Blood Plasma Parameters Research Articles

The Effect of Different Forms of Solid Feed on Biochemical Parameters in Blood Plasma of Calves

Abstract The study examined how different solid feeds affected the biochemical parameters in calf plasma. The experiment involved a control group and three test groups of calves, each fed with a different starter mixture. The results showed significant differences in some biochemical parameters between the feeding groups. Calves in groups P1 and P3 had a statistically higher glucose concentration in blood plasma compared to group C. Calves from group P3 had a higher concentration of urea in blood plasma than calves from group C. Calves in groups P1 and P3 also had higher concentrations of total protein and globulin in blood plasma compared to group C. The concentration of inorganic phosphate in the blood plasma of calves from group P3 was significantly higher than that of group C. Female calves in the experimental groups showed a lower concentration of NEFA at three months of age compared to the control group. It was concluded that feeding calves with a starter mixture containing whey and easily digestible protein had a positive effect on the nutritional status and energy balance of the calves.

UHPLC-DAD/ESI-TOF-MS Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Impact of Eleutherococcus senticosus Fruit Intractum on Biochemical, Hepatological, and Blood Parameters in Balb/c Mice.

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. (ES) has gained popularity for its adaptogenic, immunostimulant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Because of overexploitation of the roots, the species is considered to be endangered and has been put on the Red List in some countries (e.g., the Republic of Korea). Therefore, the fruits of E. senticosus might be explored as a new sustainable source of compounds with adaptogenic activity. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition and the safety profile (hepatotoxicity, blood morphology, biochemical parameters of blood plasma) of E. senticosus fruit intractum in Balb/c mice after oral administration of 750 and 1500 mg/kg b.w. UHPLC analysis coupled with DAD and MS detectors was used to quantify the metabolites. For the first time, oleanolic and ursolic acids were quantified in the intractum (16.01 ± 1.3 and 2.21 ± 0.17 µg/g of oleanolic and ursolic acids, respectively). Regarding polyphenols, chlorogenic acid (0.92 mg/g of dried extract), caffeic acid (0.43 mg/g), dicaffeoylquinic acids (in total: 1.27 mg/g), and an unidentified caffeic acid ester (0.81 mg/g) were identified. The results in Balb/c mice revealed that the intractum does not cause significant variations in red blood cells parameters. In turn, a significant decrease in the total number of leukocytes was observed (5.8 × 103 µL), with a percentage increase in lymphocytes among the groups (80.2, 81.8, and 82.6). The ability of the intractum to decrease alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels may indicate its anti-inflammatory activity. Our observations justify that the fruits of E. senticosus are safe in the doses used and do not cause significant changes in the activity of the liver enzymes or in blood parameters.

The injection of maternal B complex vitamin during the transition period: The impact on performance, thyroid hormones levels and immunological parameters in the Sannen goats and their kids, as well as the faeces status of newborn kids.

It is proven that B vitamins through promote a wide range of metabolic pathways in animals as cofactors improve animal performance. This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of maternal B complex vitamin injection on performance and plasma parameters in goats and their offspring, as well as the faeces status of newborn kids. In this research, the pregnant goats (3 years old) were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (without B complex vitamin injection) and the B complex vitamin group (5mL B complex vitamin injection per animal). The animals were injected with 5mL B complex vitamin twice during the transition period (5 weeks pre- and 5 weeks post-kidding). The goats during the transition period and kids on days 10, 20 and 30 were weighed. Feed intake by goats and consumption of milk and starter in kids were recorded daily. The dry matter digestibility by kids was tested by collecting samples of faeces and feed for 5 days in the last week. Chemical analysis was determined using the AOAC method. The kids' faeces were prepared daily during the study. The blood samples of goats and newborn kids were taken 7 days after kidding. Then, levels of B group vitamin, as well as concentrations of liver enzymes, thyroid hormones and immunological parameters, were determined in plasma of goat and their offspring. In addition, concentrations of glucose and insulin were measured in goat plasma (Asadi et al., 2024). According to results, the performances of goats and their offspring, as well as kids' faeces status, were improved by maternal B complex vitamin injection (p<0.0001). The levels of cobalamin, pyridoxine, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic, pantothenic and unconjugated pteridine increased in the plasma of goats and their kids in the B complex vitamin group compared with the control group during the transition period (p<0.0001). Injection of maternal B complex vitamin raised the plasma levels of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in goats and their offspring (p<0.0001). Higher levels of glucose and lower levels of insulin were determined in the goats injected with B complex vitamin (p<0.0001). These results suggest that maternal B complex vitamin injection is required for the improvement of performance, health status and the blood plasma parameters in pregnant goats and their kids.

Comparison of the tolerability of 161Tb- and 177Lu-labeled somatostatin analogues in the preclinical setting.

