Paramount Factors Research Articles

Nonlinear properties of uni-directional cellulose nanofiber-reinforced poly (lactic acid) composite filaments: a multiscale computational study

In the quest to elevate the mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced poly (lactic acid) composite materials for robust industrial applications, we conducted multiscale nonlinear finite element analysis rooted in homogenization theory. Our study delved into the intricate web of mechanical mechanisms and their pivotal influencers. This paper zeroed in on three paramount factors: the distribution of fibers, the fiber–matrix interface, and the aspect ratio of the fibers. For fiber distribution, we assumed fiber orientation control in fused filament fabrication and clarified the limit of material improvement by setting one-dimensional orientation as the upper limit. Our analysis of the fiber–matrix interface proposed a comprehensive three-scale structure, encompassing microstructures featuring intricate interfacial phases around the fibers, sub-microstructures with myriad dispersed fibers, and macrostructures subjected to external loads. The profound impact of the fiber–matrix interface on material properties was unveiled through a meticulous two-step homogenization process. Furthermore, we examined the substantial influence of the fiber aspect ratio on material properties. By unraveling the complex interplay among these critical factors, this research provided new design guidelines for fiber morphology to the performance of cellulose composites.

Advances in pH Sensing: From Traditional Approaches to Next-Generation Sensors in Biological Contexts.

pH has been considered one of the paramount factors in bodily functions because most cellular tasks exclusively rely on precise pH values. In this context, the current techniques for pH sensing provide us with the futuristic insight to further design therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Thus, pH-sensing (electrochemically and optically) is rapidly evolving toward exciting new applications and expanding researchers' interests in many chemical contexts, especially in biomedical applications. The adaptation of cutting-edge technology is subsequently producing the modest form of these biosensors as wearable devices, which are providing us the opportunity to target the real-time collection of vital parameters, including pH for improved healthcare systems. The motif of this review is to provide insight into trending tech-based systems employed in real-time or in-vivo pH-responsive monitoring. Herein, we briefly go through the pH regulation in the human body to help the beginners and scientific community with quick background knowledge, recent advances in the field, and pH detection in real-time biological applications. In the end, we summarize our review by providing an outlook; challenges that need to be addressed, and prospective integration of various pH in vivo platforms with modern electronics that can open new avenues of cutting-edge techniques for disease diagnostics and prevention.

DEA-driven risk management framework for oil supply chains

This paper develops a comprehensive risk management framework to optimise the Nigerian oil supply chain risk mitigation strategies. Given the complexities of the oil supply chain, this framework aids researchers and decision-makers in navigating innovative risk management approaches and considering the implementation of associated challenges. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is initially employed to prioritise risk factors, and based on obtained results, optimal response strategies are determined. The study's findings reveal that criminality and terrorist attacks are the paramount Nigerian oil supply chain risk factors. Additionally, the research identifies practical mitigation strategies, such as risk transfer, safety planning, alternative energy carriers, improved energy efficiency, emergency rescue plans, expected shortages, and diplomatic relations. This research contributes valuable insights to both academia and industry, fostering a deeper understanding of risk dynamics in the Nigerian oil sector. The framework presented offers a powerful approach to risk management, providing a foundation for informed decision-making and strategic planning in the ever-evolving landscape of supply chain dynamics.

Design passive magnetic mechanisms with modular magnet configuration for axial gas force balance in miniature scroll compressors

Miniature scroll compressors (MSCs) are recognized for their superior characteristics—compact design, silent operation and energy-saving performance. One of its main challenges is to maintain dynamic sealing between the fixed and orbiting scrolls during the operation. This paper adopts a passive magnet mechanism (PMM) to balance the axial gas force in MSCs. The PMM with an integral magnet configuration (IMC) is investigated first, and the dimensions of the magnet and fixed ring are found as the paramount factors to determine the magnitude of axial magnetic force. However, the IMC is unable to follow the unsteady characteristics of the target axial gas force, so the scrolls will experience a large period of over-sealing during its operation.To overcome this limitation, an innovative modular magnet configuration (MMC) is proposed and investigated. The height of each magnet segment is treated as individual design variable, and genetic algorithm optimization is carried out to seek for the best force balance performance according to two indices—maximum force difference (MFD) and integral-average force difference (IAFD). With precise design of each magnet segment, the MMC is able to provide unsteady magnetic force and thus better balance performance. Compared with the IMC, the improvements are up to 52 % reduction of MFD and 66 % reduction of IAFD. The derived superior MMC designs reveal a common characteristic that the “N” and “E” magnets have short segments at their outer fringe and the “S” and “W” magnets have short segments at their inner fringe. The axial magnetic force characteristics of the IMC and MMC are validated by prototype experiments.

