Parameters In Wistar Rats Research Articles

Ameliorative Effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Zinc Sulfate on Reproductive Dysfunction Induced by Short-Term Crude Oil Exposure in Male Wistar Rats

Background: Crude oil contamination by accidental or voluntary ingestion is prevalent in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. One of the possible impacts of crude oil contamination is reproductive toxicity leading to infertility. The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) in mitigating reproductive dysfunction caused by short-term Bonny Light Crude oil (BLCO) exposure in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty (50) male Wistar (180 – 200g) were used for the study. They were divided into ten (10) groups of five (5) animals each. Groups I and II served as the control and negative control and received distilled water and BLCO (600mg/kg) respectively while groups III to X served as the experimental groups and received NAC (100 and 200mg/kg) and ZnSO4 (0.5mg/kg and 1mg/kg) orally for three (3) weeks. Animals were euthanized, and blood and semen were collected for biochemical and seminal analysis. Results: The results of this current study show that BLCO exposure caused a disruption in reproductive functions in rats by decreasing reproductive hormones and semen quality parameters in Wistar rats. NAC and ZnSO4 administration significantly improved semen quality parameters by improving sperm count, sperm motility and morphology in experimental rats. Conclusion: Evidence from the present study suggests that NAC and ZnSO4 protected the testes, preventing reproductive alterations linked to BLCO exposure.

Skeletal Effects of a Prolonged Oral Metformin Treatment in Adult Wistar Rats.

We previously showed that a 3-week oral metformin (MET) treatment enhances the osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and improves several bone histomorphometric parameters in Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the skeletal effects of extended periods of MET need to be completely elucidated. Hence, in this study, the impact of a prolonged (3-month) MET treatment was investigated on bone architecture, histomorphometric and biomechanics variables, and osteogenic potential of BMSCs in Wistar rats with or without MetS. Young male Wistar rats (n=36) were randomized into four groups (n=9) that received either 20% fructose (F), MET (MET), F plus MET treatments (FMET), or drinking water alone (Veh). Rats were euthanized, blood was collected, and bones were dissected and processed for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) analysis, static and dynamic histomorphometry, and bone biomechanics. In addition, BMSCs were isolated to determine their osteogenic potential. MET affected trabecular and cortical bone, altering bone architecture and biomechanics. Furthermore, MET increased the pro-resorptive profile of BMSCs. In addition, fructose-induced MetS practically did not affect the the structural or mechanical variables of the skeleton. A 3-month treatment with MET (with or without MetS) affects bone architecture and biomechanical variables in Wistar rats.

Impacts of aqueous extracts of Annona senegalensis and Hallea ledermannii on hematological parameters in Wistar rats made diabetic by alloxan induction.

Impacts of aqueous extracts of Annona senegalensis and Hallea ledermannii on hematological parameters in Wistar rats made diabetic by alloxan induction.

Gender Differences in the Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Hematological Parameters in Wistar Rats

This study aims to investigate the gender dimorphism in cadmium exposure on hematological parameters in male and female Wistar rats. Twenty Wistar rats (120g-150g) were divided into four groups: male control, male cadmium-treated, female control, and female cadmium-treated. Cadmium chloride (50 mg/kg) was administered orally to the experimental groups for 45 days. Hematological parameters were analyzed using an auto hematological analyzer. Data were statistically evaluated using two-way ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05. Cadmium exposure significantly increased white blood cell (WBC) counts in male rats compared to controls, with notable decrease in neutrophils and an increase in lymphocytes. Female rats showed significant increase in monocyte and basophil levels. Furthermore, red blood cell (RBC) parameters showed significant reductions in hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in female cadmium-treated rats. No significant effects were observed on platelet count or distribution width in both male and female rats. The study concluded there are gender-specific hematological alterations due to cadmium exposure in Wistar rats. These findings underscore the need for gender-specific approach in the understanding and amelioration of cadmium toxicity.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КРОВИ У КРЫС ЛИНИИ WISTAR ПОСЛЕ ИМПЛАНТАЦИИ ФРАГМЕНТОВ СОСУДИСТЫХ ПРОТЕЗОВ

