Security Paradigm Research Articles

Rethinking Security Paradigms in the Face of External Backlash: A Case Study in Private Security

Premises security is essential for organizations to function efficiently and effectively. The sanctity of space and its associated perimeter not only signals a boundary for outsiders but also serves as a second home for organizational members. These members cannot meet organizational requirements if they are constantly on guard, protecting themselves and the organization’s property. However, the gradual encroachment of industrial space by squatters, while reflecting uneven economic development, presents significant security challenges, as some inhabitants of informal settlements find pilfering and other petty crimes financially rewarding. The dominant security strategy typically involves armed guards, whose presence may act as a deterrent. However, the death of an intruder or trespasser due to a guard using his firearm has far-reaching implications due to prevailing legal doctrines and stakeholder dynamics. In India, the legal system treats death as a serious matter, out of proportion to the crime of theft, and the socio-political environment echoes this perspective. Such deaths often lead to collective protests from citizens, often in the form of a dharna or a gherao, which not only disrupts the firm’s operations but also poses a challenge to legal and administrative authorities and management. Dispersing the dharna and preventing it from escalating into a violent mob typically requires the management to negotiate compensation with the aggrieved family, alongside a commitment to legal authorities to impose strict restrictions on the use of firearms. The erosion of deterrence following such negotiations renders security guards ineffective. Their response to trespassing and pilfering is reduced to physical confrontation, attempting to evict individuals, which places guards at risk when faced with armed intruders. Our case study illustrates how an organization restored deterrence, and thus the sanctity of its perimeter, by incorporating attack dogs into its security strategy.

Global Data Governance at a Turning Point? Rethinking China-U.S. Cross-Border Data Flow Regulatory Models

China and the United States have traditionally represented the ‘security paradigm’ and ‘freedom paradigm’ in their regulatory approaches to cross-border data flow. However, with the introduction of new rules governing these flows in both countries, this article challenges that perspective and explores the potential implications of this shift for global data governance. Specifically, it analyzes how the recent regulations in China and the United States serve as critical turning points affecting the transition between these paradigms, focusing on the overall regulatory frameworks and institutional developments in both nations. The article provides legal, institutional, and case-based examples to illustrate these changes. Furthermore, it offers a comparative analysis of the existing models for cross-border data flow regulation between China and the United States. Targeted compliance advice is provided for multinational corporations and other businesses frequently engaging in international operations that may be impacted by these regulatory changes. This research aims to deliver comprehensive insights into the latest regulatory developments in both countries and their existing models for cross-border data governance, thereby assisting enterprises in developing effective compliance strategies in practice.

Adaptive Security Paradigms: The Role of Al in Safeguarding Distributed Data Across Multi-cloud Platforms

The proliferation of multi-cloud infrastructures in modern data management strategies has introduced complex security challenges that traditional measures struggle to address effectively. This article investigates the potential of AI-powered security frameworks to enhance distributed data protection across diverse cloud environments. By leveraging advanced machine learning algorithms and predictive analytics, these frameworks offer real-time threat detection, adaptive access controls, and intelligent encryption management. The article examines the key components of AI-driven security systems, including automated anomaly detection and behavior analysis, and their integration with existing security protocols. Through a series of case studies and real-world applications, we demonstrate the efficacy of these frameworks in identifying vulnerabilities, initiating proactive security measures, and maintaining compliance with industry regulations. Our findings indicate that AI-powered security frameworks provide a scalable, adaptive, and robust solution for safeguarding distributed data assets in the dynamic landscape of multi-cloud infrastructures. However, the research also acknowledges potential limitations and ethical considerations, paving the way for future advancements in this critical area of cybersecurity.

Current Trends in ICT Security: A Comprehensive Overview of Machine Learning and Soft Computing Applications

In an era marked by pervasive digitization, information and communication technology (ICT) security stands as a cornerstone of our digital infrastructure. The rapid evolution of cyber threats necessitates equally agile defence mechanisms. This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the contemporary landscape of ICT security with a specific focus on the emergent trends in machine learning (ML) and soft computing (SC) applications. The paper commences by outlining the escalating challenges posed by cyber adversaries, underlining the inadequacy of traditional security paradigms in contending with the intricacies of modern-day attacks. This backdrop emphasizes the need for innovative, adaptable, and intelligent approaches to bolster ICT security.