[177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE is an established somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonist for the treatment of metastasized neuroendocrine neoplasms, while the SSTR antagonist [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-LM3 has only scarcely been employed in clinics. Impressive preclinical data obtained with [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 in tumor-bearing mice indicated the potential of terbium-161 as an alternative to lutetium-177. The aim of the present study was to compare the tolerability of 161Tb- and 177Lu-based DOTA-LM3 and DOTATATE in immunocompetent mice. Dosimetry calculations were performed based on biodistribution data of the radiopeptides in immunocompetent mice. Treatment-related effects on blood cell counts were assessed on Days 10, 28 and 56 after application of [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 or [161Tb]Tb-DOTATATE at 20 MBq per mouse. These radiopeptides were also applied at 100 MBq per mouse and the effects compared to those observed after application of the 177Lu-labeled counterparts. Bone marrow smears, blood plasma parameters and organ histology were assessed at the end of the study. The absorbed organ dose was commonly higher for the SSTR antagonist than for the SSTR agonist and for terbium-161 over lutetium-177. Application of a therapeutic activity level of 20 MBq [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 or [161Tb]Tb-DOTATATE was well tolerated without major hematological changes. The injection of 100 MBq of the 161Tb- and 177Lu-based somatostatin analogues affected the blood cell counts, however. The lymphocytes were 40-50% lower in treated mice compared to the untreated controls on Day 10 irrespective of the radionuclide employed. At the same timepoint, thrombocyte and erythrocyte counts were 30-50% and 6-12% lower, respectively, after administration of the SSTR antagonist (p < 0.05) while changes were less pronounced in mice injected with the SSTR agonist. All blood cell counts were in the normal range on Day 56. Histological analyses revealed minimal abnormalities in the kidneys, liver and spleen of treated mice. No correlation was observed between the organ dose and frequency of the occurrence of abnormalities. Hematologic changes were more pronounced in mice treated with the SSTR antagonist than in those treated with the SSTR agonist. Despite the increased absorbed dose delivered by terbium-161 over lutetium-177, [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 and [161Tb]Tb-DOTATATE should be safe at activity levels that are recommended for their respective 177Lu-based analogues.

HYPERCOAGULATION OF BLOOD AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA AFTER SARS-COV-2 – PNEUMONIA AS PREDICTORS OF AN UNFAVORABLE PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: To evaluate the dynamics of hypercoagulation parameters of blood plasma and platelets in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) in the early and late post-covid period. Design and method: The prospective study included 340 AH patients aged 41 to 89 years (mean 69; m/f 175/165) infected with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed by PCR. Of these, 177 people (group 1) were diagnosed with acute pneumonia with the lung damage volume according to CT ranging from 15% to 85%; 163 patients (group 2) had an acute respiratory viral disease. The groups were comparable in age, gender, and concomitant comorbid pathology. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was detected in 85.6% of patients; diabetes mellitus (DM) in 31.5%. The patients were examined three times: on the 30th day from the onset of the disease, at the end of the 3rd month and after 9 months. C-reactive protein (CRP) (0-5 mg/l), ferritin (20-250 mg/l), D-dimer (0-230 ng/ml), fibrinogen (2-4 g/l), lymphocytes, and blood platelets were analyzed. Results: On day 30, group 1 patients showed signs of inflammation: ferritin 258±61.2; CRP 12.3±5.1; lymphocytes 27±8.3%; platelets 160±70.4∗10^9/l; ESR 17±13.7 mm/h. The tendency to hypercoagulation was detected by the indicators of D-dimer (715±241.3) and fibrinogen (3.7±0.9). By the end of the 3rd month, the levels of D-dimer (585±159.4; p=0.015); ferritin (177±59.1; p=0.0002) and CRP (7±5.6; p=0.001) remained elevated. Only after 9 months, D-dimer (100±9.1; p=0.0001) and CRP (2.6±0.2; p=0.0001) were normalized; lymphocyte (32±5.1%; p=0.00001) and platelets (305±69.2∗10^9/l; p=0.00001) increased with a persistent elevated ferritin level (213±124.8; p=0.047). In group 2, the indicators of hypercoagulation and inflammation were moderately elevated. Only after 9 months CRP and D-dimer levels were normalized and the number of platelets increased. Conclusions: In the early and late post-covid period, AH patients with comorbid pathology retain an inflammatory reaction and a procoagulant state, which, in combination with endothelial dysfunction, is a trigger for venous and arterial thrombosis.

