Paradigmatic Terms Research Articles

Some questions of studying the category of finality in the sentence structure of the english language

This article is devoted to the consideration of the aspect of category offinality in a sentence structure of the English language. The object of study is to consider the expression of finality. The expressions of processuality and actionality are proved by means of omission transformation. The research is carried out both in syntagmatic and paradigmatic terms.

Behavioural evidence for implicative paradigmatic relations

Abstract Form predictability has long been known to influence speaker behaviour in language learning and use. However, this observation has largely remained dissociated from the question of the most apt theoretical framing of the effects observed. We set out to seek evidence that speakers’ relationship to form predictability is best characterised in paradigmatic terms: in an experimental task comparable to prediction of one word form from a related one, speakers appear sensitive to the probabilistic, implicative relations that make up a morphological paradigm. We find this effect to be omnidirectional, from any paradigm cell to any paradigm cell. Form predictability does not impact speaker behaviour in a vacuum, but instead works together with aspects of memory and learning to organise the mental lexicon and inform language use. In a corpus study, we map out the complex relationships that exist between paradigmatic form predictability, lexeme frequency and cell frequency in the context of naturalistic language use. Speakers appear to exploit all available probabilistic relationships between the word forms of a language in a way that is predicted by Word and Paradigm theories of morphology, with memory and predictive processing playing a mediating role in all aspects of language use.

Linguistic DNA: Investigating Conceptual Change in Early Modern English Discourse

ABSTRACTThis article describes the background and premises of the AHRC-funded project, ‘The Linguistic DNA of Modern Western Thought’. We offer an empirical, encyclopaedic approach to historical semantics regarding ‘conceptual history’, i.e. the history of concepts that shape thought, culture and society in a particular period. We relate the project to traditional work in conceptual and semantic history and define our object of study as the discursive concept, a category of meaning encoded linguistically as a cluster of expressions that co-occur in discourse. We describe our principal data source, EEBO-TCP, and introduce our key research interests, namely, the contexts of conceptual change, the semantic structure of lexical fields and the nature of lexicalisation pressure. We outline our computational processes, which build upon the theoretical definition of discursive concepts, to discover the linguistically encoded forms underpinning the discursive concepts we seek to identify in EEBO-TCP. Finally, we share preliminary results via a worked example, exploring the discursive contexts in which paradigmatic terms of key cultural concepts emerge. We consider the extent to which particular genres, discourses and users in the early modern period make paradigms, and examine the extent to which these contexts determine the characteristics of key concepts.

Is International Relations still an American social science discipline in Latin America?

Abstract Over the last 40 years, investigations have shown the discipline of International Relations to reproduce the American influence on its methods, paradigms, and institutional dynamics. This article explores the case for the Latin American community, based on the survey data from the Teaching, Research, and International Politics project (TRIP) 2014 developed by the Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations of the College of William and Mary, Virginia (USA). TRIP evaluated International Relations communities in 32 countries around the world. The article aims to answer two main questions: (i) is American influence still dominant over epistemological, methodological, paradigmatic, and institutional representative terms in Latin American International Relations communities, as has been considered in the past? (ii) Is there in the region any contestation to this supposed influence? Primarily, the present article shows an affirmative answer for the first issue. Therefore, and most importantly, the data analysis shows upcoming local pressures rooted in American influence, especially on its epistemic and paradigmatic terms. The data strengthens the miscegenation tendency on its epistemological and paradigmatic aspects, which underlines a lack of consensus over the structure of American dominance over the discipline of International Relations in Latin America, especially if one observes the most numerous and structured group in the region: the Brazilian International Relations community.

Paradigmatic considerations for creative practice in Creative Industries research: the case of Australia's Indie 100

ABSTRACTThis paper begins with the assertion that research grounded in creative practice constitutes a new paradigm. We argue both for and against the idea. We argue against the idea in terms of applying it to the idealised ‘lone artist’ engaged in the production of their art, whose focus of research is a self-reflection upon the art they produce, and whose art is also the findings of the research. Our position is that such an approach cannot be considered as anything other than a form of auto-phenomenography, that such efforts are part of qualitative research, and they are thus trivial in paradigmatic terms. However, we argue in the positive for understanding the artistic event – by which we mean any mass ecology of artistic practice – as being paradigmatically new in terms of research potentials and demands. Our exemplar for that argument is a practice-led, large-scale annual event called Indie 100 which has run for five years and has demonstrated a distinct paradigmatic ‘settling in’ over its duration while clearly pushing paradigmatic boundaries for research into creative practice.

