Body Posture Parameters Research Articles

Frontal Plane Body Posture as a Predictor of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Amateur Athletes: A Comprehensive Study of 89 Participants Over 12 Months.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate frontal plane body posture parameters as injury risk factors during physical activity in the previous 12 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 41 males aged 21.3±1.1 years old and 48 females aged 20.8±0.6. To evaluate body posture, we assessed differences in the height of the acromion process (SSA) and differences in the height of the shoulder blades (LSAS), differences in the distance of the lower angles of the shoulder blades and spine (LSPD), differences in the height of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), and the maximum deflection of spinous process line from the line C7-S1 (PTA). The Injury History Questionnaire was used for injury data collection from the previous 12 months. The parameters were assessed for their ability to distinguish between injured and non-injured individuals using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method. RESULTS The results suggest that LSPD is a significantly (P=0.028) better predictor of injury than other body posture parameters. The cut-off points for risk of injury based on the assessed body posture parameters demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy higher than chance, except for LSAS and PTA (AUC >0.5). In addition, there were no sex differences in the predictive potential of detecting injuries between males and females. CONCLUSIONS The LSPD has the greatest predictive value for musculoskeletal injuries. Our results suggest that body posture parameters, irrespective of sex, independently influence injury risk, emphasizing the need for preventive strategies targeting athletes' trunk and shoulder regions.

TWO DIFFERENT METHODS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DETERMINING BODY DEFORMITIES IN STUDENTS

A research study was conducted on a sample of 110 male and female participants aged 11 and 12 years (±1.2 years) to compare two different methods for identifying spinal deformities. The aim was to determine which of the two methods is better and more applicable in practical school conditions. The methods compared were Napoleon Wolanski's method with 8 variables and the 3D method from Contemplas GmbH TEMPLO General Motion, assessed with a total of 11 variables. By analyzing the table of central dispersion parameters of body posture according to Napoleon Wolanski's method, the participants were classified into 5 groups based on the results. Participants with scores up to 8 points were considered to have good posture, while those with scores from 9 to 16 points were treated as having poor posture. The research revealed that a total of 66 out of 110 participants had poor posture, accounting for 60%. Results from the Contemplas method showed deviations from proper posture in almost all variables. The analysis indicated significant deviations in shoulder rotation, pelvic rotation, sagittal distances, and flexion/extension variables. Overall, the results demonstrated a high prevalence of body deformities in 11- and 12-year-old students. Analyzing the results of both methods for determining body deformities, it can be confidently stated that the frequency of body deformities in students aged 11 and 12 is significantly high. Napoleon Wolanski's method identified that 60% of participants had some form of spinal deformity, while the Contemplas method showed more pronounced results, with some variables indicating deformations in 80-85% of participants. Despite providing more detailed information about students' posture, the Contemplas method is less applicable in practical school conditions due to its significant cost. Therefore, Napoleon Wolanski's method remains indispensable in school settings.

Изменения биомеханики у пациентов с гонартрозом при внутрисуставном введении протеза синовиальной жидкости «Гиапро»

