Parameters Of Water Samples Research Articles

An Overview of Pollution Level in Vlora Port

This study reports the concentrations of organic pollutants, nutrients, and some physicochemical parameters in water samples from Vlora Port. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, o-, m- and p-Xyelenes, Ethylbenzene) were analyzed organic pollutants. The levels of NO3-, NO2-, NH4-, N-total, PO4-, and P-total were determined. Temperature, PH, Conductivity, Turbidity, TDS, TSS DO, BOD and COD were physical-chemical parameters determined in the water samples. Vlora Port is located in the southern part of Albania in Vlora Bay, near Vlora City in the Adriatic Sea. Elevated activities in port areas (terrestrial and marine areas) are the main causes of water pollution. Urban pollution, agriculture, and water currents can influence marine water pollution in this area. To evaluate pollution levels at the port of Vlora, water samples (12 stations) were analyzed over a two-year period (2022 – 2023). Water samples were collected during two seasons: March and July of each year Analyses of organic compounds were performed using a gas chromatograph (Varian 450 GC) equipped with ECD and FID detectors. Nutrients were analyzed using the UV-VIS technique. Titration, automatic, semi-automatic, and gravimetric methods were used to determine the physicochemical parameters. Organic pollutants were detected in all the water samples. Nutrient concentrations and physicochemical values classified the marine water of Vlora’s port as moderately good. Levels of organic pollutants, nutrients, and physicochemical parameters in water samples from Vlora’s port were higher/comparable with those reported in previous studies of the Adriatic Sea (Albania coastline).

GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY IN MULTAN TEHSIL: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS

Water pollution and scarcity threaten sustenance and quality of life. The water usage for irrigation necessitates its content evaluation to ensure safe application and to meet high productivity goals. Drawing upon prior reports addressing salinity concerns in diverse agricultural regions of Pakistan, our study focused on assessing the risks in the Multan Tehsil of Punjab. To accomplish this, well water samples (n=383) were examined for parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC). Laboratory analyses indicated elevated levels of selected parameters in water samples from southwestern sites, with 21.4% exceeding SAR limits, 28.7% surpassing RSC thresholds, and 66.1% crossing permissible EC limits. The underlying anthropogenic causes of groundwater pollution include an increased rate of run-off, leachate percolation, reduced infiltration, inadequate recharge of well water, and urban land expansion. Rather than relying on end-of-pipe management strategies, it is recommended to prioritize source water treatment

DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CLEAN WATER QUALITY USING HYDROPHYSICAL DATA IN MARSELA VILLAGE, MASELA ISLAND DISTRICT, SOUTHWEST MALUKU REGENCY, MALUKU PROVINCE

In situ measurements of hydrophysical parameters have been carried out in groundwater in dug wells, drilled wells, and reservoirs related to temperature, electrical conductivity, degree of acidity, salinity, and total dissolved solids (TDS). This study aims to analyze the characteristics of hydrophysical parameters in water samples and create a water quality distribution model based on hydrophysical data in the study area. The results showed that water zoning based on air temperature and water temperature is included in the mesothermal zone category, and this zone water may originate from free/leaking aquifers. The results of hydrophysical parameter measurements were TDS with a concentration value of < 1000 mg/L, conductivity parameter (s) with a concentration value of s < 2500 mS/cm, a pH parameter ranging from 7, and a salinity parameter with a concentration value < 1000 ppm which is allowed according to water quality standards which are found in dug wells (old wells, SGM-3), drilled wells (SBM) and pond (Em). While the hydrophysical parameters for measuring other groundwater samples are not in accordance with water quality standards. Modeling the distribution of water quality based on three hydrophysical parameters (TDS, s, and S) in the study area shows a shallow groundwater pattern and seawater intrusion has occurred in several wells (SGM-1, SGM-2, and SGM-4). The distribution of TDS, s, and S concentration values at study sites varies with distance from the coastline and topography.

