Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale Research Articles

How general functioning of family affects gambling-related beliefs: the mediating role of communication and the moderating role of impulsivity trait.

Gambling behaviors can be exhibited by individuals raised in families with impaired parent-child communication and individuals with more impulsive traits. However, it remains unclear how gambling-related beliefs are modulated by impulsivity traits and parent-child communication styles. A total of 95 adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) diagnosed via DSM-5 criteria with gambling disorder (GD) completed our questionnaire. Participants filled out pen-and-paper questionnaires that included basic demographic information, the Family Assessment Device (FAD), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), Gambling Attitude and Belief Survey (GABS), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). We used a moderation mediation model to explore the relationship between variables. The study results were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05, or the 95% confidence interval did not contain zero. The scores of the problems in communication with mother subscale (PCMS) of PACS were significantly positively correlated with the scores of GABS and the general functioning 12-item subscale (GF12) of FAD. The relationship between the scores of GF12 and GABS was completely mediated [β = 4.83, (1.12, 10.02)] by PCMS scores, and the BIS scores moderated this relationship: the predictive path between GF12 and PCMS scores [index of moderated was β = -0.25, (-0.60, -0.04)], and the indirect predictive front path between the scores of GF12 and GABS were significant only in subjects with low BIS scores. These findings suggest that poor general functioning of the family may increase gambling-related beliefs as a result of communication problems with mothers, and this result is only significant for individuals with low impulsivity. When treating patients with GD, more treatment of mother-child communication issues and individual impulsivity may be more conducive to their recovery.

The Mediating Effect of Internalized Shame on the Relationship between Affiliate Stigma and Interpersonal Anxiety among Adolescent Siblings of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The study examined the mediating effect of internalized shame on the relationship between affiliate stigma and interpersonal anxiety among adolescents with siblings who had autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the moderated mediating effect of mother-adolescent communication openness. The participants consisted of 139 adolescents (boys 48.9%, high-school students 79.8%) who had siblings with ASD. Interpersonal anxiety, affiliate stigma, internalized shame, and mother-adolescent communication openness were measured using the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (La Greca &amp; Lopez, 1998), the Affiliate Stigma Scale (Mak &amp; Cheung, 2008), the Internalized Shame Scale (Cook, 1988), and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Barnes &amp; Olson, 1982), respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Process Macro Models 4 and 7 were used to examine the mediating effect and the moderated mediating effect. The results indicated that internalized shame mediated the effect of affiliate stigma on interpersonal anxiety among adolescents who had siblings with ASD. However, there was no significant moderated mediating effect of mother-adolescent communication openness on the relationship between affiliate stigma, internalized shame and interpersonal anxiety. These findings suggest that it is necessary to improve social awareness of individuals with ASD and their family members to prevent adolescents who have siblings with ASD from having affiliate stigma and to help them reduce interpersonal anxiety. The results also highlight the importance of counseling programs for adolescents with siblings with ASD as a way of preventing or alleviating their interpersonal anxiety by reducing internalized shame, even where they experience affiliate stigma.

The Relationship Between Parents' Communication With Students Towards Emotional Intelligence In The First Year Of The Faculty Of Medicine Undana

&#x0D; Background: Emotional intelligence is the ability of a person to regulate their emotional life by maintaining emotional harmony and expression through the skills of self-control, self-motivation, empathy and social skills. Emotional intelligence in adolescents are fundamentally formed based on the patterned form a relationship when communicating with parents.&#x0D; Objective: To analyze the relationship between parents and students' communication with emotional intelligence in the first year of the Faculty of Medicine Undana&#x0D; Methods: This study is an observational analytical method with a cross-sectional design carried out on first-year students at the Faculty of Medicine, Nusa Cendana University. The sampling technique is simple random sampling with a sample of 120 resopondents. This study used the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) questionnaire and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF). The data was analyzed univariately and bivariately using the phi coefficient test. &#x0D; Results: Phi coefficient test shows that there was no significant relationship of emotional intelligence with father communication (p=0.44) and maternal communication (p=0.447). &#x0D; Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between Parents' and Students' Communication towards Emotional Intelligence In the First Year of the Faculty of Medicine Undana &#x0D; Keywords: Parental Communication, Emotional Intelligence, First Year