Some features of vitamin D content in arterial hypertension in patients with and without osteoarthritis of the knee joints

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of serum vitamin D concentration with impaired cardiometabolic profile in hypertension in patients with and without osteoarthritis of the knee joints.Materials and methods. The results of the examination of 196 patients aged 54.06±9.4 years with arterial hypertension (AH) were analyzed, who were divided into groups depending on the presence of osteoarthritis of the knee joints (OA KS): 1st–patients with AH (n=153) and 2nd–patients with AH+OA KS (n=43).All patients were assessed for the level of 25 (OH) D, biochemical parameters of blood plasma (total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, creatinine), cardiac morphometry using ECHOCG.Results. The proportion of people with adequate vitamin D levels was 1.2 times higher among patients with AH+OA CS (32.6 % vs. 26.1 %, p0.05). Additional vitamin D supplementation was significantly more common in the group of patients with AH+OA (0 % vs. 44 %, p&lt;0.001).The subgroup with vitamin D deficiency in patients with hypertension without OA CS had the most unfavorable «cardiometabolic» profile (they had significantly high BMI, total cholesterol, and LVH).Conclusions. In people with arterial hypertension (without OA CS), violations of vitamin D levels (deficiency or insufficiency) are associated with an unfavorable «cardio-metabolic» profile – they need additional testing of vitamin D levels in the blood and correction of the detected violations. The presence of pathology of the musculoskeletal system (OA CS) in patients with arterial hypertension, it had no effect on the level of vitamin D and the frequency of its individual disorders. However, in this cohort of patients (AH+OA), the use of vitamin D supplements was significantly more common (0 % vs. 44 %, p&lt;0.001). The assessment of the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic status deserves further investigation. Patients with arterial hypertension and its combination with comorbid pathology have, on average, vitamin D levels classified as insufficiency.

The impact of incorporating dried cafeteria leftover food on growing APRI rabbits productivity, profitability and meat quality.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dried cafeteria leftover food (DCLF) incorporation in growing APRI rabbit diets on nutrient digestibility, live body weight, body weight gain, carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters, and economic efficiency. Thirty-six APRI rabbits (6 weeks of age), after weaning, were randomly divided into three groups (12 rabbits/group, 613 ± 5 g). During the experiment, rabbits aged 6-14 weeks participated in the experiment. An approximate isocaloric and isonitrogenous composition was achieved in three pelleted experimental diets. For the rabbit groups D1 (as the control), D2, and D3, DCLF was added at doses of 0%, 17.5%, and 35%, respectively. Digestibility trails were carried out at the end of the feeding experiment to evaluate the nutritional and feeding values of the experimental diets. To examine the characteristics of the carcasses, the quality of the meat, the histopathological analysis, and the blood plasma parameters, three rabbits were slaughtered from each group. The results showed that the feeding values (TDN and DE), which had the greatest values, as well as the digesting coefficients for dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, and ether extract between the D1 and D3 groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the curde protein, nitrogen-free extract, and digestible crude protein of the examined diets showed no signifcant differences compared with the control diet. The level of DCLF incorporation in diets significantly (p < 0.05) increased the live body weight at 14 weeks; with D3 recording the highest values (2130.9 g) when compared to the D1 and D2 groups. A similar pattern was observed for both daily increase and total body gain (6-14 weeks). Feed conversion recorded insignificant differences among the experimental diets respecting the period 6-14 weeks of age. DCLF levels had a significant effect on dressing and giblet percentages. The chemical composition and color parameters of rabbit meat were similar (p > 0.05), except for fat%, which had the highest value in the D3 group (p < 0.05) compared to the D1 and D2 groups. Economic efficiency was improved by using DLCF up to 35% in terms of gross margin and feed cost/kg gain. In conclusion, using DCLF in the feeding system of rabbits could enhance productive performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and physiological function, as well as improve economic efficiency.

Interactive effects of dietary protein and nano-chitosan on growth performance, immune response, and histological aspects of lymphoid organs in broiler chickens

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of partial replacement of dietary soybean meal by three plant protein sources: coconut, rocket seed, and black cumin meals with their combination in the presence or absence of nano-chitosan (NCH) on growth performance and immune response in broiler chickens. Five starter and grower diets were formulated and used from 1 to 42 days of age. The NCH was added to starter and grower diets at 1.0 g/kg. Five-hundred-fifty-day-old Arbor Acres Plus broiler chicks were randomly divided into ten treatments with five equal replications. Final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and blood plasma parameters were investigated. Histological aspects of lymphoid organs (thymus: T, bursa of Fabricius: B, and spleen: S) were characterized. Apart from added NCH, the FBW, BWG, and FCR of broilers fed the diets containing the tested plant proteins were significantly superior to the control ones. However, FI of birds fed the diets containing CM alone or combined with RSM plus BCM was significantly reduced. All experimental broilers displayed high plasma levels of IgG compared with the control group. There were significant increases in plasma concentrations of IgM, IgA, and T4 for groups that fed the diets containing RSM, BCM, and mixture of CM, RSM, and BCM compared with their controls. The T3 levels of broilers fed the tested plant proteins were significantly increased compared with the controls. Aside from plant protein source, broilers fed the NCH-enriched diets achieved significant increases in levels of IgM, TAC, and FSH and activities of CAT and SOD but reduced the MDA level compared with control. The interactions between plant protein source and added nano-chitosan were not interrelated. Furthermore, CM, RSM, and BCM can be used as complementary dietary proteins singly or combined with NCH with no adverse effects on growth performance. Addition of NCH molecules has a positive effect on live body weight and increases feed intake compared with control chicks.Graphical

