Parameters Of Gingival Inflammation Research Articles

Comparación de parámetros inflamatorios gingivales y percepción del dolor en el sondaje periodontal- Un estudio transversal, Parte II

Background: Probing of the periodontal pocket is an essential part of the diagnosis of periodontal disease and 15-77% of untreated periodontal patients experience pain during probing. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the pain perceived by patients with dental plaque-induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis during periodontal probing and the main objective includes the evaluation of the relationship between pain perceived during periodontal probing and gingival inflammatory parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 475 participants were recruited into the study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group-A (Gingivitis Group - 275 patients) and Group-B (Chronic Periodontitis Group - 200 patients). Clinical parameters included analysis of bleeding on probing, simplified gingival index, pocket depth on probing, and clinical attachment level. Pain score was recorded using the HP VAS scale and all patients participated in the study after a detailed explanation of the study protocol. Results: A significant difference in pain perception was noted between groups, highlighting the role of the degree of inflammation in the examination of periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, we can conclude that pain perception is directly correlated with the degree of inflammation in periodontitis rather than plaque-induced gingivitis during periodontal probing. Therefore, some form of adjuvant topical anesthesia may be considered in order to reduce pain levels in severely inflamed patients, to encourage continued acceptance of supportive periodontal therapy.

Powered Toothbrushes: An Opportunity for Biofilm and Gingival Inflammation Control.

The present review aimed at a broad investigation on the potential of powered as compared to manual toothbrushes in different aspects of clinical dentistry. Studies evaluating plaque and gingival inflammatory parameters were included, as well as those that investigated adverse effects. Emphasis was given separately to adults, youngsters, special-needs patients, and those under fixed orthodontic therapy. In general, comparisons favored powered toothbrushes. In summary, approximately 68% of the included studies, in terms of plaque/gingival inflammation in adults, presented better results for powered toothbrushes. In children and special-needs populations, approximately 40% of the included studies favored powered toothbrushes for plaque/gingival inflammation, and none favored manual ones. In orthodontic individuals, 50% of the studies also demonstrated a better effect of powered toothbrushes on plaque and gingival inflammation. All included studies that assessed adverse events did not demonstrate a difference in these effects when comparing manual vs. powered toothbrushes. It is concluded that the use of powered toothbrushes is an opportunity to enhance patterns of plaque control and associated gingival inflammation.

Efficacy of Triphala in treating Gingivitis diseases

Background and Objective: Triphala facilitates the action of anti-cavities, decreases plaque and has an antibacterial effect. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) only to compare the overall effects of Triphala herbal mouthwashes in the treatment of gingivitis as a complement to daily oral hygiene on both plaque and chlorhexidine inflammation regulation. Methods: Electronic searches in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL were conducted in databases up to April 2020. Original articles, invivo studies and articles on the efficacy of Triphala on gingivitis were included in the study. 9 RCTs were included in the systematic review and 6 articles were included in meta-analysis. Results: Four included studies showed significantly greater reductions in plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding indices after the use of herbal mouthwashes (Triphala) compared with Chlorhexidine, while five studies reported that no difference was observed between herbal Triphala mouthwash and Chlorhexidine. Considering the effects of Triphala mouthwash on clinical gingival inflammatory parameters, significant heterogeneity for both gingival index (Q=102.55; pQ=0.000; I2=95.12%; T2=0.62; T=0.79) and plaque index (Q=43.83; pQ=0.000; I2=88.59%; T2=0.23; T=0.48) was observed between both Triphala mouthwash and Chlorhexidine groups.