Toxicological impact of water pollutants on DNA and tissues of inhabitant fish Labeo dyocheilus of River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This investigation evaluated pollution in River Kabul and impact on DNA and histology of intestine, gills, liver, and muscle of Labeo-dyocheilus. Water and fish samples were collected from non-polluted site of Warsak Dam and polluted sites of Amanghar industrial zone and Nowshera city. Sequence of physicochemical parameters in water samples A, B and C was TDS >TSS >EC >TA >Cl >Na >K >pH and heavy metals was Zn >Pb >Cd >Ni >Fe >Mn >Cu >Cr. The parameters in samples A, B and C except TSS were below NEQS proposed limits. The investigation determined geno-toxicological impact of water pollutants in different tissues. DNA damage cells like TCS and comet classes (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) were determined in intestine, gills, liver, and muscle. Sequence of comet classes in tissues was class 0> class 4> class 3> class 2> class 1. Trend of DNA damage in tissues was intestine >liver >gills >muscle. The study investigated histopathological impacts of water pollutants in intestine, liver, gills, and muscle. Trend of lesions in tissues was liver >intestine >gills >muscle. The study confirmed high levels of pollutants like heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in River Kabul, and geno-toxicological and histopathological disorders of water pollutants in Labeo-dyocheilus.

Evaluation of water genotoxicity using comet assay in two freshwater fish species, Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculatus in Kabul River, Pakistan

The investigation determines the pollution status of river Kabul and its effects on the DNA of Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculatus. River Kabul gets pollutants from Amanghar industries and sewages from Mardan, Nowshera and Peshawar. Water and fish samples are taken to study heavy metals and physical parameters. The overall sequence of physical parameters in water samples was TDS>TSS>EC>TA>Cl>Na>pH>K, and that of heavy metals was Zn>Cr>Mn> Fe>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd. The studied parameters in all the water samples except TSS are within the proposed limits of national environmental quality standards. The overall trend of analysed water samples was C>B>A. The study determines the effects of water pollution on the DNA of Ompok bimaculatus and Wallago attu tissues. Therefore, degrees of DNA damage such as TCS and comet class are studied in gills, liver, muscles, and intestines of Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculatus. The trend of DNA damage in examined tissues was intestine>skin>liver>gills>muscle, and in studied fish species, it was Ompok bimaculatus>Wallago attu. More significant DNA damage was observed in the intestine and smaller in the muscle. More DNA damage was found in Ompok bimaculatus and less in Wallago attu. The investigation recommended detoxifying the effluents and sewages before discharging them in River Kabul.

Influencia de las prácticas agrícolas en los ensambles de macroinvertebrados en la Patagonia (Argentina)

Aquatic species in agricultural areas are often exposed to concentrations of pesticides and fertilizers that can affect the entire community. This study aimed to monitor the presence of nutrients and pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) and evaluate their effects on the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages at two sites in the Neuquén River, both upstream (UNR) and downstream (DNR) of an area of intensive cultivation of pome fruit trees. Physicochemical parameters in water samples from UNR and DNR were not significantly different, except for nitrate (NO3-). Pesticides analyzed were below detection limits in water and sediment samples. Insects constituted 52.76% of the total individuals in UNR and, among them, Ephemeroptera was the most abundant taxon (n=419). On the other hand, 67.67% of the individuals in DNR were insects, and most of them belonged to the Order Diptera (n=1156). The abundance of Diptera and Ephemeroptera individuals was significantly different between sites. In addition, the temporal variation of richness within each site showed significant differences (P<0.05). There were 15 shared species and a Jaccard’s abundance-based index indicated 37.8% taxonomic similarity. In summary, there were no significant differences in abundance and diversity between UNR and DNR. However, there were differences in taxa richness and composition, with a low percentage of similarity between sites. The above can be observed in the canonical correspondence analysis, which shows a clear relationship between environmental variables and the distribution pattern of macroinvertebrate assemblages.

Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activities, and the Corresponding Radiological Risk Parameters in Water Samples from Dzamah Community, Hong, Nigeria

Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activities, and the Corresponding Radiological Risk Parameters in Water Samples from Dzamah Community, Hong, Nigeria

Effect of some freshwater cyanobacteria on Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fish and water quality in Egyptian aquaculture ponds

ABSTRACT The present study aims to evaluate the potential effects of cyanobacteria on water quality parameters and Oreochromis niloticus in the fish ponds at Al-Abbassa Fish Hatchery, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The study identified five cyanobacterial genera: namely, Anabaena, Gleotrichia, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Phormidium. Oscillatoria sp. was the dominant genus in the selected fish ponds. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples showed significant variations during the four seasons. Anabaena sp. extract had the most toxic effect on the survival rate of O. niloticus after 72 h of exposure. Biochemical parameters of collected O. niloticus fish significantly increased compared to the control group. We concluded that the detected cyanobacterial genera in the fish ponds affected water quality and O. niloticus fish.

Evaluation of bacteriological and chemical quality of drinking water used in chicken house in Libya

Water is a vital nutrient in poultry metabolism, which plays an important role in digestion, absorption of food, transportation of nutrients in the body and elimination of waste products via urine. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples were collected from 35 broiler farms distributed in four districts (Qasar Bin Gheshir, Wadiarrabee, Zawia, and Zahra). In each farm, the samples were collected from the water source, the tank inside of chicken house and end of pipes. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical and microbial examination. The main investigated parameters were PH, total dissolved solid, Total Hardness, Calcium, Chloride, Nitrate, and total viable count of microbial load. Chemical analysis indicated that all chemical and physical parameters were higher than Maximum acceptable level, except TDS and magnesium in Qasr ben Gheshir and Wadi Al-Rabia regions, as well as PH in all regions. The bacteriological examination revealed that the coliform counts were 91% over the maximum acceptable level in all regions. Also, the results showed that significant difference between reservoir, tank and pipe with p value (<0.05) where the coliforms contamination in the pipe was more than in the tank and the reservoir. The results also showed that 50% of the samples were contamination with E. coli. Generally, the water collected from the different sources need more treatment to improve the drinking water quality especially for their microbial load.

Physicochemical water quality of Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks and blood biochemical parameters of Barbus plebejus fish: assessment of heavy metal concentrations for potential health risks.

The present study aims to comparatively examine the physical quality parameters of water samples taken from Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks in Sivas province and the blood biochemical parameters of blood samples of Barbus plebejus fish obtained from these waters. In periods when chemical pollution in water increased and decreased, it was determined that GLU and UA among blood biochemical parameters were significantly affected. Moreover, the potential risk levels of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and ferrous (Fe) for human health were compared to the international standards. Metal (Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd) concentrations in the water were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest HQingestion values of Cd were found in Brook Çaltı, which were 0.0018 for adults and 0.1980 for children. THQ upper limit set by the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) is < 1. It was determined that HQingestion, HQdermal, and THQ values of all the heavy metals were much lower than this limit. It was concluded that water quality parameters of samples taken from Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks on monthly basis for 12months were not higher than the limits and the water qualities of brooks were determined to be "good".

Assessment of Groundwater Quality: A Sample Study of Selective Drinking Water Sources in Diplo Area of Sindh

The present study aimed to determine the quality parameters of underground drinking water found in Diplo, a sub-district of Tharparkar. The quality parameters examined in the water samples were pH (acidity), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). A total of 20 samples were randomly collected from different sources of drinking water, namely dug well and hand pump, from the study area. The results showed that the quality parameters of water samples taken from the hand pump were not within the appropriate range (pH range was 5.7-6.0 and TDS range was 1579-2120 mg/L), while those of well water samples were within range (pH range was 5.09-6.60 and TDS range was 497-1182 mg/L). Therefore, it was concluded that water from the well sources was safe for consumption as per the guidelines set by WHO and EPA and could be used for drinking purposes. The findings revealed that water from the hand pump sources had high TDS and EC (greater than WHO limit), which pose several health risks. It was noted that TDS is directly proportional to electrical conductivity and inversely proportional to the pH level of water. Further, it was recommended that future studies need to be conducted at regular intervals to evaluate the quality of drinking water in rural areas of Sindh province, so that authorities can promptly provide solutions to such issues.&#x0D; Copyright (c) The Authors