Study of the effect of alimentary biocorrectors on the physiological and biochemical parameters of laboratory rats of the Wistar line

Physiological and biochemical parameters of blood plasma of laboratory animals were evaluated when using, in addition to the main diet, a food substance with known biocorrecting properties - a probiotic emulsion administered orally, based on wheat germ oil and biomass of a consortium of lacto and bifidobacteria, including Str. thermophiles, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. adolescentis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum. The object of experimental studies was male and female growing white rats of the Wistar line in the amount of 60 individuals, comprising 2 experimental and 2 control groups of 15 individuals each. Evaluation of the average values of physiological indicators showed an increase in the horizontal and vertical motor activity of the white rats of the experimental group by an average of 16-18 % and 60-70%, an increase in the number of examined minks by 10-12 %, a significant decrease in the level of grooming and defecation. It was established that the clinical and biochemical parameters of the blood plasma of white rats were within the physiological limits. The concentrations of total protein, glucose, high and low density lipoproteins, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase by group differed slightly. It was found that the concentration of total cholesterol and LDL in the test groups of females and males at the end of the experimental studies decreased by 2.1-2.2 % and 4.1-5.8 %. The bilirubinaikreatinin concentration was slightly reduced in the experimental group of females and males by 1.1-1.3 % and 2.1-4.2 %, respectively. A significant increase in hemoglobin and red blood cells by 2.6-7.1 % and 4.8-5.1 % was recorded.

DISTILLER’S DRIED GRAINS SUPPLEMENTED Wz3ITH ENZYME COCKTAIL AND YEAST AFFECT EGG QUALITY, REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD PROFILE OF BREEDING HENS

This experiment aimed to examine the influences of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in breeding hen’s nutrition (0, 10, and 20%, respectively) with or without enzyme cocktail blend and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SC) supplementation on the sustainability of eggs and semen quality, fertility and hatchability, and blood biochemistry. In total, 360, twenty weeks old indigenous Inshas breeding hens and 36 Inshas cocks (for natural mating) were used in the experiment. Inshas is a crossing breed that originated from mating Sinai and White Plymouth Rock breeds. Hens and cocks of all experimental groups had approximately similar initial body weights (1,560 ± 12.3 g) at the start of the experiment and were divided into 12 groups, each containing three replicates (10 hens + 1 cock). Moreover, 60 cocks were divided into 12 groups of five cocks each and housed individually in cages for semen quality estimation using the artificial collection technique. Increasing DDGS up to 20% in diets of breeding hens decreased (p≤0.05) eggshell thickness compared to 0 and 10% DDGS, but it elevated (p≤0.05) color of yolk and Haugh unit score during the storage period. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect the percentage fertility, hatchability, and abnormality of embryos and body weight of day-old chicks. Semen quality was not significantly affected by dietary DDGS. Yeast supplementation increased (p≤0.05) sperm concentration per ejaculate by 5.21% and total normal sperm/ejaculate and sperm concentration by 5.87%. Increasing DDGS levels up to 10% and 20% decreased blood plasma total cholesterol by about 4.1%. Enzyme cocktail supplementation increased (p≤0.05) blood plasma Ca by 5.4% of 20% DDGS diets, but other blood plasma parameters were unaffected. Enzyme cocktail addition to DDGS diets also decreased plasma cholesterol by 3.63%. Feeding a 10% and 20% DDGS diet increased (p≤0.05) plasma creatinine by 9.75% and decreased the uric acid/creatinine ratio by about 11.1%. In conclusion, corn DDGS could be included in dual-purpose breeding hen’s diet up to 20% without adverse effects on the sustainability of the quality of eggs and semen, fertility and hatchability, and blood biochemistry. Furthermore, enzyme cocktail at 500 gm/ton feed and yeast at 1 kg/ton feed supplementations significantly and similarly improved eggshell thickness by 1.44-1.72%, and yeast increased sperm concentration and total sperm output per ejaculate. Key words: Distillers dried grains with soluble; Breeding hens; Multi-enzymes; Yeast; Fertility; Hatchability; Semen quality.

Albumin-Binding and Conventional PSMA Ligands in Combination with 161Tb: Biodistribution, Dosimetry, and Preclinical Therapy.