Mental Health Problems amongst Left-behind Adolescents in China: Serial Mediation Roles of Parent-Adolescent Communication and School Bullying Victimisation

AbstractBackgroundAdolescent mental health is a global public health concern and parental migration has been identified as a risk factor. However, the effect mechanism remained unclear.MethodsA total of 2,737 participants (mean = 11.93, SD = 1.23) were recruited from twelve schools in migrant-sending areas in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. The participants responded to items in Child Depression Inventory, Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale, Olweus Bully or Victim Questionnaire and socio-demographic questions. Serial multiple mediation models were analysed using the bootstrapping method.ResultsCurrent and previous left-behind (LB) experience were significantly associated with higher risks of depression, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Mother–adolescent communication and school bullying victimisation, in serial order, mediated the effect of current LB status on mental health (p &amp;lt; 0.05). In terms of previously LB adolescents, parent–adolescent communication was a standalone mediator (p &amp;lt; 0.01) and the serial mediation effect of parent–adolescent communication and school bullying victimisation was significant.ConclusionsLack of parent–adolescent communication and school bullying victimisation acted as risk factors for the negative effect of LB status or experience on adolescent mental health. The importance of these two interpersonal factors motivates future intervention initiatives to support the mental health of LB adolescents from an integrated perspective.

To assess and compare the mental health of current-left-behind children, previous-left-behind children with never-left-behind children.

The study's goal was to compare the mental health of children who are now left-behind (current-LBC) to children who have never been left-behind (never-LBC). Recruits were culled from rural Chinese schools. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) were used to examine participants' migratory status, mental health, and parent-child communication (PACS). A total of 2,000 current-, 500 previous-, and 300 never-LBCs in had complete data readily accessible for research and analysis. A number of mental health issues, such as emotional symptoms, conduct, and hyperactivity issues as well as overall challenges were considerably increased when all confounding factors were taken into account in the analysis. Our findings also showed a substantial link between children's overall issues and their inability to effectively communicate with parents. Children suffer long-term consequences as a result of their parents' frequent moves. The mental health of children is closely linked to the quality of communication between parents and children. Migrant parents' ability to comprehend and communicate with their children is critical to their children's development, according to the findings of this study.

Peran Kontrol Diri sebagai Mediator Hubungan Komunikasi Efektif Orang Tua Remaja dengan Agresivitas Remaja

Aggressiveness is one of the most critical problems in adolescents in their relationships with other people. Various factors that influence adolescent aggressiveness include effective parent- adolescent communication and self-control. However, there is still limited research examining the effect of effective parent-adolescent communication on adolescent aggressive behavior, especially mediated by self-control. This study aimed to determine the effect of effective parent-adolescent communication on adolescent aggressiveness mediated by self-control. The participants of this study were 228 high school students, middle adolescence (15-18 years). Data were collected using the Parent-Adolescent Effective Communication Scale, Aggressiveness Scale, and Self-Control Scale. The hypotheses were tested using mediation analysis using the JASP statistical program. The results showed that self-control partially mediated the relationship between effective parent-adolescent communication on adolesent aggressiveness. Furthermore, parents’ communication with adolescent girls was more likely to be open than with boys. These results can be a reinforcement that effective parent-adolescent communication plays an important role in the development of a child from an early age because it supports the development of self-control and behavior of children.

Improving communication between American Indian youth and caregivers to prevent teenage pregnancy.

American Indian (AI) youth are at increased risk for poor reproductive health outcomes. Parental communication and monitoring are established predictors of sexual risk-taking among adolescents. No program evaluations of sexual risk avoidance programs have focused exclusively on AI youth and parents. This study assesses the impact of the Respecting the Circle of Life (RCL) Teenage Pregnancy Prevention program on parent-youth communication and parental monitoring through a randomized controlled trial with AI youth ages 11-19 and their trusted adults (parents/caregivers) (N = 518). RCL consists of 8-peer group and one parent-youth session. Trusted adult participants completed the Parental Monitoring Scale and the Parent Adolescent Communication Scale at baseline and 3 and 9 months post-intervention via self-report. Intervention impact was evaluated using linear regression models, which included an indicator for study group. At 3 months post, trusted adults in the intervention reported significantly higher levels of sexual health communication (P = 0.042) and spoke to their child more often about how to get condoms (P = 0.001), get birth control (P = 0.014) and protect themselves from human immunodeficiency virus (P = 0.005) compared with trusted adults in the control condition. Program impact varied by age and sex. This study adds to literature and extends findings on RCL impact.