Effect of the Mediterranean diet on gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 6-week Mediterranean diet (MD) intervention on gingival inflammatory and anthropometric parameters of patients with gingivitis. Forty-two participants were allocated to MD group (MDG) or control group (CG). After a 2-week equilibration period regarding dental care procedures, only MDG changed their diet to MD for 6 weeks, supported by a diet counselling. Gingival and anthropometric parameters were assessed at baseline (T0), Week 2 (T1, beginning of MD intervention), and Week 8 (T2). Adherence to MD was assessed by the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS); dietary behaviour was evaluated by the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults Food Frequency Questionnaire (DEGS-FFQ). Plaque values remained constant in both groups. Inflammatory periodontal and anthropometric parameters decreased in the MDG only (gingival index: T1 1.51 ± 0.21, T2 1.49 ± 0.24; bleeding on probing: T1 51.00 ± 14.65, T2 39.93 ± 13.74; body weight: T1 79.01 ± 15.62, T2 77.29 ± 17.00; waist circumference: T1 84.41 ± 10.1, T2 83.17 ± 10.47 (p< .05). MEDAS revealed a sufficient diet adherence for MDG. Within this study, gingival inflammatory parameters were significantly reduced by MD, whereas plaque parameters remained constant. The diet counselling achieved sufficient adherence with beneficial changes in weight loss and waist circumference.

The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse as adjunct to toothbrushing compared to placebo on interproximal plaque and gingival inflammation-a systematic review with meta-analyses.

The present study aimed to systematically review the literature about the interproximal anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of cetylpyrydinium chloride (CPC) mouthrinse compared to placebo solution. Three databases (PUBMED, SCOPUS, and EMBASE) were searched for randomized clinical trials that compared the interproximal anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effect of CPC and placebo mouthrinses as an adjunct to toothbrushing, after a minimum of 6 weeks. Individuals with any periodontal diagnosis were considered. Two meta-analyses were performed for the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index and the Löe and Silness gingival index. For both analyses, the mean differences (MD) between baseline and 6-weeks were calculated using a random-effect model. Eight studies were included. All included studies showed significant improvement in at least one of the parameters, favoring the CPC mouthrinse when compared to placebo. The meta-analysis demonstrated that groups that used CPC displayed a significantly greater reduction in the plaque index score (MD; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: - 0.70; - 0.83 to - 0.57) and in the gingival index (MD; 95%CI: - 0.38; - 0.47 to - 0.28) when compared to placebo. However, high heterogeneity was observed in both analyses (I2 = 89% and I2 = 98%, respectively). When considering interproximal surfaces, CPC is efficacious both in plaque and gingival inflammatory parameters, demonstrating the potential to compensate for the limitations of interproximal plaque control. CPC may be a good alternative to compensate interproximal plaque removal, improving interproximal gingivitis.

Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in restoring clinical, microbial, proinflammatory cytokines and pain scores in adolescent patients having generalized gingivitis and undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on clinical gingival inflammatory parameters, bacterial load, proinflammatory cytokine status, and pain scores in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with gingivitis. Thirty adolescent undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with gingivitis were randomly divided into two groups: Group A - patients undergoing dental scaling (DS) with adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Group BDS alone. Clinical gingival parameters including plaque scores, (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were assessed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were used to report the values of present pain intensity. Crevicular fluid was sampled to quantify the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The total bacterial counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia) were assessed. All examinations were performed at baseline, 1 week and 4 weeks. Both the treatment regimens reported statistically significant reduction in PS and BOP (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in PS and PD values when Group B was compared with Group A (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction noted for BOP in Group B when compared to Group A (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in the microbial counts of T. forsythia in Group A when compared to Group B at week-1 (p < 0.05). During the 4-week follow-up, the counts for T. forsythia significantly increased. No significant changes could be seen in either of the pain scores in both the groups (p > 0.05). Both groups showed statistically significant reduction in the IL-6 and TNF-α levels. However, IL-6 was significantly reduced at 1 week, while TNF-a significantly reduced at 4 weeks of follow up among the participants in Group B. PDT has a positive effect in significantly reducing the periodontal microbial load in established gingivitis in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

Application of photodynamic therapy against periodontal bacteria in established gingivitis lesions in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