Introduction Deforming osteoarthritis is the most common articular disease, with gonarthrosis accounting for a quarter of the patients aged 50 years and over. The disease is associated with impaired function, pain, disability, reduced quality of life and requires total joint replacement in severe cases. There is no clear understanding of the causes of the disease, however, the pathogenesis is well studied. Intra-articular injection of synovial fluid prostheses including hyaluronic acid is one of the approaches to restore the properties of synovial fluid. Stabilometry that is a rare use in orthopaedics, and no use in this aspect was added to the traditional treatment effectiveness assessment. The objective was to explore biomechanical changes in patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grade II-III gonarthrosis who underwent a series of three knee injections of synovial fluid prosthesis over a period of 6 months. Material and methods An open prospective non-comparative study was performed for 30 patients with unilateral gonarthrosis at a mean age of 60 (56; 63) years. The effect of intra-articular injections of a sterile mannitol heat-stabilized biopolymer synovial fluid prosthesis on the biomechanics was evaluated in two samples using WOMAC score (overall and ≥ 30). Biomechanics was assessed in the form of stabilometry. Standardized stabilography and questionnaires were used at 3 follow-up visits: at 0 month (before administration), at 3 and 6 months. Results General sample showed no cases of true drift of the stabilogram parameters, decreased area of the statokinesiogram, and the WOMAC ≥ 30 sample demonstrated an additional improvement in the speed parameters of vertical oscillation at 6 months, a decreased area of the statokinesiogram at 3 months and at 6 months, decreased energy costs at 6 months (p < 0.05). Discussion Positive changes in stabilometry indicated a decreased pain and fatigue reactions in a vertical static position in gonarthrosis during the treatment. Most effects were statistically significant in moderate and severe dysfunction and pain. Intra-articular injection of synovial fluid prosthesis objectively improved the physiometric parameters of the support reaction. Conclusion Three intra-articular injections of a synovial fluid prosthesis based on mannitol-stabilized hyaluronic acid used in gonarthrosis Kellgren-Lawrence grade II-III showed improved body posture parameters of maintaining upright posture and reduced energy consumption in moderate and severe knee pain according to dynamic stabilometry for at least 6 months.

Standard values of the upper body posture in healthy adults with special regard to age, sex and BMI

In order to classify and analyze the parameters of upper body posture in clinical or physiotherapeutic settings, a baseline in the form of standard values with special regard to age, sex and BMI is required. Thus, subjectively healthy men and women aged 21–60 years were measured in this project. The postural parameters of 800 symptom-free male (n = 397) and female (n = 407) volunteers aged 21–60 years (Ø♀: 39.7 ± 11.6, Ø ♂: 40.7 ± 11.5 y) were studied. The mean height of the men was 1.8 ± 0.07 m, with a mean body weight of 84.8 ± 13.1 kg and an average BMI of 26.0 ± 3.534 kg/m2. In contrast, the mean height of the women was 1.67 ± 0.06 m, with a mean body weight of 66.5 ± 12.7 kg and an average BMI of 23.9 ± 4.6 kg/m2. By means of video rasterstereography, a 3-dimensional scan of the upper back surface was measured when in a habitual standing position. The means or medians, confidence intervals, tolerance ranges, the minimum, 2.5, 25, 50, 75, 97.5 percentiles and the maximum, plus the kurtosis and skewness of the distribution, were calculated for all parameters. Additionally, ANOVA and a factor analyses (sex, BMI, age) were conducted. In both sexes across all age groups, balanced, symmetrical upper body statics were evident. Most strikingly, the females showed greater thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis angles (kyphosis: Ø ♀ 56°, Ø♂ 51°; lordosis: Ø ♀ 49°, Ø♂ 32°) and lumbar bending angles (Ø ♀ 14°, Ø♂ 11°) than the males. The distance between the scapulae was more pronounced in men. These parameters also show an increase with age and BMI, respectively. Pelvic parameters were independent of age and sex. The upper body postures of women and men between the ages of 21 and 60 years were found to be almost symmetrical and axis-conforming with a positive correlation for BMI or age. Consequently, the present body posture parameters allow for comparisons with other studies, as well as for the evaluation of clinical (interim) diagnostics and applications.