Parent-child communication and children's psychological well-being and self-concept.

During the developmental period of life, the environment in which they grow up and the degree of communication between parents and children both have an impact on how they establish their sense of self-concept and their wellbeing. The purpose of the current study is to assess the association between psychological wellbeing, self-concept, and parent-child communication. Data was collected from 120 participants using The Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) by Barnes, H. L. (1982), The EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-being by Kern et al., 2016 and Self-concept scale (Robson, 1989). Results were analysed using Pearson correlation which suggests significant correlation was found between happiness and child communication (r=.485** N=120, p=0.00). Also, negative correlation between child communication and self-concept. However, no significant correlation was found between parent- child communication. Therefore, one possible explanation is that children might not want their parents to learn about their personal experiences initially.

Early adolescents' parent–child communication and friendship quality: A cross-lagged analysis

This study explored the two-way relationship between parent–child communication and the friendship quality of early adolescents, as well as the stability of these constructs and of gender differences, using a cross-lagged analysis. We conducted a 10-month follow-up study with 842 adolescents using the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale and the Friendship Quality Questionnaire. Results show that both father–child and mother–child communication at Time 1 significantly and positively predicted friendship quality in early adolescence as measured at Time 2; that is, the better was parent–child communication at Time 1, the higher was the friendship quality in early adolescence at Time 2. However, friendship quality at Time 1 did not significantly predict parent–child at Time 2. Additionally, parent–child communication and friendship quality were better among children in seventh compared to eighth grade. Girls' friendship quality was higher than that of boys, whereas boys' parent–child communication was better than that of girls.

Effect of time on quality of parent-child communication in pediatric cancer.

A diagnosis of childhood cancer results in new parent-child communication challenges. Little is known about how communication changes over time after diagnosis or relapse. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time since diagnosis and relapse on quality of parent-child communication. We hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between time and quality of parent-child communication. Cross-sectional study in children (7-17years) with relapsed/refractory cancer and their caregivers, who spoke English, were not cognitively impaired, and had internet access. Parents were recruited through Facebook ads. Parents and children completed the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), a 20-item measure of communication quality, with openness and problem subscales. Spearman's rho (rs ) coefficients assessed correlations between PACS scores and time since diagnosis/relapse. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between parent PACS scores and time since child's cancer diagnosis (rs =-0.21, p=.02), indicating a tendency for overall worsening communication as time since diagnosis increased. There was a positive correlation between the parent PACS problem scores and time since diagnosis (rs =+0.22, p=.01), indicating more problematic communication as time since diagnosis increased. Correlations of time since relapse and PACS scores were small and not statistically significant. Parent-child communication worsens over time following a child's cancer diagnosis with more communication problems, contrary to our hypothesis. Future studies are needed to evaluate intervention timing to best support parent-child communication beyond the new-diagnosis period.

Left-Behind Children, Parent-Child Communication and Psychological Resilience: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.

This study aims to examine the role of parental migration status and parent communication in the psychological and related behavioral status of left-behind children and their psychological resilience. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Anhui Province of China, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 1992 teens using the Chinese version of the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ). Compared with the never left-behind group, left behind children had relatively lower PACS, CD-RISC and SDQ scores. Absence of parents is related with poorer psychological resilience, while good parent communication is related with better psychological resilience. Better psychological resilience is related to fewer psychological problems regardless of parental migration status. Currently left-behind status demonstrated a negative influence on psychological resilience, while never left-behind status had a positive effect. Interventions are needed to enhance psychological resilience of left-behind children to prevent psychological and related behavioral problems.