Selection of the Best Students’ Leader in UPNM using Analytic Hierarchy Process Method

As university students, it is crucial for them to understand the process of selecting the most suitable student leader based on the current criteria. This research aims to gather input from the high committee of the student club, providing a set of guidelines for students to identify the appropriate criteria for selecting a fitting leader within the university. Additionally, this study serves to motivate aspiring candidates who wish to take up leadership roles, inspiring them to refine the criteria identified through the study. At Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), there exist several clubs that function as representatives of student leadership. Each club has shown their own trend leadership criteria in accordance with students’ obsecration. Employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology, this research aimed to establish a ranking of the top student clubs at UPNM. The outcomes can serve as a point of reference for managing the selection by Student Council Representatives (SRC) and simplifying student decision-making. The study encompasses crucial criteria distilled from the questionnaire, with communication, creativity, commitment, and teamwork emerging as the four paramount factors. The method commonly uses a multiple-choice question (MCQ) to select which criteria are most relevant then rank the criteria by using the AHP method. This study involves the high committee of the 5 clubs in UPNM as an expert to compare 3 of the selected clubs as an alternative with 60% of the respondents were male, and 40% were females. The result shows that communication (0.52) is the highest criteria followed by teamwork, commitment and creative with 0.26, 0.14 and 0.08 weightage respectively. Hence, this also affects the alternatives with the highest is Debate Club followed by Peers Leader and MPP UPNM respectively.

Machine learning identifies different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation in Chinese children and adolescents

BackgroundDepression and suicidal ideation often co-occur in children and adolescents, yet they possess distinct characteristics. This study sought to identify the different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation. MethodsA nationwide cross-sectional survey collected data from Chinese children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 (N = 160,962; 48.91 % girls). The survey included inquiries about demographics, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, perceived stress, academic burnout, internet addiction, non-suicidal self-injury, bullying, and being bullied. Fifteen machine learning algorithms were conducted to identify the different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation. Additionally, we conducted external validation on an independent sample of 1,812,889 children and adolescents. ResultsOur findings revealed seven related factors linked to depression and six associated with suicidal ideation, with average accuracy rates of 86.86 % and 85.82 %, respectively. For depression, the most influential factors were anxiety, perceived stress, academic burnout, internet addiction, non-suicidal self-injury, experience of bullying, and age. Similarly, anxiety, non-suicidal self-injury, perceived stress, internet addiction, academic burnout, and age emerged as paramount factors for suicidal ideation. Moreover, these related factors showed notable variations in their predictive capacities for depression and suicidal ideation across different subgroups. ConclusionAnxiety emerged as the predominant shared factor for both depression and suicidal ideation, whereas the other related factors displayed distinct predictive patterns for each condition. These findings highlight the critical need for tailored strategies from public mental health service providers and policymakers to address the pressing concerns of depression and suicidal ideation.

Integrating technological and strategic analysis: Evaluating the key determinants of transportation sustainability in taipei Mass Rapid Transit using the Rough-Fermatean DEMATEL approach

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems are essential in densely populated cities, providing efficient, reliable transportation that alleviates congestion, reduces pollution, and promotes sustainable development. By accommodating large passenger volumes, MRTs enhance urban mobility, economic vitality, and quality of life, making them a vital component of modern urban infrastructure. Identifying key economic, social, environmental, and institutional determinants is crucial for advancing sustainable transportation systems. Integrating technological and strategic perspectives, this paper employs the innovative Rough-Fermatean Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (RFF-DEMATEL) approach to delve into the critical determinants of transportation sustainability in the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit (TMRT). The study acknowledges the interconnections among these factors, leading to a more genuine and precise evaluation, distinct from conventional methods that presuppose factor independence. Research outcomes indicate that “operations and performance” stand out as the paramount factors, underscoring the importance of operational strategies and economic allocation. “Digital technology economy” and “sustainable supply chain management” are also emphasized, pinpointing the necessity to harmonize public welfare with financial sustainability while cultivating enduring partnerships. The proposed approach's thorough categorization offers specific managerial suggestions, assisting TMRT in realizing its sustainability aspirations and aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This investigation accentuates the significance of recognizing factor interdependence and adeptly managing uncertainties, bolstering the research's credibility and applicative worth.