The aim of this 4 week follow up randomized controlled clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to ultrasonic scaling (US) in the reduction of gingival inflammatory parameters and periodontal pathogens in established gingival inflammation in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. A total of 22 adolescent patients (mean age: 17.5 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment and presenting with persistent local gingival inflammation were randomized into two groups: Group-US: patients receiving ultrasonic scaling (US) with usual oral hygiene instructions and Group-PDT: in which patients received adjunctive PDT with US. Dichotomous recording for plaque scores (PS) and bleeding on probing (BOP) was used to assess the clinical inflammatory status. The total bacterial counts of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were estimated and were expressed as log CFU/mL. All assessments were performed at baseline, 1 week and 4 weeks. For intergroup comparisons, student's t-test was computed along with Bonferroni correction for post hoc multiple comparisons. To identify differences between repeated follow-ups, ANOVA multiple rank test was used. Both treatment modalities reported statistically significant reduction in PS and BOP in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in PS and BOP when US was compared with PDT (p > 0.05). Group-US showed statistically significant reduction in T. forsythia at 1 week only (p < 0.05). Group-PDT showed statistically significant reduction in P. gingivalis and T. forsythia from baseline to 1 week and 4 weeks (p < 0.05). This was also significant when compared with US on both the time points (p < 0.05). PDT was effective in significantly reducing periodontal pathogens in established gingivitis lesions in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment in short term.

Effect of triphala mouthrinse on plaque and gingival inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To assess the efficacy of triphala mouthwash (TRP-MW) in being equally effective to chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW) in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Electronic searches in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL were conducted in databases up to April 2020. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing clinical efficacy of TRP-MW (test group) in comparison with CHX-MW in treating plaque-induced gingivitis were considered. The primary outcome was gingival index (GI), whereas the secondary outcome was plaque index (PI). Seven RCTs were included. All studies showed that TRP-MW administration was significantly effective as compared to CHX-MW in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Considering the effects of TRP-MW on clinical gingival inflammatory parameters, significant heterogeneity for both GI (χ2 =72.77, P<.0001, I2 =91.76%) and PI (χ2 =153.67, P<.0001, I2 =96.10%) was observed between both TRP-MW and CHX-MW groups. The overall mean difference for both GI (WMD=-0.29, 95% CI=-0.40 to -0.17, P<.001) and PI (WMD=-0.43, 95% CI=-0.54 to -0.31, P<.001) was statistically significant between TRP-MW and CHX-MW at follow-up, respectively. Triphala mouthwash seems to significantly improve the clinical gingival inflammatory parameters in plaque-induced gingivitis with equal clinical efficacy as CHX-MW. TRP is a cost-effective alternative and is easily available with limited side effects on periodontal tissues.

Bleeding Index and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 as Gingival Inflammation Parameters after Chemical-Mechanical Retraction Procedure

Objective: A widely used chemical-mechanical method of gingival retraction can cause gingival tissue damage. The aim of this study was to test the influence of the chemical-mechanical gingival retraction procedures on the gingival bleeding index (GBI) and the salivary concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) as an indicator of inflammatory changes in the gingiva. Materials and Methods: The effects of 2 different retraction agents (aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate) were compared, particularly their tissue damaging effect during tooth preparation. Therefore, GBI values and the salivary concentration of MCP-1 were assessed during the chemical-mechanical method of gingival retraction in a homogenous group of respondents. The subjects (n = 60) were divided into 2 experimental groups (G1 and G2) regarding the need for tooth preparing and making artificial crowns. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups (R1 and R2) according to the type of the gingival retraction agent used (aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate). Results: Compared to the values at the study start, a statistically significant increase in GBI and salivary MCP-1 (p < 0.001) 1 day after gingival retraction agent application was observed in both experimental groups. After 72 h, the values were lower than in the second observation period but still statistically significantly higher compared to the study start (p < 0.001), which indicated the reversibility of the tissue changes. Conclusion: Higher values of the investigated parameters were observed in the group of subjects with prepared teeth, and clinical changes were more pronounced after the use of ferric sulfate.

Treatment efficacy of photoactivated disinfection versus Salvadora persica gel in experimental gingivitis.