Background. This article deals with the use of biological vascular grafts made from bovine xenopericardium as a plastic material for reconstructive operations on the great vessels, which is one of the most important topics in modern vascular surgery. Aim. To compare changes in blood biochemical parameters in Wistar rats after implantation of fragments of biological and synthetic vascular grafts. Material and methods. The experimental study was performed on male laboratory Wistar rats (n = 50). The animals were divided into two groups: group 1 included 25 animals with implantation of a Dacron vascular graft; group 2 was composed of 25 animals with implantation of a vascular graft made from bovine xenopericardium. Blood samples from the laboratory rats were collected on days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 after the operation. Plasma urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured. Results. No clinically significant changes in concentrations of low molecular weight metabolites of nitrogen metabolism or liver enzymes activity, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity were observed after implantation of a biological vascular graft from bovine xenopericardium compared to the animals with implanted synthetic vascular graft. Conclusion. The use of a biological vascular graft made from bovine xenopericardium does not cause clinically significant changes in blood biochemical parameters in laboratory rats.

Biochemical and toxicity evaluation of Retama sphaerocarpa extracts and in-silico investigation of phenolic compounds as potential inhibitors against HPV16 E6 oncoprotein

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer which affects the cervix cells. The conventional treatments for cervical cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are only effective in premature stages and less effective in late stages of this tumor. Therefore, the therapeutic strategies based on biologically active substances from plants are needed to develop for the treatment of cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess in vivo toxicity, hematological and biochemical blood parameters in Wistar rats fed Retama sphaerocarpa aqueous leaf extract (RS-AE), as well as to perform in silico molecular docking studies and dynamic simulation of phenolic compounds against HPV16 oncoprotein E6 in order to identify potential inhibitors. RS-AE was found not to induce acute or sub-acute oral toxicity or significant alterations in hematological and biochemical blood parameters in Wistar rats. A total of 11 phenolic compounds were identified in RS-AE, including dihydrodaidzein glucuronide, chrysoperiol pentoside, genistin and vitexin, which turned out to have the highest binding affinity to HPV16 oncoprotein E6. Based on these results, these RS-AE phenolic compounds could be used as natural drugs against the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein.

Effects of methanolic leaf extract and fractions of Irvingia gabonensis on hematological parameters in Wistar rats with splenomegaly

Splenomegaly is a medical condition characterized by an enlargement of the spleen, an organ located in the upper left part of the abdomen, beneath the ribcage. The spleen plays various essential roles in the body, including filtering blood, removing old or damaged blood cells, and helping the immune system by producing and storing immune cells. Splenomegaly causes negative haematological effects. It is very common in Africa and Asia. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of methanol leaf extract and fractions of Irvingia gabonensis on haematological parameters in splenomegaly-induced Wistar rats. Extraction and fractionation of the plant were carried out through standard procedure using methanol, hexane, butanol and ethyl acetate. A qualitative phytochemical evaluation of the plant was done. The effects of the extract and fractions of Irvingia gabonensis were investigated using a rat model. The presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins was observed in the extract and fractions of the plant. The methanolic extract and ethylacetate fraction significantly caused the normalization of PCV, HB, and RBC post-treatment. The findings from this study suggest that Irvingia gabonensis could be researched further for the management of splenomegaly and also the isolation of phytochemicals responsible for these effects.

Nutritional and Antioxidant Evaluation and Effect of Eggplant Consumption on Anthropometric and Hematologic Parameters in Wistar Rats

Nutritional and Antioxidant Evaluation and Effect of Eggplant Consumption on Anthropometric and Hematologic Parameters in Wistar Rats

Effect of Selected Fruit Wastes on Hematological Parameters in DEN-Induced Hepatic Carcinoma in Rats