Database with pollution sources and impact assessment in Bega and Timis River basins

This paper presents the ecological state of large areas of the Bega and Timis River basins, evaluated based on physical-chemical parameters of water samples in relation to the anthropogenic sources of pollution that occur along these rivers. For the monitoring program, twelve sampling points on the Bega and ten sampling points on the Timis were established in order to determine surface water quality. The potential sources of pollution were highlighted by a downstream vs. upstream analysis. Ecological conditions have been assessed taking into account the national legislation, which transposes the Water Framework Directive on promoting the sustainable use of water based on the long-term protection of water resources. The main sources of pollution were related to the discharges from localities and industry, but the current ecological status of the two water bodies analyzed is in a relatively good state.

Uranium Concentrations and Some Physicochemical Parameters of Water Samples at Marshes (Ahwar) in Dhi-Qar Governorate

The solid-state nuclear track detector techniques were used in this study to measure the level of uranium isotopes (238U, 235U, and 234U) that were found in water samples collected from marshes (Ahwar) at Dhi-Qar governorate, southern Iraq. The apparatus used for this study purposes was TASTRAK CR-39 plastic. In this study, we measured the following risk factors: the radiological risk, annual effective dose (ET) of uranium isotopes, the excess cancer risks, the chemical toxicity risk, lifetime average daily dose (LADD), and hazard quotient (HQ). Using different techniques, the water samples were analyzed for other physicochemical properties such as hydrogen ion concentration (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). This study has proved that uranium isotopes were found in different concentrations in all water samples that were taken from different places of marshes. The concentrations of uranium isotopes in the collected samples were ranging from 0.87±0.072 to 1.89±0.093 μg/L, with an average value of 1.23±0.05 μg/L. The average values (with SE in Bq/L units) for 238U, 235U, and 234U were 1.51±0.06, 0.07±0.002, and 1.53±0.06, respectively, while the average values of ET, LADD, and HQ were 0.107±0.004 mSv/year, (0.326±0.013) × 10−3, 0.040±0.001 μg/kg.day, and 0.066±0.002, respectively. In addition to the previous results, the study has showed that the average value of PH, EC, and TDS with the SE were 7.84±0.22, 3999.95±294.45 μS/cm, and 2601.35±197.77 mg/L, respectively. The results revealed that the concentrations of uranium isotopes in the studied samples were below the instrumental detection limit (1.9 μg/L). Comparing the results of radiological risk and chemical toxicity risk of this study with those published by global organization and universal researches, it was found that these concentrations were within the allowed limits permissible to human consumption and domestic use. Besides these results, the values of EC and TDS were higher than the permissible limits of Iraqi and international standards for irrigation purposes. For all the aforementioned, it might be concluded that there are no health risks to humans by drinking the water of the marshes of Dhi-Qar Governorate according to uranium levels, but cannot be assumed to be of good quality.