Exploring Customer Experiences and Perceptions towards the Implementation of Digital Banking Services: A Case Study of Millennials in Mandailing Natal

This qualitative study investigates the perceptions and experiences of millennials regarding the implementation of digital banking services in Mandailing Natal. Through in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of millennials, key insights have emerged. Convenience and accessibility emerged as paramount factors driving millennials' adoption of digital banking services. Participants highly valued the ability to conduct banking transactions anytime, anywhere, through user-friendly mobile apps. Trust and security were also crucial, with concerns about privacy and security prevalent among participants. Financial institutions must prioritize robust security measures and transparent communication to build trust and encourage adoption. Additionally, the study revealed diverse preferences and usage patterns among millennials, emphasizing the need for tailored digital banking offerings. Education and awareness emerged as essential in shaping millennials' attitudes, highlighting the necessity for improved communication efforts from financial institutions. Understanding and addressing the needs, preferences, and concerns of millennials are crucial for enhancing the adoption and utilization of digital banking services in Mandailing Natal. By prioritizing convenience, trust, personalization, and education, financial institutions can better meet millennials' evolving needs and foster greater engagement and satisfaction with digital banking services.

The whitening efficacy of a compound formula examined using an ultraviolet-induced skin melanization model.

In Eastern culture, a fair complexion is the standard of beauty, leading to appearance-related distress among women with darker skin or facial pigmentation. Women seek whitening cosmetics to enhance their skin tone or correct their pigmentation, but their safety and effectiveness are paramount factors to consider. In this study, we evaluated the safety and whitening effects of a compound formula denoted as TEST comprising astaxanthin, nicotinamide, arbutin, and tranexamic acid. Primary skin irritation and skin-whitening efficacy were examined. Three qualified melanization areas were treated with TEST, 7% ascorbic acid, or a blank. Skin color, the individual type angle (ITA°), and the melanin index (MI) were compared among treatment areas. TEST did not induce a skin response and exhibited a significantly higher ITA° than the blank, while no significant difference was observed with that of 7% ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the MI of TEST was significantly reduced posttreatment. TEST could be integrated into spot-fading and skin-whitening cosmeceuticals or functional cosmetics.

Building an evidence-based multi-level system of quality disability support for adults with acquired neurological disability

Purpose People with acquired neurological disability have the right to quality disability support, yet there is still limited user insights shaping disability services. This research aimed to develop a comprehensive understanding of quality support for adults with acquired neurological disability based on lived experiences. Methods Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, this project engaged 12 adults with acquired neurological disability, 12 support workers, and 10 close others in individual interviews. Each perspective was analysed independently and subsequently merged to construct a holistic model of quality support grounded in lived experience. Results The model of quality support encompasses interconnected themes spanning dyadic relationships, support worker competency, team dynamics, provider practices, and sector-wide considerations. Key elements include recognising the individual’s expertise in their support needs, nurturing effective support relationships, fostering a capable support team, and upholding sector accountability. Authentic choice and personal agency emerged as paramount factors in achieving quality support. Conclusions The findings align with disability rights and individualised funding principles, emphasising the centrality of people with lived experience in shaping support services. The research underscores the need to prioritise authentic choice and individual empowerment, offering valuable insights for both practice and policy development in the disability support sector.

Eco-evolutionary evidence for the global diversity pattern of Cycas (Cycadaceae).

The evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), characterized by a peak in diversity toward the tropics, has captured significant attention in evolutionary biology and ecology. However, the inverse LDG (i-LDG) mechanism, wherein species richness increases toward the poles, remains inadequately explored. Cycads are among one of the oldest lineages of extant seed plants and have undergone extensive diversification in the tropics. Intriguingly, the extant cycad abundance exhibits an i-LDG pattern, and the underlying causes for this phenomenon remain largely elusive. Here, using 1,843 nuclear genes from a nearly complete sampling, we conducted comprehensive phylogenomic analyses to establish a robust species-level phylogeny for Cycas, the largest genus within cycads. We then reconstructed the spatial-temporal dynamics and integrated global environmental data to evaluate the roles of species ages, diversification rates, contemporary environment, and conservatism to ancestral niches in shaping the i-LDG pattern. We found Cycas experienced decreased diversification rates, coupled with the cooling temperature since its origin in the Eocene from continental Asia. Different regions have distinctively contributed to the formation of i-LDG for Cycas, with the northern hemisphere acting as evolutionary museums and the southern hemisphere serving as cradles. Moreover, water-related climate variables, specifically precipitation seasonality and potential evapotranspiration, were identified as paramount factors constraining Cycas species richness in the rainforest biome near the equator. Notably, the adherence to ancestral monsoonal climates emerges as a critical factor in sustaining the diversity pattern. This study underscores the imperative of integrating both evolutionary and ecological approaches to comprehensively unravel the mechanisms underpinning global biodiversity patterns.