Fruits and processed food demand has greatly increased due to which a huge amount of fruit waste is generated. In this study, the effect of the ethanolic extract of waste material Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel and Vitis vinifera (grapes) seeds was evaluated on hematological parameters in Wistar rats with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma. The treatments were divided into four groups: Group 1 was untreated while Groups 2-4 received 200 mg/kg body weight of DEN by single intraperitoneal administration. Groups 3 and 4 received DEN and co-treated with 400 mg/kg pomegranate peel extract and 400 mg/kg grape seed extract, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the body weight of animals in Group 2, while Group 3 and 4 animals were found to have a significant rise in body weight. The weight of the liver was significantly increased in the cancer-bearing group and its size was significantly reverted in the treated groups. The kidney and spleen showed a significant decrease in size of cancer-induced groups, and these organs significantly increased in treated groups. Hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBC), neutrophil, packed cell volume (PCV), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly reduced in Group 2 animals compared to Group 1. The levels of white blood cells (WBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were increased significantly in Group 2 animals relating to Group 1. Both in Group 3 and 4 animals, these changes were reversed. Results reveal that selected fruit wastes alleviate vital hematological parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma-induced rats.

Validation and development of RP-HPLC method for quantification of glibenclamide in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in wistar rats

Herein, we report a novel, simple, specific, accurate and cost-friendly validated reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of second generation sulphonylurea based antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (GLB) in rat plasma and its application to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters in wistar rats. The internal standard used was flufenamic acid. The chromatographic separation was conducted on C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm x 5 μm, Agilent-Zorbax, SB) using isocratic elution with mobile phase containing Acetonitrile: Water (1:1; v/v) pH adjusted to 4.0 with 0.03 % glacial acetic acid and detected by photo-diode array as detector. Calibration curves made in the rat plasma were linear in the range of 50–1200 ng/ml with r2 = 0.998. The LLOQ was 40 ng/ml. This method was effectively applied for pharmacokinetic studies of Glibenclamide following administration through oral route as solid dispersion formulation to Wistar rats. Several methods are available in the literature which can be employed for the quantification of Glibenclamide but such methods are tedious, provide lower sensitivity, less simultaneous resolution and are time-consuming. Therefore the present methods suits best for the quantification of Glibenclamide from Wistar rats.

Modulation of blood redox status by the progression of induced apical periodontitis in rats.

This study aimed to investigate if apical periodontitis in different periods changes systemic levels of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant parameters in Wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were randomly allocated into healthy animals, apical periodontitis at 14days (AP14) and apical periodontitis at 28days (AP28). The first mandibular molars were accessed in the AP groups, and the pulp chamber was exposed to the oral environment, inducing the apical lesion. After 14 and 28days, the animals were anesthetized, euthanized, and hemimandibles were collected for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis to measure lesion volume, bone volume (BV), percent of bone to total tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular space (Tb.Sp). A histological examination of the remaining bone was also performed. Finally, blood samples were collected for oxidative biochemistry analysis, investigating glutathione (GSH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). The lesion volume was greater at 28 than at 14days, as shown by micro-CT. AP14 and AP28 had decreased BV and Tb.Th, but only AP28 showed a reduction in BV/TV. Tb.N and Tb. Sp were increased in apical periodontitis at 28 days. In the histopathological analysis, AP14 had focal regions of moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, and AP28 had an intense inflammatory infiltrate with bacterial colonies. In the biochemical evaluation, GSH, TEAC, and TBARS were increased after 14 days. However, GSH returned to control levels, TEAC was similar to AP14, and TBARS increased significantly after 28days. Therefore, the oxidative biochemistry response was modulated according to the progression of periapical damage. After 14days, the organism could still react to the injury. However, at 28days, the antioxidant response decreased, associated with an increase in TBARS.

Toxicological Effect of Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) on Haematological Parameters in Wistar Rats

