Paremiological Units Research Articles

Paremiological material in teaching Russian in Arab audiences

Introduction. In the modern context of teaching Russian as Foreign Language, it is necessary to clearly understand the advantages and disadvantages of paremiological material in general and in the Arabic-speaking audience in particular. One of the advantages of paremiological units is their special national and cultural content, which makes them very attractive for teaching to foreign audiences. At the same time, the disadvantages include such characteristics of paremiological units as their etymology and structure, which complicate their understanding and correct use by foreign students. The problem of failed communication is incredibly acute in the 21st century. The paremiological fund of any language includes linguocultural and regional knowledge necessary for students studying a language for better communication with native speakers. The purpose of the article is to identify and highlight the beneficial aspects of using paremiological material in teaching Russian as Foreign Language at all stages of study. Materials and methods. This thesis uses a structural research method that allows to identify and analyze paremiological units from the point of view of their use in teaching Russian language. Also, the structural method allows to carry out the necessary analysis of Russian as foreign language teaching aids using paremiological material, which is necessary for this purpose. Research results. The study of modern research in the field of application of paremiological material in Russian as Foreign Language has shown that this issue remains relevant in linguistics and methods of teaching foreign languages in general and RFL in particular. An analysis of Russian proverbs from the point of view of their use as educational material in an Arabic-speaking audience has shown their enormous potential as a material for teaching, especially in the practice of increasing the linguistic and cultural competence of Arab students. Conclusion. Paremiological units are useful in creating phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and syntactic exercises. They can also be used to create regional studies exercises and creative assignments, which is extremely important when working with foreign audiences at advanced stages of education.

O‘ZBEK TILSHUNOSLIGIDA BARQAROR VA TURG‘UN BIRIKMALAR TASNIFI

In this article analyzes views on the classification of stable and stable compounds in Uzbek linguistics. Also, the issue of paremiological units in Turkology is covered. Linguistic features of dialect-specific stable combinations, approaches to their classification, and internal and external classification are noted.

A comparative study of paremiological units verbalizing intellectual values in karakalpak and english

This article will analyze of the structural and semantic aspects of English and karakalpak paremiological units

Linguistic and cultural features of the concept of «Beauty» in russian, english and karakalpak languages

This article describes the ways of expressing the concept of "beauty" in Russian, English and Karakalpak paremiological units, describes the corresponding linguistic means and reveals their linguistic and cultural features. The definition of the concept as a linguistic and cultural concept is given and a conclusion is drawn based on examples of the implementation of the concept of "beauty" in Russian, English and Karakalpak examples.

The <i>eye</i> lexeme conceptual sphere in differently structured languages: Based on paroemias

The article is devoted to the comparative typological analysis of Russian, English and Japanese paroemias with the eye lexeme глаз /eye /目[me] in terms of cognitive linguoculturology as one of the most dynamically developing areas in modern linguistics. We focus on the issues of the formation mechanism of the conceptual models within the framework of paremias in differently structured languages. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe paremias with the eye lexeme глаз /eye /目[me] as a micromodel of reality, reflecting the way of understanding, perception and conceptualization of the world by native speakers of Russian, English and Japanese. The subject of the study is the semantics and structure of paremiological units, such as proverbs, sayings and signs reflecting a certain nationally oriented way of the surrounding reality encoding. The comparative analysis, considering the paradigmatic and syntagmatic combinations of the eye lexeme глаз /eye /目[me] in differently structured languages, allows us to conclude that the paremiological units’ analysis contributes to the reconstruction of the so-called naive world picture, referring to earlier, ancient life periods of the particular people. The core of the national concept is the referential lexeme meaning, the peripheral layer is characterized by variability, since it reflects not only the territorial conditions, but also ancient traditions, customs, beliefs of the particular people. To achieve the goal of the undertaken research, we used the traditional descriptive and lexicographic methods, in addition to the comparative linguistic and cultural methods.