Sustainable tourism development for traditional Chinese drama's intangible cultural heritage

This study establishes an expert-driven evaluation system to assess the sustainable tourism development of drama-related intangible cultural heritage in China. Utilizing the Saaty 1–9 scale and hierarchical analysis method, 52 experts determined indicator weights and current development levels. Four dimensions are evaluated: humanistic value, project quality, tourism development, and sustainability. Results reveal humanistic value as most vital at 41.70 % weight. Secondary factors are project quality (29.89 %), tourism development (20.87 %), and sustainability (7.54 %). Aesthetic value, dissemination degree, and location conditions proved to the crucial tourism indicators. The ideological value of drama is paramount, alongside visibility and climate factors. The evaluation demonstrated strong preservation of humanistic value but deficiencies in tourism development, especially regarding infrastructure. Key recommendations include balancing preservation, dissemination, and innovation; emphasizing ideological value, visibility, and climate suitability; maintaining humanistic diversity; and improving site infrastructure. Further testing of evaluation indicators across periods is warranted alongside examining green revitalization potential. This assessment, guided by experts, offers a thorough framework for the sustainable development and preservation of the precious intangible heritage embodied in Chinese drama.

Construction Project Delay Risk Assessment Based on 4M1E Framework and Afghanistan Situation

In the realm of construction project management, delays present a significant impediment, particularly within complex socio-political contexts such as Afghanistan. This study endeavors to elucidate the multifaceted nature of construction project delays in Afghanistan, employing the 4M1E (Man, Machine, Material, Method, and Environment) framework to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment. The research methodology entailed the development of a structured questionnaire grounded in an extensive review of pertinent literature, targeting 30 recognized causes of project delays. This instrument was administered to a representative sample of 144 professionals across the Afghan construction industry spectrum, including clients, consultants, and contractors. Analytical rigor was applied through the deployment of frequency, severity, and importance indices to evaluate the collected data. This analysis culminated in the distillation of ten paramount delay risk factors, encapsulating elements such as governmental policy stability modifications in project scope and design alongside delays in material testing and approval processes. A comparative dimension was incorporated to benchmark these findings against global standards, thereby enhancing the robustness of the study’s conclusions. Moreover, the research delineates the congruence and discordance among different respondent cohorts, bolstering the integrity of the identified delay factors through a validation of internal consistency and reliability. The strategic application of the 4M1E framework, contextualized within the Afghan construction landscape, furnishes pivotal insights for stakeholders, equipping them with a nuanced understanding necessary for the proactive mitigation of delay risks. The implications of this study are far-reaching, promising to augment project completion efficiency, budget adherence, and overall project success, with particular resonance for environments paralleling the intricacies of Afghanistan. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-06 Full Text: PDF

Energy-environment-economic (3E) hub for sustainable plastic management – Upgraded recycling, chemical valorization, and bioplastics

This research aims to clarify the energy, environment, and economic (3E) aspects of petroleum-based plastics, bioplastics, and all end-of-life methods including landfill, incineration, composting, and recycling. Production and utilization of bioplastic, associated with recycling techniques to produce valuable building block chemicals, are considered as long-term solutions to the plastic crisis. However, this target seems to be unachievable in decades mostly due to unclear information on energy consumption and operational costs of different techniques. Although numerous studies of life cycle analysis (LCA) of bioplastics have been published in literature, the energy and environmental impacts of bioplastics are still uncertain, due to the non-standardization of the analyses. To standardize the current findings, this study proposed a novel standardization method and categorized the latest life cycle studies to correlate the energy requirement, global warming potential, and paramount factors which significantly influence the environmental impact of bioplastics production. Economic considerations were evaluated through standardization of independent techno-economic studies in literature, followed by a comparative analysis of the profitability between traditional waste management practices, such as landfilling and incineration, and recycling. Finally, it was found that recycling is beneficial from energy, environmental, and economic perspectives, but some assessments were based on ideal assumptions where efficiency of recycling and logistics of plastic waste collection was high. Real-life applications of recycling and bio-based plastics are hindered by various challenges. Overcoming these challenges may be the key to creating sustainable circular bioeconomy of plastics.