Changes in body posture parameters: a four-year follow-up study

Body posture is an alignment of its segments relative to each other in a certain way and the relations between them. Abnormalities in the alignment of body segments or the cooperation of systems may cause postural defects. Scientific evidence showed that children of school age are more exposed to abnormalities in body posture so posture should be monitored because it is a key aspect of their body's physical health. This study aimed to evaluate changes in body posture parameters in the frontal plane in the same children at 5 and then 9 years of age. This four-year follow-up study included 67 children (29 girls and 38 boys) in preschool-age and school-age phases (the first examination at 5 years of age and the second examination at 9 years of age). Measurements of body weight and height were recorded. The computerized assessment of body posture was performed with the photogrammetric method (MORA 4 Generation). The normality of the distribution of variables was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Analysis of qualitative data was carried out using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The highest percentage of children were characterized by the deterioration in the position of the lower corners of the scapulae, taking into account the division into sex (respectively in girls 51.7 % and boys 50.0 %) and the analysis of the whole group (50.7 %). There were statistically significant differences in the position of the lower corners of scapulae (UL) between the first and second examinations in all examined children (p = 0.005). The difference in the height of the waist and in the position of the shoulders improved and deteriorated in a similar percentage in children (above 30-40 %). Generally, an improvement in body posture was observed, however, the occurred abnormalities of body posture indicate the need to continuously monitor the children's posture and implementation of preventive and corrective measures.

Appraisal of the New Posture Analyzing and Virtual Reconstruction Device (PAViR) for Assessing Sagittal Posture Parameters: A Prospective Observational Study.

The purpose of this study was to report the clinical validation of the posture analyzing and virtual reconstruction device (PAViR) system, focusing on the accuracy of sagittal spinal parameters, compared with the EOS imaging system. Seventy patients diagnosed with segmental and somatic dysfunction were recruited between February 2020 and November 2020. Each patient was examined using the EOS imaging system and PAViR; the sagittal parameters of human body posture [forward head posture (FHP), T1 tilt angle (T1t), knee flexion angle (KF), lumbar lordosis angle (LL), and pelvic tilt angle (PT)] were analyzed to verify the correlation between the results of the two devices. The median differences in the results of the two devices showed significant differences in FHP (T4-frontal head and T4-auditory canal), T1t, and PT. In the correlation analysis, the values of FHP (C7-auditory canal, T4-frontal head, and T4-auditory canal), T1t, and PT showed a moderate correlation between the two devices (r = 0.741, 0.795, 0.761, 0.621, and 0.692, respectively) (p < 0.001). The KF and LL was fairly correlated (r = 0.514 and 0.536, respectively) (p = 0.004, both). This study presents the potential of a novel skeletal imaging system without radiation exposure, based on a 3D red-green-blue-depth camera (PAViR), as a next-generation diagnostic tool by estimating more accurate parameters through continuous multi-data-based upgrades with artificial intelligence technology.

Regular School Sport versus Dedicated Physical Activities for Body Posture-A Prospective Controlled Study Assessing the Sagittal Plane in 7-10-Year-Old Children.

Body posture develops during the growing period and can be documented using trunk photography. The study aims to evaluate the body posture in children aged 7–10 years undergoing a dedicated physical activities program versus regular school sport. A total of 400 children, randomly chosen from a cohort of 9300 participating in a local scoliosis screening program, were evaluated twice at a one-year interval. A total of 167 children were involved in regular school sport (control group), while 233 received both school sport and a dedicated physical activities program (intervention group). Standardized photographic habitual body posture examination was performed at enrollment (T0) and one-year after (T1). Sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), chest inclination (CI), and head protraction (HP) were measured. At T0, the body posture parameters did not differ between groups. At T1 in the controls, all five parameters tended to deteriorate (insignificant): SS p = 0.758, LL p = 0.38, TK p = 0.328, CI p = 0.081, and HP p = 0.106. At T1 in the intervention group, the SS decreased (p = 0.001), the LL tended to decrease (p = 0.0602), and the TK, CI, and HP remained unaltered. At T1, the SS and LL parameter differed between groups statistically (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0064, respectively) and clinically (2.52° and 2.58°, respectively). In 7–10-year-old children, participation in dedicated physical activities tends to improve their body posture compared to regular school sport.