PROVERBS AND SAYINGS AS A BASIC CONCEPT OF PAREMIOLOGY

This article discusses issues such as paremiology and proverbs and aphorisms, which are its main units, the history of their creation, and their differences. As you know, paremiology studies ready-made, fixed phraseological units in the language. The history of the development of the science dates back to ancient history -the period of the development of Greek and Roman culture, we can find the definition of the first paremiological units in the works of Aristotle. In fact, the words of philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle, Demosthenes, which have come down to us, appeared in those times and are recognized as the first aphorisms. Russian linguists who created after Aristotle consider proverbs as a phraseological unit. For this reason, proverbs can be studied from two different angles, we approached proverbs as a paremiological tool.

Репрезентация женской идентичности в немецких неопаремиях с гендерным маркером

The aim of the research is to identify the combinatorial-semantic and cognitive-dynamic specificity of the reflection of female identity in neoparemias (anti-proverbs) in German with a feminine and a combined (feminine and masculine) gender marker. The scientific novelty of the research lies in applying a specially developed algorithm for linguistic analysis of neoparemias, which takes into account several aspects of studying these units and is aimed at attaining the stated aim. As a result, it was found that the principle of linguistic combinatorics serves as the basis for the formation of German neoparemias about female individuality, which includes such mechanisms of transformation of well-known paroemias as explication, substitution, contamination, combination, as well as well-known paremic models. The gender-systemic aspect of the study of neoparemias consists in identifying gender indicators, i.e., lexical, grammatical and other linguistic means indicating female gender. The method of semantic and cognitive analysis helps us to determine the meanings embedded in new paremiological units by native German speakers. The cognitive-dynamic aspect of the study is aimed at identifying non-traditional attitudes about the criteria of female identity and correlations caused by the new realities of the modern anthropocentric paradigm.

Paremiological units in the aspect of language and culture

Paremiological units in the aspect of language and culture

Paremiological Units with a Component of Mnodality Related to the Abstract Concepts in English, Tatar and Spanish Languages

Paremiological Units with a Component of Mnodality Related to the Abstract Concepts in English, Tatar and Spanish Languages

The Category of Evidentiality and the Mechanisms of its Expression in Kartvelian Proverbs

Evidentiality is a universal morphosyntactic category of text that can be expressed by morphological, syntactic and lexical means. However, its linguistic expression is diverse not only in non-related but also in related languages (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 427). Evidentiality as a universal grammatical category “is directly linked to the semantics of the utterance, expressing the attitude of the speaker to the provided information and pointing to the reliable source (direct or indirect) of information“ (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 17). The category of evidentiality is expressed on the levels of text and discourse by various means, of which the construction with indirect speech is of utmost importance. Special literature has proved that “indirect speech is historically secondary. It is obtained as a result of processing-transformation of direct speech“ (Kvachadze 1977:441). An empirical analysis has yielded proverbs of simple structure that are expressed by means of subordinate clauses only. Such proverbs are especially productive in the Kartvelian languages. The main clause in such proverbs implies the present and past tense forms of verbs of saying (‘they say’, ‘it is said’, ‘they have said’ and so on). These verbs are omitted due to ellipsis. Such proverbs mention neither a speaker nor an addressee. In such cases, the omitted part (i.e. the main clause) is compensated by particles like Georgian o which indicate indirect speech.Indirect speech particles are distributed among the Kartvelian languages as follows: It should be underlined that in Kartvelian proverbs the indirect speech particles of the 3rd person are used systematically while the particles of the 1st and 2nd persons are extremely rare. This can be explained by the fact that the indirect speech particle of the 3rd person in the Kartvelian proverbs generalises the expressed viewpoint and enhances the reliability of the context.The use of the indirect speech particles in Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan can also be analysed from the viewpoint of evidentiality. As it is known from the scholarly literature, evidentiality is expressed both morphologically and semantically in the Kartvelian languages. Different types of evidentiality are expressed differently on various language levels. For instance, in Georgian, evidentiality is expressed by perfect forms of verbs, by lexical means, by indirect speech markers, by evidential particles, etc. (Topadze-Gäumann 2011). Interestingly enough, in the Kartvelian proverbs evidentiality can have single (morphological or syntactic), double, and even multiple markers. In the latter case, it is simultaneously expressed by indirect speech particles and by evidential tenses. However, it should be noted that the natural structure of Georgian paremiological units is represented by evidential forms with single markers (mostly indirect speech particles).