Algal or bacterial community: Who can be an effective indicator of the impact of reclaimed water recharge in an urban river

Reclaimed water has been widely utilized for water resource replenishment, yet little is known regarding its impacts on various microorganisms in the receiving water. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically investigated the responses of bacteria and algae to the recharge of reclaimed water by using the high-throughput sequencing technology in the urban Chaobai River. After the inputs of reclaimed water, lower contents of NO2−-N, NH4+-N, and TP were observed in the downstream section compared to that of upstream without reclaimed water, indicating that reclaimed water could improve the water quality of the receiving water. Correspondingly, both bacterial and algal communities showed the decreased network complexity in the downstream section, but many common freshwater bacteria and typical bloom-forming algae were dominant in the downstream, potentially suggesting that algae were more sensitive to the local environmental conditions. More importantly, although nitrogen and phosphorus served as the paramount factors in shaping both bacterial and algal communities, environmental selection contributed more to algal rather than bacterial community, and simultaneously algal variations could further affect bacterial dynamics in the urban river. Overall, these findings revealed distinct characteristics of bacteria and algae in responding to the reclaimed water recharge, highlighting the superiority of algae in indicating environmental changes, especially in monitoring and regulating the replenishment of reclaimed water in urban rivers.

Advanced Development of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes for Selective Separation.

Molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs), the incorporation of a given target molecule into a membrane, are generally used for separating and purifying the effective constituents of various natural products. They have been in use since 1990. The application of MIMs has been studied in many fields, including separation, medicine analysis, solid-phase extraction, and so on, and selective separation is still an active area of research. In MIM separation, two important membrane performances, flux and permselectivities, show a trade-off relationship. The enhancement not only of permselectivity, but also of flux poses a challenging task for membranologists. The present review first describes the recent development of MIMs, as well as various preparation methods, showing the features and applications of MIMs prepared with these different methods. Next, the review focuses on the relationship between flux and permselectivities, providing a detailed analysis of the selective transport mechanisms. According to the majority of the studies in the field, the paramount factors for resolving the trade-off relationship between the permselectivity and the flux in MIMs are the presence of effective high-density recognition sites and a high degree of matching between these sites and the imprinted cavity. Beyond the recognition sites, the membrane structure and pore-size distribution in the final imprinted membrane collectively determine the selective transport mechanism of MIM. Furthermore, it also pointed out that the important parameters of regeneration and antifouling performance have an essential role in MIMs for practical applications. This review subsequently highlights the emerging forms of MIM, including molecularly imprinted nanofiber membranes, new phase-inversion MIMs, and metal-organic-framework-material-based MIMs, as well as the construction of high-density recognition sites for further enhancing the permselectivity/flux. Finally, a discussion of the future of MIMs regarding breakthroughs in solving the flux-permselectivity trade-off is offered. It is believed that there will be greater advancements regarding selective separation using MIMs in the future.

Promoting Sustainable Transport in Developing Countries: A Case Study of University Students in Tehran

One of the ways to address the modern traffic-related problems is to encourage people to use sustainable travel modes more regularly. Transportation planners need to find the factors that affect people’s opinions toward using these modes. In this study, we investigated these factors using a case study of a developing country by distributing an online survey among the students of four universities in Tehran. The number of complete responses received was 134 from SUT, 63 for UT, 31 from AUT, and 204 from IUST, summing up to 432 responses. A binomial logistic regression model was used to find the paramount factors affecting the selection of cycling and public transportation. Our model found five and four statistically significant factors affecting preferences toward using bicycle and public transport, respectively. Several novel outcomes resulted from our study. First, expressing prestige to others resulted in the reduction of the preference of students toward cycling by 80%. Second, while a high number of the respondents are not currently using bikes to commute, a noticeable number of them are amongst the ones that will cycle in their daily commutes in an ideal condition. Third, in Iran, a religious approach is present in the society, which results in lower rates of public transport usage among females. Finally, while long commuting distance is the main barrier to cycling, travel time plays a bigger role in the preferences toward using public transportation. In the end, some practical solutions are suggested to encourage the usage of these modes. They include providing safe bicycle lanes and more space in the public transportation systems.