Characteristics of Body Posture in the Sagittal Plane in 8–13-Year-Old Male Athletes Practicing Soccer

Background: An important part of a healthy lifestyle for children and adolescents is exercising to satisfy the natural need for physical activity. However, young athletes should take special care when they participate in intense physical training, to ensure their proper physical development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the body posture in the sagittal plane of soccer players in comparison with healthy untrained peers. Methods: A total of 245 young males aged 8–13 who participated in the study were divided into two groups: “Group F—Footballer”, elite youth soccer players comprising 132 male athletes, and “Group C—Control group”, consisting of 113 boys from primary schools. The elite, youth soccer players played and trained in the Gold Standard Certificate Academy for their age group and belonged to the top 1% of all players from their category, respectively (Polish Soccer Association (PZPN)). The control group consisted of healthy boys from primary schools in Wroclaw not practicing any sport. A photogrammetric method based on the projection moiré phenomenon was used to assess the body posture in all subjects. Results: The analysis showed statistically significant differences in body posture parameters in the sagittal plane between the trained (F) and non-trained (C) groups. In all age groups, a significantly higher value of the upper thoracic angle and a lower value of the trunk inclination angle were observed in the football players’ group. Significant differences were also observed for the thoracic spine in each age group. In the groups of 8–9 and 12–13 years, they concerned the angle of thoracic kyphosis, and in the group of 10–11-year-old, the depth of thoracic kyphosis. In the group of children with ages 8–9 and 10–11, significantly higher values of lumbosacral angle and upper thoracic angle were observed in the group of soccer players. Conclusions: The soccer training load can influence the anterior–posterior curvature of the spine. In the group of footballers in all age groups, higher angular values of thoracic kyphosis and greater tilt of the torso forward were found, compared with their untrained peers. There were also significant differences in body posture between children of different ages, both in the group of footballers and in the group of untrained children. In the group of footballers, the differences concerned mainly the size of the lumbosacral angle and the depth of both curves, which decreased with the age of the players. A similar phenomenon was observed in the group of untrained boys but only in children in the older age groups.

Sex-related differences in the sagittal plane spinal angles in preschool and school-age children

Abstract Study aim: The study aimed to assess the differences in the magnitude of the anterior-posterior spinal curvatures depending on sex in children aged 5 and 9 years. Material and methods: This prospective longitudinal observational study included 67 children (29 girls and 38 boys) in pre-school-age and school-age phases (the first examination at 5 years old and the second examination at 9 years old). Measurements of body weight and height were recorded. The computerized assessment of body posture was performed with the photo-grammetric method (MORA 4 Generation). The normality of the distribution of variables was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences between the sexes in terms of body posture parameters and somatic parameters. Results: There were no statistically significant sex-related differences in the values of parameters of the anterior-posterior spinal curvatures in 5-year-old children. In the group of 9-year-old children in the angle of lumbar lordosis, a significant difference between the sexes was found (U = 387.00, p &lt; 0.05). Girls aged 9 had a significantly higher mean value of the angle of lumbar lordosis than boys at the same age (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: A sex-related difference was found in the magnitude of lumbar lordosis in school-age children. Understanding the gender differentiation of lumbar lordosis is the first step towards explaining the wide variability of normal lumbar lordosis in adults and the developmental and biomechanical differences between male and female lumbar spines.

Physical Activity and Parameters of Body Posture in the Frontal Plane in Children

Abstract Introduction Physical activity may have an impact on the parameters of body posture. Scientific reports suggest that levels of physical activity are declining among society, which may result in incorrect changes in body posture. This study aimed to assess the relationship between physical activity and the parameters characterizing posture in the frontal plane in children. Material and Methods Sixty-seven primary school students aged 9 were enrolled in the study, including 29 girls and 38 boys. The posture was evaluated with the photogrammetric method. Also, anthropometric measures and the level of physical activity were investigated. Results The highest percentage of examined children was characterized by a moderate level of physical activity. Children with a high level of physical activity were characterized by the greater asymmetry of position between the right and left shoulder as compared to those with a low and a moderate level of physical activity. Conclusions There were statistically significant differences only in the height of shoulders in children with a high level of physical activity. This study should be repeated in adolescence, characterized by changes in development and a reluctance to physical activity.