Introduction: Green tea, derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, has gained significant attention due to its potential health benefits. It contains various bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Despite its widespread consumption and positive reputation, limited information is available regarding the potential toxicological effects of green tea. In this study, the toxicological impact of green tea extract on haematological parameters was investigated using Wistar rats as an animal model.
 Method: Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12 per group). The control group received a vehicle solution, while the treatment groups were orally administered different doses of green tea extract (low dose: 100 mg/kg, moderate dose: 200 mg/kg, high dose: 400 mg/kg) once daily for 28 consecutive days. Haematological analysis was performed at baseline (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the study. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus under light isoflurane anaesthesia, and various haematological parameters were assessed using automated Hematology analyzers.
 Results: The results of the haematological analysis showed that the administration of green tea extract did not significantly affect haemoglobin levels, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, eosinophil count, lymphocyte count, and neutrophil count compared to the control group throughout the study period. However, the white blood cell (WBC) count and its differential count exhibited some variations among the treatment groups. The low and moderate doses of green tea extract resulted in a slight increase in the WBC count compared to the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the high dose of green tea extract led to a slight decrease in the WBC count compared to the control group. Regarding platelet count, the low and moderate doses of green tea extract resulted in a significant increase compared to the control group. In contrast, the high dose of green tea extract caused a significant decrease in platelet count.
 Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the administration of green tea extract did not have significant adverse effects on the assessed haematological parameters in Wistar rats, except for some minor variations in the WBC count and platelet count at higher doses. These results suggest that green tea consumption may not cause significant haematological toxicity in rats. However, further studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term effects and safety of green tea consumption in humans.

Effect of Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius on Some Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Rats Orally Exposed to Bonny Light Crude Oil

Purpose: Crude oil is used in folklore medicine to treat various forms of diseases and in most cases in combination with medicinal plants. Studies have reported that Cnidoscolus aconitifolius possess medicinal properties. The present study investigated the effect of different concentration of Bonny light crude oil and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on some biochemical parameters of Wistar rats. The rats were orally exposed to different concentrations of Bonny light crude oil and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract individually and in combination.
 Methodology: After an exposure period of 21days, the results revealed that Bonny light crude oil and the leaf extract at concentrations of 250 and 500mgkg-1b.wt can induce damage to the liver and kidney within 21days of consecutive administration. This is shown in results of histological analysis gotten from the liver and kidney tissues.
 Findings: This study revealed that the induction of the leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Bonny light crude oil at concentrations of 250 and 500mgkg-1b.wt for 21days may affect the liver and kidney.
 Contributions to theory, policy and practice:Therefore, it is recommended that the use of this leaf extract and Bonny light crude oil at concentrations similar to the ones used in this study should be discontinued.

Evaluation of the haemostatic potentials of aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens leaves in wistar rats

Hyptis suaveolens is widely used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of bleeding and wounds amongst a number of other ailments. This study investigated the haemostatic activities as well as the effects of Hyptis suaveolens on some haematological parameters in Wistar rats. Preliminary phytochemical, mineral and trace metal analyses, as well as toxicity studies were carried out on the plant extract. Twenty (20) adult female Wistar rats having an average weight of 152.4 g were divided into four (4) groups comprising five (5) animals per group. Group 1 served as the control and received no treatment. Group 2 received 100 mg/kg bodyweight of extract; Group 3 received 200 mg/kg bodyweight of extract while Group 4 received 400 mg/kg bodyweight of extract. All treatments were administered orally for 21 days. The clotting time (sec), bleeding time (sec), prothrombin time (sec), partial thromboplastin time (sec) and haematological indices of the animals were all investigated and the results were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The extract significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) the clotting and bleeding times at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of administration compared with control. The extract also significantly increased the red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) levels at all doses of administration compared with the control. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times along with other haematological parameters investigated, showed no significant variations. The significant lowering (p ≤ 0.05) of the bleeding and clotting times of the animals that received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg dose respectively of the extract compared with control, suggests that the aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens possesses haemostatic potentials.

A DoE-based fast and synchronous quantification of rhein, aceclofenac, and diclofenac by RP-HPLC-DAD method in spiked Wistar rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies

A fixed-dose combination of diacerein and aceclofenac (ACF) is commonly used in the treatment of osteoarthritis for their disease-modifying and analgesic effects, respectively. We introduce a simple, fast, sensitive, and green HPLC method for synchronous quantification of rhein (RH) (a primary metabolite of diacerein), ACF, and diclofenac (DL) (an active metabolite of ACF) in rat plasma using fenofibric acid as an internal standard (IS). The chromatographic conditions were optimized using Fractional Factorial and Box-Behnken design. Drugs were extracted by acetonitrile-methanol-based simple protein precipitation technique. The separation was performed on C18 column (Phenomenex, 250 × 4.6 mm), using acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 3.5 (60:40, v/v) at a 1 mL/min flow rate in a 10 min run time and detected at 264 nm. As per the USFDA guidelines, the established method was validated. RH, ACF, and DL showed good linearity in the 25–3000, 50–6000, and 50–6000 ng/mL concentration ranges respectively. The precision and accuracy results were found to be well within the acceptable range, with average recovery ranging between 92.27 and 96.10%. The developed method was found to be stable and successfully used to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters in Wistar rats after oral administration of Dycerin A tablet.