The favorable decay characteristics of 161Tb attracted the interest of clinicians in using this novel radionuclide for radioligand therapy (RLT). 161Tb decays with a similar half-life to 177Lu, but beyond the emission of β--particles and γ-rays, 161Tb also emits conversion and Auger electrons, which may be particularly effective to eliminate micrometastases. The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetry and therapeutic efficacy of 161Tb and 177Lu in tumor-bearing mice using SibuDAB and PSMA-I&T, which differ in their blood residence time and tumor uptake. Methods: [161Tb]Tb-SibuDAB and [161Tb]Tb-PSMA-I&T were evaluated invitro and investigated in biodistribution, imaging, and therapy studies using PC-3 PIP tumor-bearing mice. The 177Lu-labeled counterparts served for dose calculations and comparison of therapeutic efficacy. The tolerability of RLT in mice was monitored on the basis of body mass, blood plasma parameters, blood cell counts, and the histology of relevant organs and tissues. Results: The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting radioligands, irrespective of whether labeled with 161Tb or 177Lu, showed similar invitro data and comparable tissue distribution profiles. As a result of the albumin-binding properties, [161Tb]Tb/[177Lu]Lu-SibuDAB had an enhanced blood residence time and higher tumor uptake (62%-69% injected activity per gram at 24 h after injection) than [161Tb]Tb/[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-I&T (30%-35% injected activity per gram at 24 h after injection). [161Tb]Tb-SibuDAB inhibited tumor growth more effectively than [161Tb]Tb-PSMA-I&T, as can be ascribed to its 4-fold increased absorbed tumor dose. At any of the applied activities, the 161Tb-based radioligands were therapeutically more effective than their 177Lu-labeled counterparts, as agreed with the approximately 40% increased tumor dose of 161Tb compared with that of 177Lu. Under the given experimental conditions, no obvious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: The data of this study indicate the promising potential of 161Tb in combination with SibuDAB for RLT of prostate cancer. Future clinical studies using 161Tb-based RLT will shed light on a potential clinical benefit of 161Tb over 177Lu.

Factors associated with the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in young adults

Introduction. Non–alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with insulin resistance, with a high potential for progression and increased prevalence among the population of all countries. The search for modifiable factors associated with the development of NAFLD, especially among young people, is an urgent healthcare task. The relationship between vitamin D availability and the high incidence of metabolic disorders in young adults and its contribution to the progression of NAFLD is currently under active discussion.The aim of the work was to reveal the relationship between the components of metabolic syndrome and the level of vitamin D supply in young men with NAFLD.Materials and methods. The study enrolled 123 male patients aged 18−44 years. Two groups were formed: the main group consisted of the patients with NAFLD, the control group − the patients without NAFLD. Anthropometric data were analyzed; blood plasma parameters of lipid metabolism, glucose, insulin, 25(OH)D levels were determined. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Steatosis and hepatic fibrosis were verified by transient elastometry. The nature and strength of the relationship of the variables were assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.Results. Significant associations were found between 25(OH)D levels, steatosis scores, liver fibrosis, waist circumference, and NOMA-IR.Discussion. Insufficient vitamin D supply is etiopathogenetically associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and NAFLD.Conclusion. Low serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with both the severity of hepatic steatosis and components of the metabolic syndrome. Timely detection of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation can reduce the severity of metabolic disorders and progression of NAFLD.

Effect of the complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotineх® on free radical processes in patients with urolithiasis

BACKGROUND: One of the leading links in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis is oxidative stress, which occurs as a result of the intensification of free radical oxidation with insufficient activity of the antioxidant defense system of the body.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to study the effect of a complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotineх on the state of oxidative stress in patients with urolithiasis in the postoperative period after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 42 patients. Of the 35 people who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, 2 groups were formed. Patients of the main group (n = 20), in contrast to the control group (n = 15), received Renotinex (Polaris LLC, Russia) before and after surgery, 2 capsules (1 capsule 300 mg) twice a day. To determine the main indicators of the activity of free-radical processes in the body, all patients underwent a blood test on the 3rd day after surgery. The total activity of the pro- and antioxidant systems in blood plasma was determined by the method of induced chemiluminescence. The activity of lipid peroxidation was assessed by determining the concentration of active products of thiobarbituric acid secondary products of lipid peroxidation in blood erythrocytes. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was studied by spectrophotometric method. To determine the ability of blood plasma to crystallize in some of the same patients with urolithiasis while taking Renotinex, the method of wedge dehydration was used. For a comparative analysis of the crystal structure of dried blood plasma samples (facies), 7 healthy volunteers were included in the study, which made up the third group (comparison group).&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of the study reliably demonstrate that the composition of the complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotinex has a positive effect on free-radical processes in patients with urolithiasis, biochemical parameters of blood plasma (indicators of induced chemiluminescence, catalase activity, malondialdehyde level), as well as on crystallization processes blood plasma, which is confirmed by the method of wedge dehydration of blood plasma. Any change in the body caused by excessive activity of free-radical oxidation processes is reflected in the composition of the blood, and specifically in the indicators of the mechanical characteristics of blood plasma (viscosity, structure, surface tension), which determine the shape of the resulting structures of the drying drop of biological fluid.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotinex has a positive effect on free-radical processes, biochemical parameters of blood plasma, as well as on the systemic structural organization of blood plasma in patients operated on for urolithiasis. The inclusion of the combined product Renotinex in the treatment regimen for patients with urolithiasis is pathogenetically justified.

