given component. For instance, many authors recommend direct parent-child observations, but there is little agreement about observational protocols (Hynan, 2002). Choice of psychological test(s) is largely left to the discretion of the evaluator (Turkat, 2005), though evaluators are urged to choose tests that address issues of parenting capacity (AFCC Standards, 2006; DeWard, 2005). Stark differences of opinion exist concerning the suitability of using several commonly employed tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Rorschach, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - III (MCMI-III). One author believes these tests were designed for other uses and should be excluded from the custody evaluation process (Ericson, 2007), while others assert that these tests are helpful to verify information reported by parents, children, and others in disputed custody cases (Jaffe & Mandeleew, 2008). Parent inventory tests designed for use in custody evaluations, such as the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (Gerard, 2005) and the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1995), are used more frequently since the inception of the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines (1994) (Quinnell & Bow, 2001).

The Moderating Role of Children’s Effortful Control in the Relation Between Marital Adjustment and Parenting

The aim of this work was to analyze the relation between marital adjustment and parenting practices in a sample of 474 Spanish children aged between 6 and 8 years. Thus, we examined the moderating role of children’s temperament (negative emotionality and effortful control) in this relation. To measure marital adjustment, parenting practices and children’s temperament, parents were given the marital adjustment test, the Spanish version of the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory, and the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire. The results confirmed that higher marital satisfaction predicted more positive parenting practices, whereas lower marital adjustment scores predicted less parenting support and control. Using a statistical modeling approach, we tested a moderation model that revealed the moderating role of effortful control in the relation between marital adjustment and parenting. Concretely, higher marital satisfaction predicts higher parenting communication and involvement, but only in children with low levels of effortful control. No moderating role was found for the negative emotionality construct. Several implications of the data are discussed.

An Exploratory Study of Domains of Parenting Concern among Mothers Who Are Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors

This study conducted an exploratory factor analysis and initial validation of Ruscio’s (2001) parenting attitudes questionnaire, which assessed parenting concerns among child sexual abuse survivors. Child sexual abuse survivor mothers (N = 60) reported on their abuse experiences and completed the parenting attitudes questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and subscales of the Parenting Stress Index and the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory. Three primary factors emerged: (a) concerns regarding the child’s sexuality and safety, (b) boundary disturbances within the child–survivor relationship, and (c) lack of energy for parenting due to recovery issues. Concerns about safety and sexuality and lack of energy for parenting were robust predictors of parenting outcomes. Assessment of such concerns may facilitate discussion of the balance between recovery work and parenting challenges.

Gender as predictor of social rejection: the mediating/moderating role of effortful control and parenting. [El género como predictor de rechazo social: el papel mediador / moderador del control con esfuerzo y crianza de los hijos

The aim of this work was to analyze the gender differences found in a sample of 474 spanish children aged between 6 and 8 years with respect to peer rejection using a sociometric status technique. Thus, we analyzed how temperament (Effortful Control) and parenting practices (Parental support and Discipline) were involved in this relation. To measure social rejection we used the nominations method in the classroom context, while for temperament and parenting practices, parents were given a TMCQ (Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire; Simmonds and Rothbart, 2004) and the Spanish version of the PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory; Gerard, 1994). Using an statistical modeling approach, we tested various mediation/moderation models until the best one with selected variables was found to explain the relation between these variables. The results confirmed gender differences in social rejection, with boys being rejected more than girls. The model that gave the best fit was the one that placed effortful control latent variable mediating the relation between gender and social rejection and parenting practices as a latent explanatory variable of effortful control. In conclusion, differences between girls and boys in social rejection are to a large extent explained by the significantly lower scores for boys in effortful control construct and, in turn, these lowest scores are explained by negative parental practices, with low levels of support and discipline.

Translation and Validation of the Chinese Version of Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI-C) in Hong Kong

The objective of this study was to describe the translation procedure and examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Parent–child Relationship Inventory (PCRI)—an instrument used for assessing parenting competencies for child custody evaluation (Gerard 1994). This instrument measures the parenting skills, attitudes towards parenting and parental attitudes towards their children. Mainland China and Hong Kong Chinese parents (N = 222) who have children ages 3 to 15 y old studying in Hong Kong completed the PCRI. Both within-network and between-network approaches to construct validation were used. Responses to this questionnaire were shown to have good internal consistency reliability, and support is provided for its construct validity in terms of its correlations PSI—a theoretically relevant measure. Implications for education and cross-cultural research are discussed.

The Relationship Development Assessment – Research Version: Preliminary validation of a clinical tool and coding schemes to measure parent-child interaction in autism

The aim of this project was to replicate and extend findings from two recent studies on parent-child relatedness in autism (Beurkens, Hobson, & Hobson, 2013; Hobson, Tarver, Beurkens, & Hobson, 2013, under review) by adapting an observational assessment and coding schemes of parent-child relatedness for the clinical context and examining their validity and reliability. The coding schemes focussed on three aspects of relatedness: joint attentional focus (Adamson, Bakeman, & Deckner, 2004), the capacity to co-regulate an interaction and the capacity to share emotional experiences. The participants were 40 children (20 with autism, 20 without autism) aged 6-14, and their parents. Parent-child dyads took part in the observational assessment and were coded on these schemes. Comparisons were made with standardised measures of autism severity (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADOS: Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 2001; Social Responsiveness Scale, SRS: Constantino & Gruber, 2005), relationship quality (Parent Child Relationship Inventory, PCRI: Gerard, 1994) and quality of parent-child interaction (Dyadic Coding Scales, DCS: Humber & Moss, 2005). Inter-rater reliability was very good and, as predicted, codes both diverged from the measure of parent-child relationship and converged with a separate measure of parent-child interaction quality. A detailed profile review revealed nuanced areas of group and individual differences which may be specific to verbally-able school-age children. The results support the utility of the Relationship Development Assessment - Research Version for clinical practice.

Autism Severity and Qualities of Parent–Child Relations

The aim of this study was to examine how severity of autism affects children's interactions (relatedness) and relationships with their parents. Participants were 25 parent-child dyads that included offspring who were children with autism aged from 4 to 14years. The severity of the children's autism was assessed using the calibrated severity metric of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Gotham et al. in J Autism Dev Disord 39:693-705, 2009). Parent-child dyads were videotaped in 10-min semi-structured play interactions, and qualities of interpersonal relatedness were rated with the Dyadic Coding Scales (Humber and Moss in Am J Orthopsychiatr 75(1):128-141, 2005). Quality of relationships between parents and children were evaluated with a parent self-report measure, the Parent Child Relationship Inventory (Gerard in Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) manual. WPS, Los Angeles, 1994). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that severity of autism was inversely related to patterns of parent-child interaction but not to reported quality of parent-child relationship. We consider the implications for thinking about relatedness and relationships among children with autism, and opportunities for intervention.

La interacción entre padres e hijos y su relación con los problemas de conducta externalizante

This current study proposes to analyse the possible relationship which exists between externalizing problem behaviour in children reported by parents through the BASC (Behaviour Assessment System for Children), and the parenting style according to the PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory) composed of seven factors such as support, satisfaction with parenting, involvement, communication, limit setting, autonomy granting, and role orientation, in a sample of 278 children (152 male & 126 female) between 3 and 14 years old. The results show the existence of a significant relationship between exter nalizing problem behaviour in children and the majority of the parenting factors. Furthermore, a model is established which is able to predict 30,7% of the variance with respect to externalizing problem behaviour in children, made up by limit setting from both parents, communication and role orientation from the fathers, and support from the mothers. Finally, the utility of results to raise intervention strategies within the family based on limit setting is discussed.