This clinical trial aimed to study the comparison of clinical gingival inflammatory scores and levels of pathogenic bacteria with professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) with photoactivated disinfection (PAD) and Salvadora persica (SP) gel application in experimentally induced gingivitis. Twenty-five non-smoking patients underwent an 8-week experimental gingivitis trial that consisted of 14 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation and a 6 week of resolution phase following the three treatment modalities. The treatment protocols included PAPR with adjunctive PAD, SP gel application and PAPR alone. Clinical gingival inflammatory parameters including plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. Microbiological parameters included the log count of five periodontal pathogens in the plaque from all experimental sites. No significant difference in plaque levels was observed between PAD, SP and PAPR at 2- and 6-weeks following treatment. The magnitude of the decrease was statistically significant at 6 weeks for SP (P = 0.02). The median number of residual BOP+ sites was higher at PAD and PAPR compared to SP at either 2-weeks (2.75 and 1.25, respectively; P = 0.039) or 6 weeks (2 and 1, respectively; P = 0.044) following treatment administration. Counts of all bacteria reduced until 2 weeks with significantly greatest reduction seen in the PAD group and this was maintained until 6 weeks of follow-up. The log CFU/mL values for all bacterial counts significantly reduced for SP group, however, it did not show significant reduction when compared with PAD but had greater extent when compared with PAPR group. Both PAD and SP gel application improved clinical gingival inflammatory parameters in experimental-induced gingivitis. However, PAD helped to reduce bacterial counts, while SP had significant impact on bleeding in gingival inflammation.

The Influence of a Bifidobacterium animalis Probiotic on Gingival Health: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

There is growing interest in the use of probiotics in periodontal therapy; however, until now, most research has focused on lactobacilli probiotics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of 4-week use of yogurt supplemented with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis DN-173010 versus a placebo yogurt, followed by a 5-day non-brushing period. Individuals were included in this single-mask, randomized, controlled study if probing depth (PD) was ≤3 mm and attachment loss was ≤2 mm. After professional prophylaxis, they were randomized into two groups receiving yogurt containing either placebo or B. animalis for 28 days, followed by a 5-day non-brushing period. Outcome measures were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), PD, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, and total amount and concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β in GCF. These were measured at baseline, after 28 days of study product use, and subsequently after 5 days of plaque accumulation. Fifty-one patients were analyzed. No intergroup differences could be detected before and after intake of study products. However, after plaque accumulation, significantly better results for all parameters were seen in the probiotic group compared with the control group (P <0.001): lower PI and GI, less BOP, less increase in GCF volume, and lower IL-1β total amount/concentration. The use of a probiotic yogurt supplemented with B. animalis can have a positive effect on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammatory parameters after refraining from oral hygiene practices.

The Effect of Gingival Retraction Cord on Periodontal Health Compared to Other Gingival Retraction Procedures: A Systematic Review

Background: An accurate impression is obtained for the fabrication of fixed restorations only when the gingival tissue is managed properly. And this is especially true when the location of the finish line is at, or within, the gingival sulcus. Gingival retraction is an important aspect of currant impression techniques in fixed prosthetic procedures. Effective gingival retraction prior to taking an impression without damaging periodontal tissues is very important in long-term success of cast restorations. Purpose: To collect and evaluate, in a systematic manner, data available on the post-operative effect of retraction cords on gingival tissue in patients with healthy gingiva compared to cordless techniques in respect to effect on gingival recession, parameters of gingival inflammation and patient comfort. Methods: PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, ISI Web of Science, the Cochrane library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched. The studies were chosen according to the inclusion criteria followed by data extraction, and quality check. Results: 85 potentially eligible articles were identified, of which only 5 fulfilled the objective of the study and were included. Five studies reported that the gingival retraction techniques affected the gingival health with a variable degree level and this effect was temporary in nature taking in consideration the health of the gingival tissues. One study compared three different techniques of retraction materials and reported that temporary gingival inflammation was observed with all techniques and Expasyl had the greatest effect with slower recovery. Bleeding was induced by the cordless techniques neither during nor after retraction. One study investigated non-aluminum chloride-containing injection-type retraction material (Korlex-GR) compare it with 2 other commercial retraction materials (Ultrapak 1, a medicated retraction cord, and Expasyl), there results indicated that the non-aluminum chloride-containing injection-type retraction material is as effective as the other 2 materials for gingival retraction but produces less pain and limits injury to the gingival tissue during the procedure. Conclusions: It may be suggested that all tested gingival retraction technique will affect the gingiva negatively temporarily, however, well-fitted fixed dental prosthesis and its procedures performed to periodontaly healthy subjects will have a reversible effect on the periodontal tissue health.