Conducta sexual de riesgo y comunicación familiar en adolescentes de 3ero, 4to y 5to año del nivel secundario de una I.E. estatal de la ciudad de Iquitos

Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre la conducta sexual de riesgo y comunicación familiar enadolescentes de 3ro, 4to y 5to año del nivel secundario de una I. E. estatal de la ciudad de Iquitos.Metodología: diseño no experimental, de corte transversal y alcance correlacional. Se llevó a caboen un grupo de 500 adolescentes entre 13 y 19 años. Los instrumentos usados fueron el cuestionarioConducta Sexual de Riesgo (CSR) por Apaza (2018) y la Escala de comunicación Padres-Adolescentes(PAC) de Barnes y Olson (1982) adaptado en el Perú por Bueno, Tomas y Araujo (1998). Resultados:los resultados obtenidos demuestran que no existe asociación significativa entre el nivel de comunicacióncon el padre y las conductas sexuales de riesgo. En cambio, se aprecia que el nivel de comunicación conla madre se asocia significativamente con la edad de inicio sexual (X2=2.303; p&lt;.05), con la cantidad deparejas sexuales (X2=8.758; p&lt;.01) y uso de preservativo (X2=3.803; p&lt;.05) como medida de protección.Conclusiones: a mayor comunicación menor probabilidad en conducta sexual de riesgo.

La comunicación entre padres e hijos adolescentes y el uso del celular: un estudio comparativo en zona rural y urbana

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las diferencias entre la comunicación de padres e hijos adolescentes y el uso problemático del celular en una zona rural y urbana del departamento del Tolima. En el estudio exploratorio con diseño transversal, participaron 300 adolescentes entre los 13 y 18 años, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, la escala de comunicación padres e hijos Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) y la escala de uso problemático del celular Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUSA). Los resultados muestran asociación entre la percepción de la calidad en la comunicación con la madre y la zona de residencia. Respecto al uso del celular, preadolescentes y adolescentes hacen uso diferencial, aunque no se evidenció asociación entre el grado de uso del celular y el lugar donde habitan. En conclusión, percibir una comunicación excelente con los padres no es determinante del tipo de uso del celular (moderado o problemático), es posible que las percepciones de los hijos sobre los estilos parentales influyan en el uso de la tecnología. Aun así, se requiere de más investigación para soportar los hallazgos.

Improved parent–child communication following a RCT evaluating a legacy intervention for children with advanced cancer

Although legacy-building is a priority for quality palliative care, research has rarely examined effects of legacy interventions in children, particularly their impact on parent–child communication. We examined the impact of a web-based legacy intervention on parent–child communication. Facebook advertisements were used to recruit families of children (ages 7–17) with relapsed/refractory cancer. Parent–child dyads were randomly assigned to the intervention or usual care group. The intervention website guided children to create digital storyboards over 2 weeks by directing them to answer legacy questions about themselves and upload photographs, videos, and music. Families received a copy of the child’s final digital story. Children and parents completed the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale pre- (T1) and post-intervention (T2). Linear regressions tested for differences in change from T1 to T2 between the groups controlling for T1 values using an alpha of P<0.05. Intervention effects were measured using Cohen’s d. Ninety-seven parent–child dyads were included for analysis. Changes in parent–child communication were not statistically significantly different between the groups, yet meaningful intervention effects were observed. The strongest effects were observed for improving father–child communication (Cohen’s d = −0.22–0.33). Legacy-making shows promise to facilitate improved parent–child communication, particularly for fathers. Clinical Trials Registry: Number NCT04059393.

Parent-Child Communication Outcomes of a RCT Testing a Legacy Intervention for Children with Advanced Cancer (GP703)

•Explain gaps in legacy research for pediatric palliative care and oncology.•Explain key components of our legacy intervention for children with advanced cancer.•Explain methods of our study that was part of a larger RCT. Although legacy-building is a priority for quality palliative care, research has rarely examined effects of legacy interventions in children, particularly their impact on parent-child communication. We examined the impact of a legacy intervention on parent-child communication. We hypothesized that compared to usual care, legacy-making would improve quality of parent-child communication. Between 2015 and 2018, Facebook advertisements were used to recruit families of children (ages 7-17) with relapsed/refractory cancer. Parent-child dyads were randomly assigned to the intervention or usual care group. The intervention website guided children to create digital storyboards over 2 weeks by directing them to answer legacy questions about themselves and upload photographs, videos, and music. Families received a copy of the child's final digital story. Children and parents completed the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale pre- (T1) and post-intervention (T2). Linear regressions tested for differences in change from T1 to T2 between the groups controlling for T1 values using an alpha of p < .05. Intervention effects were measured using Cohen's d. Frequency distributions summarized parent feedback on the intervention. Ninety-eight parent-child dyads were included for analysis. Changes in parent-child communication were not statistically significantly different between the groups, yet meaningful intervention effects were observed. The strongest effects were observed for improving father-child communication (Cohen's d = 0.21-0.31). Parents reported that the intervention improved parent-child communication (72%) and child expression of feelings (86%). Although quantitative results suggest small effects of legacy-making most notably on father-child communication, qualitative findings indicate more positive experiences to the intervention for both the child and parents.