Exploring the Keynesian–Ordoliberal Divide. Flexibility and Convergence in French and German Leaders’ Economic Ideas During the Euro-Crisis

The Euro-crisis is the most severe crisis the European Union has ever faced. Despite its scale and urgency, political and financial leaders have struggled to find its solution. Several observers have traced this inability back to the divide between states adhering to Ordoliberal and those advocating Keynesian policies, Germany and France in particular. Preceding the question of whether and how leaders’ policy ideas influenced decision-making, however, is the question to what extent such paradigmatic divide actually existed. To provide an in-depth and dynamic view of the French and German divide, this study uses the technique of Comparative Cognitive Mapping to explore the extent to which the views of Chancellor Merkel, President Sarkozy and the German and French central bank presidents, Weber and Noyer, may be characterised as Ordoliberal or Keynesian. Moreover, the article analyses how the crisis affected these ideas. The study finds that in paradigmatic terms, leaders’ policy views are rather ambiguous and flexible. Moreover, it shows that the Euro-crisis actually fostered a convergence in views towards a more modest Ordoliberal view rather than a greater divide. Remarkably, this convergence moves the group consensus towards a more compromising position, away from the traditional position of the dominant partner, Germany.

The Enigma of ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’

It is a case of textual transference, if ever there was one. John Keats writes a strange, eerie poem– ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ – about a knight who is enthralled by his Lady. Then the readers who read the poem find themselves enthralled by the poem’s strangeness and eeriness. They find they are unable to tell exactly what happens in the encounter between the knight and the Lady. And so, like the knight on the cold hill side left dreaming again and again the same dream of ‘La belle dame sans merci’, they are left to read and re-read the poem in a state of enthralment to it that seems to have been transferred across from the knight’s bearing towards the Lady (who may or may not be the same person as ‘La belle dame’ in the dream). This, then, is the enigma of ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’. Firstly, the poem’s meaning appears enigmatic. Then, secondly, this condition, in a way that appears as remarkable as it is real, determines that the problem of meaning in Keats’s poem is enacted by the readers of the poem as well. The whole question of this enigma manifests a clear ideological dimension. For it tends to be the case that Keats’s poem is valorised by virtue of the degree of its enigmatic meaning. It is on this basis, in other words, that the practice of re-reading texts is sustained. But as we shall see, what is often a conservative approach to re-reading texts is something we can break with in regard to ‘La Belle Dame’. The enigma of this ‘unreadable’ poem becomes, through a dialectical twist, the condition of its legibility. In particular, it will be not ‘the mere touch of cold philosophy’ (Lamia) but a version of Keatsian ‘Negative Capability’ (Letters, 21 December 1817) that helps us to intervene in this way. ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ is indeed ‘that enthralled and enthralling poem’, in Marjorie Levinson’s words, and as such it operates extraordinarily well, as Levinson has shown, as a site where different modes of criticism meet in paradigmatic terms – a ‘life of Allegory’ indeed! Here follow a few examples of critics coming at Keats’s ballad from different directions, yet all asserting the sheer inexplicability of what is related in the ballad itself. In presenting inexplicability as the source of this poem’s continuing fascination, one of Keats’s 1960s biographers, Walter Jackson Bate, has suggested that ‘in this ballad all clues to ready judgment are withheld’. One of Keats’s 1990s biographers, Stephen Coote, draws his discussion of this poem to a close with the comment that ‘In the end, everything we bring to “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” fails fully to account for the subtlety of its exploration of sex and death’. A further variation on this theme is performed by Susan Wolfson who, particularly interested in the language of Keats’s ballad, concludes her reading of

FRAGMENTED BUT FORCEFUL: DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES AND THEIR INSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION

This article is an attempt by three (relatively) young scholars to make sense of the broad field of public administration (PA), in The Netherlands, with particular emphasis on Dutch administrative sciences. The one essential fact about the Dutch administrative sciences is that they lack a real essence, both in institutional and in paradigmatic terms. They are fragmented – yet forceful. Nevertheless, we will argue, they must recast their position in relation to practitioners and other academics if they are to maintain their strength. We start by highlighting the development of The Netherlands itself, moving on to Dutch public administration and Dutch administrative sciences. We explore the historical Dutch emphasis on ‘pragmatic morality’. After this rough historical overview, we move on to contemporary features of Dutch administrative sciences, features which explain why these sciences have become fragmented, yet forceful – as well as why this force is threatened. We conclude with a perspective on the future of the field and will argue in favour of a renewed emphasis on ‘pragmatic morality’ within scholarly circles.

Finite element analysis and the stress correspondence paradigm

The underlying mechanics of the finite element method as applied to structural analysis is explored in paradigmatic terms. It is shown that the stress correspondence paradigm has the most explanatory power and that it can be axiomatized from a very basic principle, the Hu-Washizu theorem, which is a variation of the least action principle. Numerical experiments are presented to show that the predictions based on analytical quantification from the stress correspondence paradigm are verifiable.

Paradigm debates in nuclear cost forecasting

This article reviews the issues underlying current and past nuclear cost forecasting debates. The text and tables tally the history of forecasting errors and the range of current cost debate. The essay demonstrates that the positions of nuclear optimists and pessimists reflect different expectations of future development paths and are therefore relatively immune to falsification by existent empirical data. Drawing on recent trajectory models of technical change, the paper analogizes nuclear cost debates to paradigm debates over the fertility of different research agendas. The conclusion notes how viewing cost debates in paradigmatic terms potentially undermines technically deterministic theories of technical change.