Standing posture and balance modalities in unilateral transfemoral and transtibial amputees

IntroductionLower limb amputation impairs postural performance that could be characterized by biomechanical parameters. This study is to investigate postural performance of persons with transfemoral and transtibial amputation compared to controls without amputation. MethodsEight transtibial, nine transfemoral and twelve able-bodied males participated in this study. Lower limb joints, pelvis and trunk angles were obtained from an optoelectronic motion analysis system to evaluate body posture parameters. The mean, range and speed of the center of pressure (CoP) in both antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes as well as the ellipse area covered by 90% of CoP and free moment were calculated using a single force-plate. Results and discussionDifferences in body posture were only noted between the non-amputee and the transtibial groups. Transtibial amputees leaned more forwardly their trunk by 3.5° compared to able-bodied (p = 0.028). The mean CoP position in transfemoral amputees was closer to the non-amputated side than transtibial amputees (p = 0.034) and as compared to the dominant side in non-amputees (p = 0.042). Factor analysis revealed three postural performance modalities. Non-amputees postural performance was characterized solely by body posture parameters. Transfemoral amputees exclusively favored a modality associated with standing balance parameters, whereas transtibial amputees exhibited a mixed modality comprising a combination of postural and balance parameters. ConclusionThese findings support that the level of amputation is characterized by postural performance modalities different from non-amputees. Clinicians could apply this knowledge as part of their routine rehabilitation program to enhance postural and standing balance assessments in unilateral transfemoral and transtibial amputees.

Sexual and environmental dimorphism, the frequency of significant relationships between body weight and height and foot features among 14-18-year-old adolescents

Introduction: The objective of this study was to show the frequency of significant correlations between body weight and height and the selected parameters of body posture within trunk in 14-18-year-old adolescents.&#x0D; Material and methods. The study conducted among randomly selected teenagers aged 14-18 years was carried out during the period of 3 years, in 6 half-year editions and enabled the author to record 2445 observations with regard to the measurement of 48 parameters describing trunk, body weight and height. The subjects involved in the study were enrolled from the Warminsko-Mazurski region. The photogrammetric method with the phenomenon of mora projection was used to measure the selected parameters.&#x0D; Findings. The frequency of significant correlations between body height and the features of body posture was 21.42% and with regard to body weight it was 14.28%. The frequency of significant correlations between body height within sex was 14.28%, and concerning body weight it was 4.76%, whereas among girls the figures were 7.14% and 9.52% respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions&#x0D; 1. Among adolescents aged 14-18 years, body height revealed significantly more frequent correlations with the parameters of feet than body weight.&#x0D; 2. Body height was reported to reveal more frequent significant correlations with the parameters of feet than body weight among boys. As regards girls involved in the study, the frequency of these significant relationships was similar and revealed lower values. Body weight and height showed more frequent correlations with the parameters of feet in children living in towns and cities than in their counterparts from the rural environment.&#x0D; 3. Among boys, more frequent significant correlations between body height and the parameters of feet were observed in subjects living in the urban environment, and the correlations concerning body weight significantly differed from the percentage of the relationships regarding body height. Among girls living in the rural environment, the correlations between body height and the parameters of feet were more frequent than in the subjects living in towns, and regarding weight, these correlations were reported to be bigger in towns than in villages. The percentage of significant relationships was very low in the rural environment.