Sex features of the circadian rhythmicity of some biochemical parameters in wistar rats under constant lighting and chronic alcohol intoxication

BACKGROUND: Biological systems of all levels of organization are characterized by the rhythm of functioning processes, which are one of the fundamental properties of living matter. The complex of circadian rhythms of mammals, being genetically determined, is quite plastically modulated by the action of periodic factors of the external and internal environment. Significant factors in the disorganization of biorhythms in the modern world include a violation of the light-dark regime, so-called light pollution. Alcohol abuse remains one of the most important medical and social problems of modern society. One of the important effects of alcohol is its destructive effect on the circadian rhythms of many physiological processes.
 AIM: The aim of the research was to study the influence of constant lighting, chronic alcohol intoxication and joint effect of these factors on the diurnal dynamics of several biochemical parameters in Wistar rats of both sexes.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 200 and 160 female outbred Wistar rats at the age of 6 months, weighing 350 15 g. Rats were divided into 8 groups. 1st group (control ♂) is kept at fixed light regime (light/dark 10:14 hours with lights on at 8:00 and off at 18:00). 2nd group, males (n = 50) is kept under the same conditions as the control, but receives a 15 % aqueous solution of ethanol ad libitum as a drink instead of water, i.e. is subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication. Group 3, males (n = 50) are kept under constant light. The 4th group, males (n = 50) are also kept under constant illumination and receive 15 % aqueous ethanol solution ad libitum as a drink. Group 5 (control ♀) females (n = 40), are kept at a fixed light regime (light/dark 10:14 am with lights on at 8:00 and off at 18:00). The 6th group, females (n = 40) are kept under the same conditions as the control, but receive 15 % aqueous ethanol solution ad libitum instead of water as a drink, i.e. subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication. Group 7, females (n = 40) are kept under constant light. The 8th group, females (n = 40) are also kept under constant light and receive 15 % aqueous ethanol solution ad libitum as a drink. In the blood samples taken at 9:00, 15:00, 21:00 and 3:00 hours the content of AST, ALT, glucose, total protein, albumin, total and direct bilirubin was measured. The reliability of circadian rhythmicity of studied parameters was assessed with use of cosinor analysis.
 RESULTS: It is established that the chronic alcohol intoxication, constant illumination and joint action of this factors lead to similar changes in biochemical parameters in rats of both sexes, but in female rats the level of AST, total and direct bilirubin changes as a result of three weeks of intoxication, which is not observed in males. In turn, both individual and joint effects of chronic alcohol intoxication and dark deprivation lead to significant changes in rhythmostasis in rats, however, circadian rhythms of total protein, as well as both types of bilirubin, are more resistant to dark deprivation in females than in males.
 CONCLUSIONS: The conducted study testifies that a three-week chronic alcohol intoxication causes more significant changes in the biochemical profile in female rats compared to males. At the same time, the studied circadian rhythms of the biochemical parameters of the organism of females turn out to be more resistant to dark deprivation than those of males, being destroyed only under the combined action of chronic alcohol intoxication and constant illumination.

The Effects of Honey Sulfonamides on Immunological and Hematological Parameters in Wistar Rats.