Environmental impact of economic activities: Decoupling perspective of Singapore using log mean Divisia index decomposition technique

The chase for economic growth results in global environmental degradation, threatening the socioeconomic aspects of human lives. Singapore is a global economic player, transforming its rural setup into an urban structure to achieve higher economic growth (EG). However, the drive for EG drastically affected its environmental quality. In this respect, the present study analyzes the relationship between Singapore's economic activities and environmental quality. This study uses the Tapio decoupling indicator, Kaya Identity, and the Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition techniques to assess the relationships between these paramount factors from 1990 to 2016. The LMDI analysis reveals that EG and population are the main contributors to carbon emissions (CE), whereas carbon intensity reduces the environmental impact. However, energy intensity and energy structure have depicted mixed effects on CE. Further, Tapio analysis reveals that Singapore has experienced strong decoupling (SD) in most study years. Additionally, expensive negative decoupling (END), weak decoupling (WD), and strong negative decoupling (SND) were also observed during the study period. An expanded decomposition analysis reveals that population and EG deteriorate environmental quality in Singapore. While carbon intensity is the critical driver that strengthens the decoupling progress, energy intensity and structure depict a mixed effect on the decoupling process.

Insight into Tumor Hypoxia: Radionuclide-based Biomarker as Diagnostic Tools.

The radiolabeled tracers have been extensively utilized to access various physiological and pathological conditions non-invasively, such as cancers, inflammation, and organ-specific imaging. These tracers demonstrate and study tumor hypoxia in several malignancies. Hypoxia is commonly seen in solid tumors.Tumor Hypoxia is a non-physiological condition of reduced oxygen concentration in the tumor. Hypoxia is associated with adverse outcomes such as treatment resistance and metastases in solid tumors. Tumor hypoxia may result in resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, leading to a poor prognosis.It is one of the clinically paramount factors in treatment planning. Various chemical scaffolds are labeled with compatible radioisotopes for imaging hypoxia by Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Positron emission tomography (PET). Radionuclides, such as [18F]Flourine, [99mTc]Technetium, [131I]Iodine, [124I]Iodine, and [64Cu]Copper are used for incorporation into different chemical scaffolds.Among them, [18F]Flourine and [64Cu] Copper tagged radiopharmaceuticals are most explored, such as [18F]FMISO, [18F]FAZA, [18F]FETNIM, and N4-methyl thiosemicarbazone [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)]. Some of the promising scaffolds for imaging hypoxia are [18F]EF1, [18F]EF5, [18F]EF3, and [18F]HX4. This review is focused on developing radiochemistry routes to synthesize different radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxia in clinical and preclinical studies, as described in the literature. The chemist and radiochemist exerted enormous efforts to overcome these obstacles. They have successfully formulated multiple radiopharmaceuticals for hypoxia imaging. Radionuclide incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield, specific activity, purity, and radio-scalability) is a need for application perspective. Versatile chemistry, including nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions, allows the direct or indirect introduction of radioisotopes into molecules of interest. This review will discuss the chemical routes for synthesizing and utilizing different precursors for radiolabeling withradionuclides.We will briefly summaries these radio-labeled tracers' application and biological significance.

Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of synthetic drilling fluids in marine deep-water offshore environments: Process variables and empirical investigations

In this study, the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation tendencies of a newly developed synthetic ester drilling fluid named “SEEP Mixture synthetic fluid” in marine deep-water environment were experimentally studied. The results were compared with a GTL and LASF synthetic hydrocarbon fluids. A modified Oxygen (O2) Consumption and a gas pressure measurement technique were used for biodegradation evaluation in the aerobic and anaerobic digesters respectively. The tested drilling fluids were exposed to the sea water inoculum for a period of 28 and 60 days in the different digester designs. An empirical investigation of the influence of some paramount biodegradation factors among others such as reaction temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, time, chemical and inoculum concentrations was conducted.The biodegradation levels in SEEP mixture synthetic fluid and reference chemical sample were already above 60% during the 10-day window period under aerobic condition which shows that the new ester fluid (SEEP mixture) is inherently-readily biodegradable under aerobic condition. The ultimate biodegradability degrees of the new fluid were 81.50% and 76.10 % in aerobic and anaerobic pathways respectively. The rates of biodegradation were higher in the aerobic than in anaerobic medium in all the tested fluid chemicals. However, the GTL and LASF fluids (SHBF & SEBF) were not readily biodegradable in both microbial consortia. The rate of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation has a positive linear relationship with incubation time and temperature but an inverse relationship with substrate concentration. Finally, Lower oxygen concentration in sea water reduces aerobic biodegradation while anaerobic transformation is grossly dependent on the availability of alternative electron acceptor ions such as NO3−, SO42−, Fe3＋ Mn4+, and CO32− and methanogens in the sea water.