Somatic determinants of changes in selected body posture parameters in younger school-age children.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe changes in selected parameters of body posture in children between 5 and 9 years old with diversified somatic structures.MethodsThe study was carried out in 2015 and then repeated in 2018 among 67 participants who had previously been observed to have scoliotic posture. Basic body weight and height measurements were taken, which were then used to calculate the body mass index. Posture tests were conducted using the photogrammetric method.ResultsGirls and boys were not significantly different in body dimensions. With age, the number of overweight boys and children with normal growth-weight proportions increased. Temporary differences in posture variables indicating abnormalities were small.ConclusionsThere were no significant differences in somatic parameters between the girls and the boys. Those children with a slender body structure had the most abnormalities in the coronal plane. On the other hand, changes in spinal position in the sagittal plane were more frequent in overweight children. Relations were noted between the compensation index in the sagittal plane and deviation of the trunk inclination, the maximum deviation of the line of the spinous processes, and the angle of the shoulder line in the coronal plane and body mass index values were noted.

Relationship between back posture and early orthodontic treatment in children

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between body posture and sagittal dental overjet in children before and after early orthodontic treatment with removable functional orthodontic appliances.MethodsAngle Class II patients (mean age 8.2 ± 1.2 years; 29 males and 25 females) with a distinctly enlarged overjet (> 9 mm) were retrospectively examined regarding body posture parameters before and after early orthodontic treatment. In addition, changes in overjet were investigated with the aid of plaster models. Forms of transverse dysgnathism (crossbite, lateral malocclusions) and open bite cases were excluded. Body posture parameters kyphosis, lordosis, surface rotation, pelvic tilt, pelvic torsion and trunk imbalance were analyzed by means of rasterstereographical photogrammetry to determine, if the orthodontic overjet correction is associated with specific changes in posture patterns.ResultsIn nearly all patients an overjet correction and an improvement regarding all body posture and back parameters could be noted after early orthodontic treatment. Overjet reduction (− 3.9 mm ± 2.1 mm) and pelvic torsion (− 1.28° ± 0,44°) were significantly (p < 0.05) and moderately correlated (R = 0.338) with no significant associations found for the other posture and back parameters (p > 0.05).ConclusionOverjet reduction during early orthodontic treatment may be associated with a detectable effect on pelvic torsion.

Posture and gait in the early course of schizophrenia.

While correlations between postural stability deficits and schizophrenia are well documented, information on dynamic motor alterations in schizophrenia are still scarce, and no data on their onset are available yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was i) to measure gait pattern(s) in patients with schizophrenia; ii) to identify posture and gait alterations which could potentially be used as a predictive clinical tool of the onset of the disorder. Body composition, posture and gait parameters were assessed in a group of 30 patients with schizophrenia and compared to 25 healthy subjects. Sway area was significantly higher in the schizophrenia group compared to controls regardless of whether the participants were in eyes open or eyes closed condition. Gait cadence and speed were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia, while stride length was similar. We concluded that the combination of an increased sway area (independent from eye closure) and a gait cadence reduction—in the presence of normal gait speed and stride length—might be considered peculiar postural and gait profile characteristic of early schizophrenia.

Upper-Body Posture in Adolescent Pianists: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Although the significance of upper-body posture in relation to piano performance has often been highlighted, the role of experience remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine selected upper body posture parameters in adolescent piano students of different performance level (beginners vs advanced). Thirteen (13) adolescent piano students (14.7±0.5 yrs; 7 beginners and 6 advanced) volunteered. They all performed two specific major scales (G-major and E-major) in five octaves in two predetermined different tempi (slow and fast). An upper body biomechanical model consisting of 27 reflective markers was applied on specific bony landmarks. A 10-T camera Vicon system running Nexus 2 was employed to capture upper body motion--a) sway of the trunk in relation to the instrument, b) finger/hand sway over the keyboard, c) overall hand movement, and d) spinal angles--at selected moments of four different performances. Beginners demonstrated more trunk sway than their advanced counterparts (p<0.05), more finger/hand sway (p<0.05), more overall hand movement (p<0.05), and more flexed spinal angles at the start of their performance (p<0.05). Most of these differences appeared in the G-fast performances, whereas the G-slow equivalents revealed no differences. Less-experienced piano players are characterized by more movement in their trunk posture and more upper limb activity than their more advanced colleagues. Future research should examine whether interventional programs designed to alter upper-body posture would have beneficial effects in piano performance.