Interrelations of Clinical, Neurophysiological and Neuroimmunological Parameters in Depressive Patients after COVID-19

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the coronavirus infection on clinical, neurophysiological and neuroimmunological parameters, as well as on their interrelations in young female depressive patients. Patients: a comparative analysis of quantitative clinical (according to the HDRS-17 scale), neurophysiological (EEG) and neuroimmunological (according to the “Neuro-immuno-test” technology) parameters was carried out in two groups of female depressive patients aged 16–25 years. The first group included 46 patients who recovered from a mild or asymptomatic coronavirus infection (“COVID” group). The second group included 40 patients who were studied and treated before the start of the pandemic (i.e., those who did not have COVID — the “pre-COVID” group) and corresponding to patients of the first group by gender, age, diagnoses, and syndrome structure of disorders. In all patients, prior to the start of the course of therapy, a multichannel EEG was recorded with the measurement of absolute spectral power and neuroimmunological parameters in blood plasma were determined. Methods: clinicalpsychopathological, psychometric, neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, statistical. Results: significantly greater scores of somatic disorders cluster of HDRS-17 scale, and increased amount of slow-wave EEG activity (of delta, theta1 and theta2 subbands) were revealed in the “COVID” group in comparison to patients of “pre-COVID” group. Mean values of neuroimmunological parameters were not differed statistically between two groups, but the values of neuroplasticity markers (levels of autoantibodies to the S100b protein and to the basic myelin protein) in the “pre-COVID” group correlated positively with the spectral power values of the main EEG rhythm (alpha2 and alpha3 sub-bands), and in “COVID” group — with the values of the spectral power of slow-wave EEG activity, reflecting a reduced brain functional state. Conclusion: the results obtained indicate that coronavirus infection, even in mild or asymptomatic forms, affects the clinical, neurophysiological and neuroimmunological parameters, as well as their interrelations in young female depressive patients.

Features of the influence of S-ethyl-4-aminobenzene thiosulfonate on some biochemical parameters of rat blood under the condition of Cr(VI) intoxication

Background. The main pathway of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity is activation of oxidative stress in cells of living organisms, resulting in an imbalance of blood biochemical para­me­ters. Our recent studies indicate that S-ethyl-4-aminobenzenethiosulfonate (ETS), which belongs to thiosulfonate compounds, is able to reduce intensity of Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue of rats. It is known that oxidative stress induced by Cr(VI) causes liver and kidney tissue damage with a subsequent imbalance of blood biochemical parameters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential ability of ETS to prevent Cr(VI)-induced disorders of some biochemical blood parameters, which are important biomarkers of Cr(VI) intoxication. Materials and Methods. The object of the research was the separate biochemical parameters of the blood of rats with Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress after prior exposure to ETS. Two experimental groups of male Wistar rats were intoxicated once per day intraperitoneally with K2Cr2O7 dissolved in physiological saline solution for 7 or 14 days. Two other experimental groups were pretreated once per day intragastrically with ETS dissolved in oil before the period of 7 or 14-day K2Cr2O7 intoxication. We measured total protein, creatinine and urea level, as well as determined the activity of aminotransferases in the blood plasma of rats. Results. Intraperitoneal injection of K2Cr2O7 (dissolved in physiological saline solution at a dose of 2.5 mg Cr(VI)/kg body weight) for 7 and 14 days causes a decrease in total protein level and leads to elevation of plasma creatinine level and urea concentration. The activity of blood aminotransferases increases due to Cr(VI) toxicity. The 14-day exposure to ETS (dissolved in oil at a dose 100 mg/kg body weight) prior to the period of Cr(VI) intoxication is characterized by a smaller percentage increase in the level of crea­tinine, urea and activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood plasma of rats. Conclusion. Cr(VI)-induced toxicity causes an imbalance in biochemical blood parameters. Cr(VI) induces a total protein decrease and leads to an increase in the level of the studied biochemical parameters of blood plasma, which are markers of damage to the liver (aminotransferases) and kidneys (creatinine, urea). In contrast, exposure to ETS for 14 days prior to the period of Cr(VI) intoxication causes percentage decrease in creatinine, urea accumulation and percentage reduction of ALT hyper-activation in the blood of rats. However, the levels of creatinine, urea and ALT activity in this case remained significantly higher than those in the control group. In conclusion, pretreatment with ETS (100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks helps to reduce the level of Cr(VI)-induced disturbances of some blood biochemical parameters, but does not normalize them.