Hybridization of Learning Techniques and Quantum Mechanism for IIoT Security: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects

This article describes our point of view regarding the security capabilities of classical learning algorithms (CLAs) and quantum mechanisms (QM) in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ecosystem. The heterogeneity of the IIoT ecosystem and the inevitability of the security paradigm necessitate a systematic review of the contributions of the research community toward IIoT security (IIoTsec). Thus, we obtained relevant contributions from five digital repositories between the period of 2015 and 2024 inclusively, in line with the established systematic literature review procedure. In the main part, we analyze a variety of security loopholes in the IIoT and categorize them into two categories—architectural design and multifaceted connectivity. Then, we discuss security-deploying technologies, CLAs, blockchain, and QM, owing to their contributions to IIoTsec and the security challenges of the main loopholes. We also describe how quantum-inclined attacks are computationally challenging to CLAs, for which QM is very promising. In addition, we present available IIoT-centric datasets and encourage researchers in the IIoT niche to validate the models using the industrial-featured datasets for better accuracy, prediction, and decision-making. In addition, we show how hybrid quantum-classical learning could leverage optimal IIoTsec when deployed. We conclude with the possible limitations, challenges, and prospects of the deployment.

Integration of Personal Safety in Students Training on the Specialty “Civil Safety” at Technical Institutions of Higher Education

Security is considered a legitimate goal of every society. In recent years of the pandemic and then the war in Ukraine, the issue of the security paradigm has become particularly relevant. It prompts a revision of conceptual approaches to the formation of human personal security competencies and especially the mechanisms and ways of ensuring it in society and the state in the present conditions. Therefore, in theory, national and international security concepts are being developed, and more recently, individual, social, and global security. This indicates, among other things, a significant expansion of new dimensions of security when political independence, territorial integrity, and viability of the country, as well as the survival and development of its inhabitants, are at stake. Security in itself should have the status of a fundamental human right. Many publicly discussed security issues are related to technical solutions. Debates are underway not only about society's attitude to security, but also about what research and for what purpose it is conducting or has conducted in this direction. This also applies to the educational environment. The article defines and substantiates the principles of the formation of personal safety of students, provides an essential characteristic of the pedagogical process of formation of personal safety of students, considers the technology of formation of personal safety of students based on the competence approach, reveals the content of the competences of the individual in the sphere of life safety. The purpose of this article is to study the process of forming the personal safety of students in the system of professional education in higher technical institutions of a technical profile. The methodology on which the research is grounded is based on the methodological principles of systematicity and an interdisciplinary approach and includes the use of a complex of general scientific methods, namely explanation, comparison, classification, generalization, and systematization. Based on them, a model of forming students' competencies in the life safety field was built. Within the framework of our research, the following results were achieved: the views of scientists on the issue of the formation of security competencies among students in the new context of the construction of Ukrainian society in conditions of war were summarized; the principles of forming students' personal safety based on the competence approach are substantiated; tasks for the development of students' competencies in the field of life safety are formulated; a structural model of students' competencies and the process of their formation in the field of life safety was built. The conclusions allow us to state that the problem of security is complex and multifaceted, since conflicts, wars or unstable state structures often have not only local significance, but also global consequences due to a closely interconnected and globalized world. The formation of personal safety competencies in students as future specialists is important as a basis for self-preservation, self-development and self-improvement. For this purpose, educational professional programs of technical universities should include fundamental educational disciplines that will ensure the development of worldview principles of life safety and determine generally accepted safety needs and generally recognized safety mechanisms.

The dominant policy approach to the right to food has been improperly underpinned by a food security paradigm

Focusing on food security is hiding the true challenge of reclaiming a truly democratic path to the right to food and adequate nutrition. Under the food security paradigm, the question of power in the food system never comes up. So, as long as access to food is guaranteed under some system or other, there is no problem. Therefore, the notion of ‘securing-the-needs-of-the-hungry’ is also meant to signal the presence of a ‘security’ discourse that identifies ‘hunger’ and the ‘hungry’ as a threat to the political economy. The dearth of active scholarship in this area may be due, in part, to the opposition that the Via Campesina’s food sovereignty narrative poses to the existing institutions handling food issues, particularly at their governance level. The increasing dependence on agriculture --not as a source of food for direct consumption, but as a source of inputs for the food processing industry-- means that the raw food commodities produced by agriculture will have a diminishing potential to directly impact human consumption and health since many are processed, reshaped and transformed into unhealthy ultra-processed formulations.

Theoretical and Methodological Justification of the Public Danger of an Act in Criminal Law

Public danger is a fundamental category of criminal law that defines its essence and social purpose. At the same time, science has not yet developed a unified view on the nature of public danger, its place and role in the structure of criminal law knowledge and law enforcement. In particular, the following questions remain unresolved: the legal boundaries of public danger, the correlation of the principle of legality with the social foundations of criminal liability, the correlation of the concept of harm with public danger, the possibility of its objective cognition, the impact on the assessment of public danger of acts of social values and personality, determining the quality of a crime. The paper analyzes the phenomenology of social perception of public danger in the aspect of law enforcement assessments of real harm. For this purpose, dialectics is used in the categories of reality and possibility. Harm is considered as a category of reality, and public danger as a category of opportunity. At the same time, the author understands harm and public danger not in a universal, but in a legal sense. The essence of harm means an encroachment on social values and a response to it from society and the state — a moral rebuke of the act, elevating it to the degree of social threat (danger). The public danger of a crime is constructed by the legislator, therefore this property (public danger) is associated with the reality of harm and is an important and necessary criminal law construct filled with real social meaning. The modern problem, actualized by the security paradigm, is the definition of moral criteria for the validity of socially dangerous harm.