Categorization of Attitude to Reality in Paremiological Units

The study deals with the proverbal semantics from the point of view of its attitude to the surrounding world as an object of cognition, evaluation, verification and verbalization. The aim of the study is to describe the main semantic types of paremiological units (proverbs) according to the criterion of “relation to reality” in empirical, axiological, ontological and logical aspects. The research was done on the material of proverbs in the Kalmyk language from the collection of V.L. Kotvich (1905). The author’s methodology of categorizing the semantics of the aphoristic units, and their differentiation into semantic types according to the criterion of “relation to reality” was used. It has been revealed, that in the proverbs all major aspects of aphoristic categorization of the reality are represented, according to which the proverbial semantics is differentiated into six categories: “nomological” and “centential” (In the empirical aspect), “truistic” and “gregarious” (In the axiological aspect), and also paradoxical (In the logical aspect) and absurd (In the ontological aspect). It has been established that the categorization of the attitude to reality in proverbs is characterized by different quantitative representation and content heterogeneity. The attitude to reality as an object of cognition and evaluation is represented to the greatest extent in proverbs, and to the least extent - as an object of verification. Proverbs of different semantic categories have a specific set of prototypes, concepts and images. The categorisation of the attitude to reality in proverbs is universal, but it is distinguished by selectivity in terms of its distribution in the semantic types and conceptual imagery, which represents the ethnolinguistic and cultural specificity of the categorisation and conceptualisation of the proverb picture of the world.

VARIABILITY IN MODERN PAREMIOLOGY AND ITS TYPES

It is an inescapable fact that we see that proverbs, which are paremiological minimums, are constantly undergoing modifications, and of course this fact reveals the necessity of studying the variability in proverbs. The variation of proverbs as relatively complex structural units compared to words is particularly relevant. Variability in paremiological units has the opportunity to show itself in many cases. So, the word in its structural composition can be used in many variants. The variability of paremic expressions may be related to the replacement of one lexeme by another, the change of the word order in the component composition, the necessity or optionality of their use. The processing of different variants of paremiological units is the most important source of expressiveness and expressiveness used to influence the recipient. They give speech dynamism and lively speech intonation. In the course of the research, we included in the analysis the lexical, morphological, structural-syntactic types of variability in the field of paremic units. The most used types of variation in proverbs are lexical, followed by morphological and syntactic variation. Variability at the syntactic level in proverbs is more fully represented, especially in the structure of syntactic units such as word combinations and sentences. New aesthetic and artistic qualities appear in the variants created during the changes in the structure of proverbs. As a result, the author’s speech becomes more emotional and its impact increases many times.

The functions of Korean proverbs in the political discourseof the English-language media of South Korea

The research is devoted to the study of Korean proverbs functioning in the political discourse of the English-language media of South Korea, the definition of their communicative and pragmatic functions. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the Korean paremiological units usage in English-language political media texts. To solve the tasks set in the work, the following research methods were used: communicative-pragmatic analysis based on the interpretation of the meaning and functions of proverbs within the context of a contextual situation; comparative analysis of paroemias in the context of interlanguage communication. To determine the role of paremiological units in the political texts in the communication process, elements of discursive analysis were also applied. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the functions of Korean proverbs are for the first time analyzed in the context of the English-speaking modern Internet media of South Korea. The development of the methodology for analyzing the functioning of the communicative and pragmatic functions of Korean proverbs in political mass media discourse should also be mentioned. According to the results, depending on the context, Korean proverbs in English-language media texts, performing a wide range of general linguistic and grammatical functions, are rarely used as exclusively directive statements. Based on the discursive situation and the personal intention of the author in highlighting a certain level of content of the proverb, the paremia can perform various functions. The multifunctionality of Korean proverbs allows the author to influence the reader regardless of belonging to the culture of the country. The research materials can be used to expand the content of practical courses for students of philological and linguistic specializations of universities, in applied educational activities.