Acute and Chronic Systemic Inflammation: Features and Differences in the Pathogenesis, and Integral Criteria for Verification and Differentiation.

Currently, there is rationale for separating the systemic manifestations of classical inflammation from systemic inflammation (SI) itself as an independent form of the general pathological process underlying the pathogenesis of the most severe acute and chronic diseases. With this aim in view, we used integral scales of acute and chronic SI (ChSI), including the following blood plasma parameters: interleukins 6, 8, 10; tumor necrosis factor alpha; C-reactive protein; D-dimer; cortisol; troponin I; myoglobin. The presence of multiple organ dysfunction according to the SOFA score was also taken into account. The effectiveness of the scales was tested in groups of intensive care patients during different periods of acute trauma, sepsis, and septic shock. The ChSI scale was applicable under systemic autoimmune diseases, chronic purulent infections, chronic limb threatening ischemia, and end-stage renal disease of various genesis. The number of examined patients was 764 in total. The scales allowed us to verify specific phases of acute SI and identify pathogenetic risk factors of lethal outcomes, as well as the most severe variants of the chronic pathologies course. These scales are open adaptable systems (in terms of the nomenclature and choice of indicators). They are primarily intended for scientific research. However, the SI verification methodology presented in this paper may be useful for developing advanced criteria for assessing both the typical links in the pathogenesis of many diseases and the severity of the overall condition of patients for clinical practice.

Effects of triterpenoids in fatty products on liver condition of laboratory animals with acute toxic hepatitis

One of the principles of prevention and non-medicamentous treatment of liver diseases, including hepatitis of different etiology, is the normalization of the diet through the consumption of food with physiologically active ingredients, in particular betulin, which helps to eliminate the causes of metabolic and oxidative disorders within liver cells. The aim of the research was to assess in vivo the influence of triterpene alcohol betulin extracted from Betula pendula Roth. birch bark in fat-containing products (for example mayonnaise) on the blood biochemical parameters and liver morphological structure of rats with initiated acute toxic hepatitis. Material and methods. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of betulin as part of mayonnaise samples has been investigated in vivo on the model of toxic hepatitis initiated by carbon tetrachloride in male Wistar rats weighing 210-265 g. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each: CG-1 - intact, CG-2 and MG - with carbon tetrachloride initiated toxic hepatitis. rats of the main groups were orally administered mayonnaise once a day at a dosage of 1 ml for 21 days after the formation of the model pathology: OG-1 with the added betulin (1 mg per 1 kg of body weight), OG-2 without betulin. Disorders of metabolic and oxidative processes in liver cells of animals were evaluated by biochemical indicators of blood plasma: the level of glucose, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and urea and the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase. Oxidative stress in rats was estimated by the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in blood hemolysate (at a dilution of 1:200 and 1:10, respectively); the total prooxidant (in blood plasma) and total antioxidant (in blood hemolysate at a dilution of 1:10) activity were determined spectrophotometrically (colored complexes of TWIN-80 oxidation products with thiobarbituric acid). The morphological structure of rats' liver was estimated by microscopy of prepared cuts of hepatic tissue. Results. Based on biochemical parameters of rat blood plasma, it has been established that the administration of mayonnaise with betulin prevents the development of cytolic syndrome and suppresses the process of peroxidation by directly neutralizing free radicals. Aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood plasma of the experimental animals of the main group MG-1 reduced by 20.7 and 35.2% compared with indicators of the rats of the main group MG-2. Glucose concentration normalized to the level of the control group CG-1. The concentration of bilirubin and triglycerides decreased by 22.9 and by 48.1%, which indicates a significant reduction in the indicators of cholestatic syndrome in the group of animals OG-1 compared to OG-2. The total prooxidant activity and the concentration of thiobarbiturate-reactive products decreased compared to the CG-2 and MG-2 groups, which indicates the suppression of oxidative stress and, as a result, an improvement in liver conditions of animals with toxic hepatitis even when taking a fat-containing product. In liver histopeparates of animals receiving mayonnaise with betulin, necrobotic changes were less pronounced in comparison with the group MG-2. They were estimated at 1 point: small-drip dystrophy spots were found, haemorrhages in the interregional septum with inflammatory infiltration in the course of hemorrhages against the presence of necrosis hepatocytes with pronounced adipose dystrophy in the centres of the lobules, step necrosis with signs of replacing the damaged hepatocytes of the connective tissue, accompanied by centrolobular hemorrhages in MG-2 rats. Conclusion. Introduced into the composition of mayonnaise betulin, reduces the development of cytolic syndrome in toxic hepatitis and suppresses the process of peroxidation, on the basis of which fat-containing foods with betulin can be recommended for clinical examination as specialized products in acute and chronic liver diseases, including complicated cholestasis.