Assessment of Environmental Parameters in Pre- and Post-Monsoons at Chabahar Bay, Gulf of Oman

This study is the first investigation to assess the variations of physical and chemical characteristics and biodiversity of planktons in offshore water column and chlorophyll-a and b, during the two monsoons at Chabahar Bay, to evaluate the water quality. To this end, 27 surface water samples in pre-monsoon (May, 2012) and totally 60 surface and deep water samples in post-monsoon (December, 2012) were collected from 9 and 10 stations at depths between 3.8 to 13.6 m in Chabahar Bay, respectively. The results showed that water salinity and pH with low variations were relatively higher in post-monsoon. The averages of water alkalinity levels in pre- (2.42±0.02 mmol H+/kg) and post- (2.44±0.01 mmol kg-1) monsoons were comparable to that of oceanic surface water (2-2.5 mmol H+/kg). In this study, 66 phytoplankton genus and species belonging to 13 groups were identified in pre-monsoon. Results demonstrated that nutrients were at higher levels inside the Chabahar Bay. Moreover, the physicochemical parameters of water samples were investigated and compared with international standards and data from other marine ecosystems. The results indicated that the water quality falls within the stipulated range of acceptability and sampling area can be classified as a good, stable, and healthy aquatic ecosystem.

Relation between water availability and human population of an area, by taking water pollution into account

The population of a human settlement in an area depends on the water availability and water pollution of that area. The paper aims to explain the relationship among them with a new law and give a mathematical formula for calculating the relation. The range of physico-chemical parameters of the water bodies are temperature (14.8 °C-17 °C), pH (6.05-7.4), alkalinity (115.5 mg/L-122.5 mg/L), total hardness (40 mg/L-167 mg/L), chloride (23.5 mg/L-118 mg/L), DO (4.6 mg/L-17.2 mg/L), TDS (49 mg/L-580 mg/L). The study revealed that parameters of water samples from uninhabited areas were within the permissible limit given by BIS (2012) and WHO (2017). But the pH, DO and TDS values of the water samples from inhabited areas were not within the permissible limit.

Water Quality Assessment of Schools in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

Assessment of drinking water quality was done by selecting Nine Government senior secondary schools of three blocks in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. The water quality parameters such as physical, chemical and biological parameters of water samples were analyzed. The water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, EC, TDS, temperature, BOD and COD ranged from 18.3 to 21.2°C,6.95 to 7.13, 0.24 to 0.51 dS m-1, 107.90 to 194.02 mg l-1, 0.69 to 2.26 mg l-1 and 56.50 to 119.75 mg l-1; trace elements (As, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn and Ni) nil, 0.000 to 0.001 mg l-1, 0.001 to 0.003 mg l-1, 0.00 to 0.01 mg l-1, 0.00 to 0.02 mg l-1, 0.03 to 0.06 mg l-1 and 0.00 to 0.02 mg l-1respectively and biological parameters like total coliform as 20.00 to 54.00 MPN ml-1, which were within the permissible limits except Fe which ranged from 0.63 to 0.95 mg l-1 was above the permissible limits. The water quality index of drinking water for nine schools was in the rangeof 25.80 to 36.38,which categorized as excellent.

Evaluation of water quality near the Malanjhkhand copper mines, India, by use of multivariate analysis and a metal pollution index

Sampling of groundwater and surface water at 33 sites near the Malanjhkhand copper mines in India indicated that elevated concentrations of Cu (15.01 mg/l) and Mn (9.040 mg/l) were locally present in water bodies near the mine sites. Multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis, cluster analysis and a Pearson correlation matrix were used to determine the relationships between different water quality parameters in water samples. Mining and associated activities were responsible for the different physico-chemical properties of ground and surface water. An assessment of the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) indicated that four surface water sampling points HPI exceeded the critical index value of 100, indicating that water had been contaminated due to discharges from the mines and that groundwater had been locally contaminated due to the infiltration of contaminated leachate from waste dumps.

Estudo de características físico-químicas e qualidade de água sendo uma amostra de poço e uma de cisterna

Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo da qualidade da água de um poço e uma cisterna da região de Campina Grande-PB. As amostras coletadas foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de controle de qualidade de água e efluentes do SENAI- CTCC Albano Franco. Foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas, foram determinados, pH, turbidez, cor, cloro residual livre, dureza total, cloreto, e sólidos dissolvidos totais. A classificação da potabilidade da água baseou-se nos parâmetros físico-químicos da portaria 2.914 de dezembro de 2011, do Ministério da Saúde, onde os resultados obtidos apontaram que as amostras não estavam aptas para o consumo humano. O objetivo foi avaliar e comparar os parâmetros físico-químicos de amostras de águas de um poço e de uma cisterna localizado na cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, tais como: pH, turbidez, cor, cloro livre, cloretos, dureza total e sólidos dissolvidos totais, caracterizando nosso estudo como quanti-qualitativa.