Ethical and lingua-ecological characteristics of paremiological units of the Kazakh and Russian languages

Ethical and lingua-ecological characteristics of paremiological units of the Kazakh and Russian languages

Paradigm Shift in the Representation of Women in Anglo-American Paremiology – A Cognitive Semantics Perspective

Abstract The present paper, adopting some of the tools offered by Cognitive Linguistics, namely the mechanisms of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, is a qualitative study of a sociolinguistic nature. Its overall purpose is an attempt at exhibiting a paradigm shift in the representation of women in Anglo-American proverbs. Combining the potential of the cross-fertilisation between Cognitive Linguistics and paremiological studies, the study appertains to the sense-threads embedded in the figurative language of proverbs, with the main focus on a cognitive semantic analysis of selected Anglo-American paremias directed towards women and animals. The main goal of the research is the juxtaposition of the meaning coded in two proverbs of traditional status, as representatives of a larger group of paremiological units (i.e. A woman, a cat, and a chimney should never leave the house; A whistling girl and a crowing hen always come to no good end), reflecting the deep-rooted gender-biased ideology in patriarchal Anglo-American society, with the content of the selected anti-proverb (i.e. The early bird gets up to serve his wife breakfast in bed) and a contemporary proverb (i.e. A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle), serving as sample evidence of the heralds of a paradigm shift in the issue of gender stereotyping stored in paremiological wisdom. The paper shows that the motivation behind the use of the analysed proverbs is to be accounted for by reference to the mechanism of metaphor-metonymy interaction, while the rise of new gender-related proverbs can be regarded as a sign of socio-cultural changes. Specifically, through the medium of modern paremiology, asymmetrical representation of male and female gender, coupled with traditional masculine and feminine characteristics as well as social roles, appears if not endangered then, at least, to be taking a promising path.

THE «WEALTH - POVERTY» OPPOSITION IN THE LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF KAZAKH AND TATAR PAREMIAS)

Background. This article examines the opposition of the concepts “baylyk-baylyk”, “kedeilik-yarlylyk” in the paremiological units of the Kazakh and Tatar languages. It is well known that proverbs are mostly closely related to the external factors of human life. Paremias react realistically to phenomena, reflect an ethnic worldview, and express philosophical, aesthetic, and religiously pragmatic folk views.
 Purpose. The aim of the study is to determine the features of the expression of the oppositional concepts “baylyk-baylyk”, “kedeilik-yarlylyk” in Kazakh and Tatar paroemias.
 Materials and methods. In the research work, a detailed analysis of proverbs and sayings of the Kazakh and Tatar languages containing units of lexical and semantic groups “baylyk-baylyk”, “kedeilik-yarlylyk” was carried out. The following research methods are used in the work: conceptual, diachronic analyses, methods of comparative linguoculturological analysis.
 Results. The concepts “baylyk-baylyk”, “kedeilik-yarlylyk” in the Kazakh and Tatar paremiological system represent both universal and specific features of the linguistic world pictures of the two peoples through various ethnospecific images. As a result of the study, it was revealed that these concepts in the paremias serve as a reflection not only of the material situation, but also of the spiritual state of a person. A brief dialogue with the use of paremias is instructive in nature and often asserts the priority of moral values over material goods.
 Practical implications. The results of the research can be used both in the main course of teaching Kazakh and Tatar languages, and in elective courses of cognitive linguistics, conceptology, literary studies, folklore, and can also be useful for research in the field of linguistic worldviews of the Kazakh and Tatar peoples.