From maternal tending to adolescent befriending: The adolescent transition of social support.

Attachment theory holds that parental relationships have lifelong effects on offspring social lives. The tend-and-befriend hypothesis posits that female friendships among humans evolved as part of a primate-wide coping mechanism to mediate stress by relying on social support. Here we bridge developmental and evolutionary frameworks to examine adolescent girls' perception of their reliance on female friendship for social support, how perceptions of parental relationships affect peer relationships, and the extent to which parent and peer relationships buffer depressive symptoms. We predict perceived maternal relationship quality will be positively associated with close female friendships, and maternal relationships, paternal relationships, and female friendship will buffer depressive symptoms. Participants were adolescent girls from a summer science camp (N = 95). Participants filled out demographic information, social network surveys, the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, and the Center for Epidemiology Depression Scale. Data was analyzed with Pearson's correlations, t tests, and path analysis. Adolescent girls with few female friends, compared with girls who had more than two very close female friends, experienced more depressive symptoms (t = 3.382, p = .001, D = 0.784). Adolescent girls with few female friends experienced more depressive symptoms compared to girls with two or more very close female friends (t = 3.382, p = .001, D = 0.784). Stronger maternal and paternal relationships were associated with having more female friends (maternal: t = -3.213, p = .003, D = 0.837; paternal: t = -2.432; p = .017). In the path analysis model, only maternal relationship quality significantly predicted female friendship category (β = .33, CR = 2.770, p < .006). Furthermore, participants with two or more very close female friends and higher paternal relationship quality had significantly fewer depressive symptoms (friends; β = -.19, CR = -2.112, p = .035; paternal: β = -.33, CR = -3.220, p < .001), and older participants had more depressive symptoms (β = .17, CR = -1.931, p = .036). These results provide additional support for the tend-and-befriend hypothesis, suggesting that maternal tending sets the stage for close female friendships.

Effect of Primary Care Parent-Targeted Interventions on Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sexual Behavior and Alcohol Use

Adolescent well care visits provide opportunities for clinicians to facilitate parent-adolescent communication (PAC) to reduce pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and alcohol-related harm among adolescents. To test the effect of brief parent-targeted interventions delivered in primary care settings on PAC about sexual and alcohol use behaviors. Randomized clinical trial conducted at a primary care pediatric practice from January 4, 2016, to April 10, 2017. Adolescents who were scheduled for a well care visit were recruited, along with their parent or guardian. Data analyses continued through April 30, 2018. During well care visits, parents in sexual health intervention and alcohol prevention intervention groups received coaching to discuss written intervention materials encouraging PAC about sex or alcohol, respectively, with their adolescent within 2 weeks, followed by a brief clinician endorsement. After 2 weeks, parents received a follow-up telephone call. Control group parents received usual care. Participants were surveyed 4 months after the well care visit. Parent-reported and adolescent-reported quality of PAC was measured using the 20-item Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, in which a higher score indicates better PAC; and frequency of PAC about sex or alcohol was measured using a 4-point Likert-type scale with 1 indicating not at all or never, and 4 indicating a lot or often. Of 196 parent-adolescent dyads assessed for eligibility, 118 (60.2%) were eligible to participate. These 118 dyads were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: (1) sexual health intervention (n = 38 [32.2%]); (2) alcohol prevention intervention (n = 40 [33.9%]); and control (n = 40 [33.9%]); 104 parents (88.1%) and 99 adolescents (83.9%) completed the study. Parents included 112 women (94.9%) and had a mean (SD) age of 45.8 (6.9) years. Adolescents included 60 girls (50.9%); 67 adolescents (56.8%) were aged 14 years, and 51 adolescents (43.2%) were aged 15 years. Participant race/ethnicity reflected that of the practice (63 black adolescents [53.4%]; 46 white adolescents [38.9%]; 111 non-Hispanic adolescents [94.1%]). At baseline, 15 adolescents (12.7%) reported a history of sexual behavior and 16 adolescents (13.6%) reported a history of alcohol use. Intention-to-treat analyses found that 4 months after the intervention, adolescents in the sexual health intervention group reported a higher mean frequency score for PAC about sex compared with those in the control group (2.32 [95% CI, 1.97-2.66] vs 1.79 [95% CI, 1.50-2.08]; P = .02); adolescents in the alcohol prevention intervention group reported a higher mean frequency score for PAC about alcohol compared with those in the control group (2.93 [95% CI, 2.60-3.25] vs 2.40 [95% CI, 2.08-2.72]; P = .03). Parent-reported frequency scores for PAC about sex or alcohol did not differ by group. Brief parent-targeted interventions in primary care settings increased adolescent-reported frequency of PAC about sexual health and alcohol use and may be an important strategy for parents to influence adolescent behaviors and health outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02554682.