Dissolved Metal(loid) Concentrations and Their Relations with Chromophoric and Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in an Urban River in Shenzhen, South China

Urbanization is often accompanied by aquatic metal(loid) pollution, which is regulated by dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the relationships between dissolved metal(loid) concentration and the bulk, chromophoric, and fluorescent DOM in black and odorous urban rivers are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the dissolved metal(loid) concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, and Cd and their correlations with DOM-related parameters in water samples from a polluted urbanized watershed in Shenzhen, China. The results showed that the Zn and Cu concentrations in the mainstream and tributary exceeded the national standards, and the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was an important source, as indicated by the abrupt concentration increases downstream of the WWTP. The dissolved metal(loid) concentrations were not always significantly correlated with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration or the ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254); however, they were more likely to be correlated with the maximum fluorescence intensity (Fmax) of protein-like fluorescent DOM components. A strong correlation between the Cu/DOC ratio and specific UV254 (SUVA254) previously reported did not exist in the present study. Instead, the Cu/DOC ratio was positively correlated with the Fmax/DOC ratios for protein-like fluorescent DOM components. Our study highlights that protein-like fluorescent DOM may be more important than humic-like fluorescence DOM and chromophoric DOM in terms of interacting with dissolved metal(loid)s in black and odorous urban rivers.

Effects of columbite/tantalite (COLTAN) mining activities on water quality in Edege-Mbeki mining district of Nasarawa state, North Central Nigeria

BackgroundThe release of environmental pollutants such as heavy metals due to mining activities has received worldwide condemnation. Therefore, understanding the contamination of both surface and groundwater in Edege-Mbeki mining district is very important for the health and wellbeing of its people. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical parameters of water samples and the level of heavy metals in Edege-Mbeki Columbite/Tantalite (COLTAN) mining site, North Central Nigeria.ResultsA total of 15 water samples were collected and analyzed in triplicate. The concentrations of five heavy metals (Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, and Fe) in surface and groundwater samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6800 Shimadzu). The physicochemical properties of the water samples were also examined. The results of the water quality assessments show that the water samples were contaminated with alarming levels of Pb, Cd and Ni. Mean concentrations were Ni (0.008 mg/L), Mn (0.087 mg/L), Pb (0.324 mg/L), Cd (0.029 mg/L), and Fe (0.839 mg/L) in Edege-Mbeki groundwater, while the surface water (mining ponds) had Ni (0.102 mg/L), Mn (0.099 mg/L), Pb (0.358 mg/L), Cd (0.025 mg/L), and Fe (6.99 mg/L). The groundwater samples in Mararaban-Edege which served as the control site had mean concentration levels of Ni (0.032 mg/L), Mn (0.096 mg/L), Pb (0.122 mg/L), Cd (0.039 mg/L), and Fe (0.608 mg/L). The range of pH was found to be from 5.6 ± 0.02 to 6.5 ± 0.12, turbidity was between 39.27 ± 0.29 and 2271 ± 0.00 NTU, and conductivity ranged from 39.27 ± 0.29 to 757.33 ± 5.69 μS/cm, TDS from 25.0 ± 2.3 to 450.67 ± 6.03 mg/L while dissolved oxygen (DO) values from 3.1 ± 0.3 to 3.5 ± 0.3 mg/L.ConclusionThis study confirmed that surface and ground water samples in Edege-Mbeki and Mararaban-Edege are not fit for human consumption and other domestic use. Hence, government and community leaders must provide alternative means of water for the people of these communities.