Effects of dietary aspirin supplementation on liver enzymes, immune response, cecum microflora and fatty acids profile in breast meat of broiler chickens

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary aspirin (A) on broilers. A completely randomized design using 120 one-day-old male broiler chicks Ross 308, three levels of aspirin (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was used in 4 replicates, each including 10 chicks, during 42 days. The effects of different levels of aspirin, added to a basal diet, on blood plasma parameters, liver enzymes, immune system, cecal microflora, and fatty acids profile of breast muscle of chicks were investigated. Data analysis was performed by SAS statistical software and the comparison of the means with Duncan's test. The results showed that the effects of aspirin on blood parameters, liver enzymes of broilers (except for alkaline phosphatase which significantly reduced), the humoral immune system in response to antigen injection as sheep red blood cell (SRBC), antibody titer against Newcastle and influenza virus were not significant (P≥0.05). The highest percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils was related to this treatment. Also, aspirin treatments increased numerically the levels of unsaturated fatty acids and decreased saturated fatty acids. Moreover, aspirin led to a reduction in the population of Escherichia coli. So, based on the results of the present study, the use of 100 mg/kg aspirin in the diet of broilers is recommendable.

PSVIII-B-16 Potential of Termites as a Protein Source for Chickens

Abstract Termite (Hodotermopsis sjostedti) meal was evaluated as a potential protein alternative for chicken feed. After chemical compositions, mineral and vitamin contents, and amino acid concentrations of termite meal were analyzed, 20-layer male chickens (8 d old and 78±0.9 g initial BW) were allocated into individual pens and randomly assigned one of the 4 diet treatments; a commercial diet (CON) and inclusion of freeze-dried ground termite meal of 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0% to monitor growth and feed intake. At 11 d old, chickens were slaughtered and meat and liver weight and blood plasma parameters were measured. Termite meal composited 61.5, 15.0, 7.8, and 4.9% of CP, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash, respectively. Mineral contents were 1.58, 8.25, 4.38, 13.1, 1.49, and 2.18 g/kg for Na, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, respectively, and 321, 108, and 0.38 mg/kg for Fe, Cu, and Se, respectively. Amino acid concentrations were 2.76, 1.35, 2.11, 3.52, 3.03, 0.72, 1.99, 2.20, 2.88, 3.70, 4.18, 0.50, 6.10, 3.25, 2.75, 2.30, 0.57, and 3.52% for arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. There were quadratic effects on final BW (P=0.09; 109, 110, 113, and 110 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=1.42), ADG (P=0.09; 10.1, 10.7, 11.6, and 10.4 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=0.47), intake (P=0.02; 23, 21, 24, and 20 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=1.16), and plasma Ca concentration (P=0.02; 10.1, 10.5, 10.0, and 10.3 mg/dL for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=0.13), whereas main effects of the treatment for all the items tested were not detected (P&amp;gt;0.05). In conclusion, termite meal can be used as an alternative protein source for chicken feed but could have an adverse effect at 10% inclusion.

Evaluation of different feeding frequencies in RAS-based juvenile pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) aquaculture

Feeding regime, which involve selection of appropriate diet and application of feed itself is a decisive factor in intensive, RAS-based production system – more so, for carnivorous fish culture. It is critical for the economics, resource (feed/nutrients) use efficiency and final profit yield. The present study examined different feeding strategies in juvenile pikeperch reared in RAS for growth performance, survivability, feed utilization, and fish welfare. Juvenile pikeperch (106.59 ± 24.84 g) were cultured in RAS for 112 days and fed at five different feeding intervals (2-h, 4-h, 6-h, 8-h and 12-h) using automatic feeder Imetronic® (Pessac, France). Fishes were fed a commercially standardized pikeperch diet. A higher degree of growth heterogeneity was observed in groups fed in shorter feeding intervals (2-h, 4-h and 6-h). At the end of the experiment, slightly higher fin damage was observed in all tested groups compared to fin conditions of stocked fish especially for dorsal and caudal fins. No significant differences were observed in selected biochemical parameters indicating liver, pancreas, and intestinal function. All tested fish were adequately fed providing sufficient nutrients for proper pikeperch growth and welfare. Nevertheless, the feeding interval 8-hour was evaluated as optimal. This frequency supports higher fish conditions (Fulton's coefficient) and the specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR), weight heterogeneity (CV2), lower fin erosion compared to the other tested frequency and optimal level of biochemical parameters in blood plasma.