Subjects with temporomandibular joint disc displacement and body posture assessment via rasterstereography: a pilot case-control study.

The possible relationship between temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and body posture is still controversial. Rasterstereography has been introduced as a radiation-free, reliable and non-invasive method to analyze three-dimensional spinal posture. The aim of this case-control study is to evaluate, through rasterstereography, body posture parameters in a group of patients with reducible unilateral dislocation of the articular disc, compared to healthy volunteers. Rasterstereographic recordings obtained were compared between the two groups with a paired t-student test. Furthermore, the relationship between Rasterstereographic recordings and clinical data in the TMD group were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis. Only lateral deviation was statistically significant different between the two groups (rms VPDM Control group 40% > TMD group, p=0.02; 43% control group VPDM max > TMD group, p<0.02). In the TMD group, a significant relationship (p<0.05) was found out between lateral and rotational deviations of the column and muscular pain, therefore suggesting a possible overactivity of the masticatory muscles, especially of lateral pterygoids' bilaterally and the left masseter. Patients with reducible unilateral disc displacement showed limited postural alterations compared to healthy volunteers, only lateral deviations (VPDM rms and VPDM-max) were statistically significant (Π<0.05) between the two groups.

Design and injury analysis of the seated occupant protection posture in train collision

In order to minimize injuries and protect safety of seated occupants in train collision, this study proposed a self-protective posture with hands laced behind head and body curled up for occupants. Through the local sled simulation test, the effectiveness of hands laced behind head posture was verified. In order to obtain the optimal protective posture with body curled up, First, the waist angle A, leg angle B and backward rotation angle C around the hip-point H of a dummy were selected as factors to design orthogonal test with different factor levels. Then, by using the direct analysis method, the influence laws of each factor on dynamic response and injury of occupants were analyzed. Furthermore, synthesized each kind of critical injury value of human body, the radial basis function surrogate model was constructed. Combining with NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm, the parameters of curled-up body posture of occupants were optimized. The balance optimal protective posture of occupants was at 40-0-08 (A-B-C). Finally, the optimal scheme was verified in the simulation system for standard collision of train at the speed of 48 km/h. The results show that after optimization, head injury of occupants reduces by 88% and axial force and bending moment of neck separately decrease by nearly 50% and 80%. Moreover, stresses on thigh bone and tibia bone decline by 53% and 56%, respectively.

MOTOR AND POSTURAL EFFECTS OF BODY MASS DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN AGED 6 YEARS IN POLAND.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate physical fitness and body posture in underweight children aged 6 years. &#x0D; Methods: The study examined 883 children aged six years, including 438 girls and 445 boys. The BMI values were used to divide the study group into two subgroups of participants, with normal weight and those underweight. Physical fitness was evaluated using a test made of 5 tests. Body posture was examined using a visual assessment method for selected parameters of body posture. &#x0D; Results: Compared to peers with normal BMI, underweight children obtained significantly poorer results in the following physical fitness tests: sit-and-reach (boys), standing long jump (boys), medicine ball throw (boys, girls). In terms of body posture, significant differences between the subgroups with reduced height-to-weight ratio were observed in shoulder and scapulae positions in the sagittal plane (girls and boys), degree of thoracic kyphosis (girls) and shape of cervical-acromial angles and waist triangles (boys) in the frontal plane. Furthermore, underweight children obtained significantly better results in convexity of abdominal wall and the axis of lower limbs (girls and boys). &#x0D; Conclusions: Some positive and negative motor and postural effects of body weight deficiency were observed in children aged 6 years.

The correlations between body posture parameters and the somatic type of male and female pupils playing selected musical instruments

The correlations between body posture parameters and the somatic type of male and female pupils playing selected musical instruments