Images of a Good and Evil Person in Russian and Chinese Paremiological Pictures of the World

The linguoculturological studies in paremiology make one of the most actively developing, researchers have repeatedly analyzed the concepts of GOOD and EVIL on the material of paremias of a particular language. However, the study of character traits «good» and «evil» on the basis of the proverbs of the Russian and Chinese languages has not yet been considered, which is the novelty of this study. The article studies paremiological units of the Russian and Chinese languages, representing a good and evil person. The goal of the work is to identify common and peculiar ethno-specific features reflected in the proverbs of the Russian language against the background of their counterparts in the Chinese language, as well as to establish their motivation. To achieve this goal, methods of comparative and linguoculturological analyses were applied. The sources of the material were the proverbs dictionary, as well as data from Russian and Chinese corpora. The paper concludes that there are much more different cultural attitudes contained in the proverbs we are interested in than common ones, which causes a big difference in understanding the character traits of «good» and «evil» between native Russian and Chinese speakers. Understanding the universal and nationally marked ideas of Russians and Chinese effectively contributes to cultural communication between peoples.

Семантика нулевого количества в кабардино-черкесском языке: основные способы репрезентации

The aim of the study is to identify the main ways of representing zero-quantity semantics in the modern Kabardian language. The study is novel in that it is the first to examine and systematise in a comprehensive manner lexical, affixal, phraseological units with the semantics of zero quantity in the Kabardian language and analyse the ways of conveying the semantics of non-possession and the semantics of absence in the Kabardian language. The paper analyses the main lexical means of conveying zero-quantity semantics in the modern Kabardian language, identifies typical constructions representing zero-quantity semantics, the features of functioning and lexical composition of phraseological and paremiological units with zero-quantity semantics, examines the main word-formation means of lexemes with non-possession semantics and absence semantics. The obtained results showed that the semantics of zero quantity is implemented in the modern Kabardian language through lexical, phraseological, paremiological, word-formation means. In addition, constructions representing zero-quantity semantics, which contain a verb in a negative form, have been identified in this language.

The conceptual pair “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world: an explanation of the meanings of precedent texts for representatives of Russian linguistic culture

This article is devoted to the analysis of the conceptual pair “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world. The relevance of this study is due to the growing need for successful intercultural cooperation between Chinese and Russian cultures. Due to objective extralinguistic factors, there is an intensive exchange of knowledge between China and Russia. The flow of Chinese students to Russia is increasing; In the learning process, they are interested not so much in mastering the functioning of the Russian language system, but in understanding the “Russian world.” This process can be difficult due to the discrepancy between the original and the target cultures. The purpose of this work is to study the conceptual complex “Life – Death”, implemented in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world, on the basis of precedent texts widely known to recipients. The subject of the study is the differential characteristics of the conceptual dyad, identified in the process of analysis. The material for the work is precedent texts, in particular, poetic and paremiological units containing the lexical component “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese language. Research methods: descriptive method, conceptual analysis, linguocultural commentary method, contextual analysis, questionnaire. The analysis showed that in the system of social relations the role of each person is determined from birth. Death in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world is the other side of life; It becomes grief and loss only if the individual fails to realize his best qualities. In a certain sense, life for speakers of Chinese language consciousness is a moral achievement. The parameters of the Chinese linguistic picture of the world that we have considered constitute the fund of knowledge that will allow us to begin to comprehend the Russian linguistic picture of the world either by “comparing” mental spaces or by eliminating gaps.

ENHANCING ACCULTURATION VIA PHRASEOLOGY

The article deals with the topic of the common European heritage in the English phraseology. When speaking about the European heritage, we speak about culture, history, traditions, ceremonies shared in the European continent. Subject to analysis in phraseology are quotations of well-known persons, books, works, myths and traditions of international origin that we share in Europe. Acculturation of people is related with the concept of native culture of each person. To know the culture of the homeland is enevitable for understanding the culture of other nations. Moreover, the article deals with connections between culture and the language because they influence each other. After analysing proverbs and sayings of the Slovak and English language, it can be postulated that in most cases their target language for the Slovak as well as the English was Latin language. The existence of cross-linguistic absolute equivalents can result from the fact that idioms or in general, phraseologisms, including paremiological units, come from the same source and are cross-linguistically or even internationally shared, usually as translation loans or calques, which is also a case of some English and Slovak phraseologisms. Absolute equivalents are based on the identical imagery, symbolisms, and literally or almost literally corresponding lexical components of their basic forms.