Parameters Of Shrimp Research Articles

Exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum (purpureum) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Exopolysaccharides, or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS), represent a valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non-toxic natural agent and can be applied as an immunostimulant. The toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium has been done in vivo using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic model, or the ZET (zebrafish embryotoxicity test). The administration of extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) from microalgae Porphyridium cruentum (synonym: P. purpureum) to shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei was investigated to determine the effect of this immunostimulant on their non-specific immune response and to test if this compound can be used as a protective agent for shrimps in relation to Vibrio infection. For immune response, exopolysaccharides were given to shrimps via the immersion method on day 1 and booster on day 8. Shrimp hemocytes were taken on day 1 (EPS administration), day 7 (no treatment), day 8 (EPS booster) and day 9 (Vibrio infection) and tested for their immune response on each treatment. The result shows that the EPS is not toxic, as represented by the normal embryonic development and the mortality data. In the Pacific white shrimps, an increase in the values of all immune parameters was shown, in line with the increasing EPS concentration, except for the differential hemocyte count (DHC). In detail, an increase was noted in total hemocytes (THC) value, phagocytotic activity (PA) and respiratory burst (RB) in line with the EPS concentration increase. These results and other previous studies indicate that EPS from Porphyridium is safe, enhances immune parameters in shrimp rapidly, and has the ability to act as an immunostimulant or an immunomodulator. It is a good modulator for the non-specific immune cells of Pacific white shrimps, and it can be used as a preventive agent against vibriosis.

Integration of substrate in biofloc based system: Effects on growth performance, water quality and immune responses in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon culture

To evaluate effect of substrate integration in biofloc based system, a 52-day growth experiment was conducted using black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.32 ± 0.07 g). The factorial design consisted of floc, F (with or without) as first factor and substrate (bamboo mat, B; nylon mesh, N; and without substrate) as second factor. This resulted six treatments; F + B, F + N, F, B, N and a control without biofloc and substrate. Shrimps were stocked at 110 nos. m–3 in Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) tanks and, rice flour was used as carbon source in biofloc based treatments. Incorporation of nylon mesh and bamboo mat in biofloc system trapped 31.3%–38.6% and 8.5%–13.5% total suspended solids respectively and reduced bottom solid deposition. Among the substrate based groups, significantly better development of biofilm with higher microbial population noticed in F + B compared with nylon mesh. Similarly, significantly higher final growth (p < 0.01) was recorded in F + B system followed by F + N while no significant difference in body weight recorded among floc, F or substrate based groups (B, N). Biofloc and substrate integration (F + B and F + N) resulted significantly (p < 0.01) lower feed conversion ratio compared to control and floc. Incoporation of bamboo substrate in biofloc, (F + B) improved shrimp immune responses through higher hemocyte counts and prophenoloxidase activity compared to other treatments. The study revealed that integration of substrate in the biofloc system improved growth performance, FCR and immune parameters in shrimp by trapping the suspended biofloc particles, better water quality parameters, enhanced biofilm growth and provision of quality natural food.

Utilization of date seed meal in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei): growth performance, body and fatty acid composition, biochemical parameters, and tolerance of salinity stress

Current study aimed to examine the effectiveness of date seed meal (DSM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp were fed on diets containing different amounts of DSM including 0, 50, 100, 150, and 230 g/kg for a period of 8 weeks. Growth parameters and body proximate composition showed no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Similarly, no notable differences were observed in hemolymph biochemical parameters in shrimp fed with different amounts of DSM compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The contents of whole body polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total n-3 in P. vannamei fed diet containing 100 g/kg DSM were significantly greater than control treatment (p 0.05). Altogether, the results of this study showed that DSM could be utilized as a cheapest source of carbohydrate in the shrimp diet without depressive effects on its performance.

Arthrospira platensis filtrada como alimento complementario de juveniles del camarón blanco: efectos sobre crecimiento y sistema inmune

De forma general, las microalgas son fuente de alimento indispensable durante las primeras fases de desarrollo de los camarones marinos. Algunas microalgas, como la Arthrospira platensis, son ricas en substancias antioxidantes y tienen la capacidad de retirar compuestos tóxicos del agua en los sistemas de producción acuí­­cola. De este modo, constituimos un experimento con dos tratamientos triplicados, donde se evaluó la aplicación de biomasa filtrada de microalga A. platensis como suplemento alimenticio para camarón blanco del Pací­­fico, Litopenaeus vannamei. Se utilizó un sistema de cultivo estático de seis unidades, con volumen útil de 250 litros de agua marina (30 ppt), donde se sembraron 300 camarones m-2 con peso inicial de 0,7 ± 0,2 g. Al final del experimento (42 dí­­as) se evaluaron parámetros inmunológicos y de desempeí­±o zootécnico. Los camarones alimentados con A. platensis como suplemento fueron signicativamente mayores que los camarones del tratamiento control y no presentaron diferencias en la supervivencia. Igualmente, se obtuvieron mejores resultados en los parámetros inmunológicos del tratamiento con inclusión de microalga. De esta forma, al suministrar la microalga como alimento suplementario al camarón L. vannamei, crecimiento y sistema inmunológico se vieron favorecidos.

Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp fed on diets supplemented with Dunaliella sp. is improved after challenges by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei was evaluated during a Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. This bacteria has been causing significant economic losses in the shrimp industry due to the appearance of early mortality syndrome (EMS), also known as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Control of bacteria in ponds is difficult to achieve with antibiotics due to environmental infections and antibiotic resistance. New methods have been proposed to control and prevent the impact of bacterial infections. The physiological response indicated by plasma biochemical parameters in shrimp can determine their health and stress status. Meanwhile, shrimp immunology is the key factor in establishing strategies to control diseases. Immunostimulants are the best alternative to antibiotics to prevent or minimize disease damage, and at the same time, these stimulants improve the immune system in shrimp. Four diets containing 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% of Dunaliella sp. with high β-carotene content were tested in the present study. After 20days of feeding, organisms were infected with V. parahaemolyticus. Protein, glucose, lactate, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as activity of prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase, were determined 48 h post-infection (hpi). Shrimp fed a diet with 3% Dunaliella sp. showed the highest survival. Glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, as well as prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase activity, were not observed to be suitable indicators during this bacterial infection. The results indicated that the inclusion of Dunaliella sp. in diet increases survival in L. vannamei infected with V. parahaemolyticus.

Immune Responses and Resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Induced by Probiotic Bacterium Arthrobacter XE‐7 in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract A 63‐d feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic bacterium Arthrobacter XE‐7 on immune responses and resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The probiotic bacteria were administered orally at four different doses of 0, 106, 108, and 1010 colony‐forming unit (CFU)/g feed for shrimp. On Day 50, the shrimp were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus by bath. On Days 7, 21, 49, and 63, six shrimp per tank were sampled to take intestine and hemolymph. With increasing dietary supplementation of probiotic bacteria, shrimp mortality decreased from 63.16% (the control) to 55.9% (106 CFU/g feed), 51.75% (108 CFU/g feed), and 51.78% (1010 CFU/g feed), respectively. Vibrio counts in intestine of shrimp fed probiotic bacterium Arthrobacter XE‐7 was generally lower than that in the control shrimp (P &lt; 0.05). The probiotic bacteria generally increased the immune parameters in shrimp, that is, total hemocyte counts, percentage phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity, and serum phenoloxidase activity. The results showed that probiotic bacterium Arthrobacter XE‐7 can be used as probiotic in shrimp feed.