The effect of an essential‐oils mouthrinse as compared to a vehicle solution on plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate the effects of an alcohol vehicle solution (V-Sol) compared with an essential-oils mouthwash (EOMW) and if available with a water-based control (WC) on plaque, gingival inflammation parameters and extrinsic tooth staining. The PubMed-MEDLINE, Cochrane-CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was performed, and difference of means (DIFFM) as calculated. In total, 971 unique papers were found of which five met the eligibility criteria. The DIFFM of the meta-analysis of four 6-month studies showed that the EOMW provided significantly better plaque control (DIFFM = 0.39, P < 0.00001) and gingival inflammation reduction as measured by the Löe and Silness Index (DIFFM = 0.36, P = 0.00001) as compared to the V-Sol. Regarding extrinsic tooth staining, a small but significant difference (DIFFM = -0.08, P = 0.03) was observed. Limited data, but with a low risk of bias, were available to assess the potential benefit of the alcohol-containing V-Sol. 'High'- and 'moderate'-quality data were available for the analysis of plaque and gingivitis, respectively. Within these limitations, EOMW appears to provide a significant oral health benefit during the 6 months of use. The data retrieved for this review suggest that the essential oils produce an effect on plaque and gingivitis that extends beyond the V-Sol. Furthermore, the V-Sol proved to be no different from a WC.

The effect of medicated, sugar‐free chewing gum on plaque and clinical parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review

This study aimed to systematically review the present literature to establish the clinical effect of medicated, sugar-free chewing gum on plaque indices and parameters of gingival inflammation. MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched up to April 2012 to identify appropriate studies. Included studies used an intervention of medicated, sugar-free chewing gum containing antimicrobial agents or herbal extracts compared with a control gum. Plaque and gingivitis scores were selected as outcome variables. Independent screening of 594 unique titles and abstracts identified 10 non-brushing and four brushing studies that met the eligibility criteria. Means and standard deviations were extracted. A sufficient number of studies evaluated chlorhexidine gum to perform a meta-analysis. Although this review provides evidence for the comparative effectiveness of chewing gums containing various ingredients, the results must be weighed carefully against the methods that were used to assess their outcomes. Most of the chewing gums with antimicrobial agents or herbal extracts were shown to have a positive effect with respect to plaque and gingivitis scores. The most compelling evidence was provided for chewing gum containing chlorhexidine. Meta-analysis and individual results indicate a beneficial effect of chlorhexidine on plaque inhibition. However, GRADE evidence profile shows that the recommendation to use CHX-gum to reduce plaque scores in the absence of brushing is considered to be 'weak'. Other ingredients with positive outcomes on plaque scores are eucalyptus, acacia, funoran, Pycnogenol and mastic. Limited data with respect to gingivitis scores were available, and the following agents showed a positive effect: magnolia, eucalyptus and CHX.

The effect of sugar‐free chewing gum on plaque and clinical parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review

The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature on the clinical effects of sugar-free chewing gum on plaque indices and parameters of gingival inflammation. The MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched up to 20 April 2012 to identify any appropriate studies. Plaque indices and parameters of gingival inflammation were selected as outcome variables. An independent screening of the 594 unique titles and abstracts identified six non-brushing and four brushing studies that met the eligibility criteria. In the non-brushing studies, the use of chewing gum did not significantly affect the parameters of interest. In the descriptive analysis of the brushing studies, four of five comparisons showed a statistically significant effect in favour of the sugar-free chewing gum with respect to plaque scores. The meta-analysis for the Quigley & Hein (J Am Dent Assoc 1962; 65: 26) plaque index scores in the brushing studies also showed a significant difference (DiffM -0.24, 95% CI [-0.41; -0.08]). For bleeding tendency, the descriptive analysis showed that one of the two comparisons identified a significant difference in favour of chewing gum. The meta-analysis, however, did not substantiate this difference. Within the limitations of this systematic review, it may be concluded that the use of sugar-free chewing gum as an adjunct to toothbrushing provides a small but significant reduction in plaque scores. Chewing sugar-free gum showed no significant effect on gingivitis scores. In the absence of brushing, no effect on plaque and gingivitis scores could be established.