Factors Associated With Use of Mental Health and Substance Use Treatment Services by Justice-Involved Youths.

Nonincarcerated (community-supervised) youths who are first-time offenders have high rates of mental and substance use disorders. However, little is known about their use of psychiatric services (mental health and substance use) or factors associated with service use. This study examined the prevalence, determinants, and barriers to service use among community-supervised youths. Data were from a longitudinal study of mental health and substance use outcomes among adolescents ages 12-18 from a northeastern family court in which caregivers and youths completed assessments (N=423 dyads). The Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, assessed youths' psychiatric symptoms. The Child and Adolescent Services Assessment assessed service use and barriers. Family functioning and caregiver-adolescent communication were assessed with the McMaster Family Assessment Device and the Parent-Adolescent General Communication Scale, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses examined the cross-sectional relationship between youths' service use and determinants of use at baseline. Of the 423 youths, 49% experienced psychiatric symptoms and 36% used psychiatric services in the past 4 months. The highest adjusted odds of service use were associated with youths' psychiatric symptoms and caregivers' history of a psychiatric diagnosis. The lowest odds were associated with caregivers' identifying as being from racial and ethnic minority groups. Caregiver-reported barriers to service use differed according to prior service use and by caregiver race-ethnicity. Results suggest a need for interventions to increase access to and engagement in psychiatric services for community-supervised youths and the importance of caregiver factors in designing such interventions.

Mental Health among Left-Behind Children in Rural China in Relation to Parent-Child Communication.

In China, there are an estimated 41 million left-behind children (LBC). The objective of this study was to examine the mental health of current-left-behind children (current-LBC) and previous-left-behind children (previous-LBC) as compared to never-left-behind children (never-LBC), while considering factors like parent-child communication. Children were recruited from schools in rural areas of Anhui province in eastern China. Participants completed a questionnaire focusing on migration status, mental health, and parent-child communication, measured with the validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS). Full data were available for 1251 current-, 473 previous-, and 268 never-LBC in Anhui province. After adjusting for all confounding variables, the results showed that both current and previous parental migration was associated with significantly higher mental health difficulties, including aspects of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and total difficulties. Additionally, we found that difficulties communicating with parents were strongly associated with the presence of greater total difficulties in children. Parental migration has an independent, long-lasting negative effect on children. Poor parent-child communication is strongly associated with children’s mental health. These results indicate that parent–child communication is important for the development of children, and interventions are needed to improve migrant parents’ understanding and communication skills with their children.

면대면 및 스마트폰에서 중학생이 지각한 부모-자녀 의사소통과 부모공감능력 차이

The purpose of this study is to examine how parent-adolescent communication and parental empathy are performed in face-to-face and smart-phone communication methods respectively, and to compare the differences. For this purpose, we developed a parent-adolescent communication scale and a parental empathy scale for 304 middle school students in Seoul. For the analysis, SPSS 23.0 was used to perform frequency analysis, average, standard deviation, response sample t-test, and independent sample t-test. The results of the study were as follows. First, the overall trend comparison results showed that levels of the sympathetic emotional responses, accept perspectives, and cold emotional responses among the sub-factors of parent- adolescent open communication and the ability of the parent to empathize were relatively higher than the average in both face-to-face and smart-phone communication methods. Second, the result of differences in communication methods showed that the level of face-to-face communication method were higher than smart-phone in parent-adolescent communication and parental empathy ability. Third, in face-to-face and smart-phone communication, gender and communication contents with parents were statistically significant. This study is another meaningful in that it is an early research that explores differences between parent-adolescent communication and parental empathy ability in face-to-face and smart-phone communication methods.