Sulfonamides are among the most used drugs in beekeeping due to their effectiveness, despite their long-term persistence in tissues. Bee honey containing such residues poses numerous risks to human health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects on immunological and hematological parameters of Wistar rats produced by sulfonamide residues in bee honey, through the evaluation of various blood parameters such as triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in a given volume of erythrocytes following administration of sulfonamide-containing honey. The hematological and immunological parameters showed significant variations in the group of rats that had been fed with honey spiked with sulfonamides compared to the control group. Changes in hematological indices were demonstrated in terms of a significant reduction in the number of erythrocytes, the amount of hemoglobin, and the value of hematocrit, thus confirming the induction of anemia in the tested group. Investigation of thyroid function through the analysis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and their ratio showed a very significant decrease in plasma thyroxine levels in laboratory rats that were fed sulfonamide-spiked honey compared to the control group. The mean T3 concentration decreased from 0.70 ± 0.14 ng/dL to 0.34 ± 0.03 ng/dL, while the mean T4 concentration was reduced from 4.50 ± 0.30 μg/dL to 3.32 ± 0.21 μg/dL, thus demonstrating toxic effects on thyroid function. In sum, the presence of sulfonamides induced significant changes in the evaluated parameters indicating that the consumption of contaminated honey samples represents a high risk factor for thyroid dysfunction with potentially serious health impacts.

Effect of Badri cow urine distillate on hemogram in Wistar rats

Present study was designed to observe the effect of Badri cow urine distillate on hematological parameters in Wistar rats. A total of 35 rats for this experiment were divided randomly into two groups viz. Group I (GI) and Group II (GII). Group I contain 20 rats and were kept as control. Group II contain 15 rats which were administered Badri cow urine distillate at dose of 0.25ml/day/rat with drinking water from 0 day post treatment till 90th day post treatment. The blood samples were collected from retro orbital sinus of rats at 0th, 30th, 60th, 90th day post treatment in EDTA vials for assessment of hematological parameters. There was significant increase in Hemoglobin (22.03%), Packed cell volume (21.1%), Total erythrocyte count (25.68%), Total leucocyte (33.02%), Absolute neutrophil count (20.61%) and Absolute lymphocyte count (61.63%) in treated rats as compare to control group. However, there was no significant difference observed in MCH, MCV and MCHC values in treated rats as compared to controls. The findings of this study suggest that the Badri cow urine distillate boosts the hematopoiesis in Wistar rats. This constitutes to be the first report of its kind on effect of Badri cow urine distillate on hemogram of Wistar rats. Keywords: Badri cow urine distillate, Hematology, Wistar rats.

Effect of HB Cleanser® Bitters on Haematological Parameters in Wistar Rats

The public advertisement with indiscriminate sale of herbal bitters has led to increase in consumption without adequate information on the safety profile of the product. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of HB cleanser® bitters (a polyherbal mixture composing of Aloe vera, Acinos arvensis, Moringa oleifera, Chenopodium murale and Cinnamomum aromaticum, Allium sativum on haematological parameters in Wistar rats.
 Twenty-eight animals were randomly allotted into 4 groups comprising 7 animals each. HB cleanser® bitters was administered at doses of 1 ml/kg, 1.03 ml/kg and 1.29 ml/kg according to the manufacturers recommendation while the fourth group was administered with normal saline orally for 28days consecutively. Feed and fluid intake were measured daily. Haematological parameters (PCV, RBC, WBC, HB, platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil) were evaluated. Flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were revealed as the phytoconstituents. The results showed that the HB cleanser bitters at 1.03 ml/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased the WBC (17.00 ± 3.22 x109/L), while there was a non-significant ((P>0.05) decrease in RBC, PCV and Hb (4.88 ± 0.14 ×1012/L, 44.40 ± 1.17%, 14.54 ± 0.55 g/dl) when compared to control. A non-significant increase in platelets occurred at all doses. The findings of this study have shown that HB cleanser® bitters caused an increase in white blood cell count with a reduction in haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count hence, it should be taken with caution.

Effect of repeated oral administration of butachlor and lead alone and in combination on haematobiochemical parameters in wistar rats

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the rising concern over the additive effect of one chemical with another chemical, which has raised a lot of health concerns in the general population. In the experiment, adult wistar rats of either sex were divided into 4 groups and the study was conducted for a period of 28 days. Group I served as control and was provided with water only for drinking purposes. Animals of group II were administered butachlor @262 mg/kg B.W/P.O. Group III received administered lead acetate @265 ppm orally, while animals of group IV received a combination of butachlor @262 mg/kg and lead acetate @265 ppm. Group IV animals showed a significant (P