A cross-sectional tri-level study of the obesity effects on thesalivary uric acid and total protein of gingivitis Iraqisubjects

Background: Obesity is the fastest growing health-related problem in the world. It plays an affecting role in the biochemistry of many serious systemic diseases like diabetes and CVD. Periodontitis appeared to have a reciprocal relationship with both, obesity on one hand side and the serious systemic diseases on other hand. The aim of study: is to investigate the inter linking between obesity and gingivitis by screening the salivary uric acid and total protein. Material and method: Control healthy periodontal and systemically-normal weight,27 male, ( CG), gingivitis–normal weight, systemically healthy(GN) 16 male, Gingivitis-overweight-systemically healthy(GOV) 14 male).and Gingivitisobese- systemically healthy(GO)12 male, aged 30-40 y, no smokers, Their weight measured according to BMI. Clinical data were recorded according to PL.I, GI, BOP, at the same hour of unstimulated saliva collection. Results: Obese subjects showed increased PL.I, G.I, BOP scores and high significant increase of salivary total protein. BOP; showed significant increase in bleeding sites as the Body Mass Index goes up. Uric acid showed, always, negative correlation with the totality of gingival inflammation parameters, they were significant only with normal weight subjects. Conclusion: Total protein. Appeared significantly positive correlated to gingivitis more than to the obesity. While Uric acid correlated insignificantly negative with the gingivitis but not to the increased body weight.The increased body weight also positively correlated to the gingival inflammation, these results could say that gingivitis modifies the salivary chemicals while the obesity enhances gingivitis.

Essential Oil Mouthwash (EOMW) may be Equivalent to Chlorhexidine (CHX) for Long-Term Control of Gingival Inflammation but CHX Appears to Perform Better Than EOMW in Plaque Control

Essential oils compared to chlorhexidine with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Van Leeuwen MPC, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. J Periodontol 2011 Feb;82(2):174-94. Epub 2010 Nov 2. Anthony L. Neely, DDS, MDentSc, PhD. To determine whether essential oil mouthwash is comparable to chlorhexidine gluconate with respect to reducing plaque and gingival inflammation and promoting calculus accumulation and extrinsic staining. Some support came from the Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam. TYPE OF STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis of data. Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence. Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence.

Essential Oils Compared to Chlorhexidine With Respect to Plaque and Parameters of Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the effects of an essential-oil mouthwash (EOMW) compared to a chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation. PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for studies up to and including September 2010 to identify appropriate articles. A comprehensive search was designed, and the articles were independently screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Articles that evaluated the effects of the EOMW compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash were included. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was performed, and weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated. A total of 390 unique articles were found, of which 19 articles met the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis of long-term studies (duration ≥ 4 weeks) showed that the chlorhexidine mouthwash provided significantly better effects regarding plaque control than EOMW (WMD: 0.19; P = 0.0009). No significant difference with respect to reduction of gingival inflammation was found between EOMW and chlorhexidine mouthwash (WMD: 0.03; P = 0.58). In long-term use, the standardized formulation of EOMW appeared to be a reliable alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to parameters of gingival inflammation.

Periodontal disease in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and periodontal disease (inflammatory diseases of the tissues around teeth) are common disorders associated with diabetes and cardiometabolic risk. Comprehensively examining the periodontal status in PCOS, this study suggests that the susceptibility for periodontal disease may significantly increase in patients with PCOS compared with healthy young women, and that local/periodontal oxidant status appears to be affected in PCOS.

The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride‐containing mouth rinses as adjuncts to toothbrushing on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review

To review the literature concerning cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) containing mouth rinses as effective adjuncts to toothbrushing in the prevention of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to January 2008 to identify appropriate studies. The primary outcome measurements were plaque accumulation and gingivitis. Independent screening of titles and abstracts of 3250 papers resulted in eight publications that met the criteria of eligibility. Mean values and standard deviations were obtained by data extraction. Descriptive comparisons are presented for brushing only or brushing and rinsing. Meta-analyses were performed when possible. The existing evidence supports that CPC containing mouth rinses, when used as adjuncts to either supervised or unsupervised oral hygiene, provide a small but significant additional benefit in reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.