Utilizing AspectJ for Defense Against Evasive Malware Attacks in Android System

Introduction: Mobile devices have become an integral part of our digital lives, facilitating various tasks and storing a treasure trove of sensitive information. However, as more people utilize mobile devices, sophisticated cyber threats are emerging to elude traditional security measures. Method: The use of evasion techniques by malicious actors presents a significant challenge to mobile security, necessitating creative solutions. In this work, we investigate the potential critical role that the aspect-oriented programming paradigm AspectJ can play in strengthening mobile security against evasion attempts. Evasion techniques cover a wide range of tactics, including runtime manipulation, code obfuscation, and unauthorized data access. Results: These tactics usually aim to bypass detection and avoid security measures. In order to address the aforementioned issues, this paper uses AspectJ to give developers a flexible and dynamic way to add aspects to their coding structures so they can monitor, intercept, and respond to evasive actions. It illustrates how AspectJ can improve mobile security and counteract the long-lasting risks that evasion techniques present in a dynamic threat landscape. Conclusion: Consequently, this work proposes a novel defense mechanism incorporating AspectJ into a significant paradigm of security against evasion with 91.33% accuracy and demonstrates the successful detection of evasive attacks.

A paradigm shift in international security as a consequence of the Russia-Ukraine war

This article presents the main features of the historical genesis of the international security paradigm shift from its institutionalisation to the present day. It is shown that such genesis is sinusoidal in nature and related to the well-known 'Kondratiev waves', except that, unlike the latter, it is not economic in nature, but security in nature. In a historical and geopolitical context, five successive shifts in the international security paradigm (Pre-Systemic, Westphalian, Vienna, Versailles, Yalta-Potsdam, Unipolar) are distinguished as a normatively recognised system of international relations of war and peace, based on all countries' adherence to universally recognised principles and norms of international law, as enshrined in relevant international treaties. The main factors of the end of the era of the unipolar world and the growing role of 'fragile' states in the international security environment as potential objects of international military interventions and spaces for the deployment of local conflicts and wars were characterised. It was concluded that the war in Ukraine is a key trigger for a new paradigm shift in international security and the emergence of a new system of international relations, and that the outcome of the Russian-Ukrainian war will determine the 'starting positions' and strong arguments in the hands of the United States of America and its allies against China and its allies during the inevitable new global security conference on the creation of a new world order.

Preparing for pandemics needs a dose of public health and a booster of “complex thought” (Errare humanum est, perseverare diabolicum)

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented governmental responses worldwide, revealing weaknesses in health systems and public health policies due to lack of “complex thought” required to manage complex adaptive systems. Understanding COVID‐19 response strategies' multiple effects is particularly important now that pandemic preparedness and response (PPR) is on top of the global health political agenda. Here, we adopt a complex adaptive systems approach to critically analyze the literature and draw lessons from the COVID‐19 response to inform future PPR strategies. We observe that in many contexts, strategies implemented in response to COVID‐19 were poorly effective, inefficient, and inequitable. We explain the limitations of these prevailing measures and propose approaches and strategies to manage pandemics arising from a “systems thinking” perspective. PPR demands the adoption of an evolving, evidenced‐informed, and context‐specific strategy based on comprehensive approaches reflecting the complexities of health crises. This means moving away from single‐focused health security paradigms to consider the full range of health problems facing populations and adopting a package of interventions chosen via participatory and deliberative processes that are context‐specific and sensitive, as well as evidence‐driven, to ensure a fair balance between various pillars of pandemic responses: health promotion, non‐pharmaceutical interventions, prophylaxis, vaccines, and treatments.

Enhanced Security Paradigms: Converging IoT and Biometrics for Advanced Locker Protection

Enhanced Security Paradigms: Converging IoT and Biometrics for Advanced Locker Protection

National security of Ukraine in the modern world: Problems of strategic communications development in the context of European integration

The article attempts to conduct theoretical analysis of today security paradigms based on the case of national security of Ukraine in the context of current Russo-Ukrainian war and its surrounding landscape of interests and discourses. Interests of various players and stakeholders, as well as corresponding prospects are analyzed. The findings allowed raising the problematic of alternative peacemaking and peacebuilding – through strategic communications and geoeconomics discourse.

Mobile Device Security: A Two-Layered Approach with Blockchain and Sensor Technology for Theft Prevention

In the backdrop of the escalating incidents of mobile device theft and associated security challenges, a resilient and innovative solution is imperative. The traditional security mechanisms, largely reliant on the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), have been fraught with vulnerabilities, leading to a surge in incidents of device theft and data breaches. Addressing this pressing issue, we present a novel, two-tiered approach integrating sensor technology and blockchain to bolster mobile device security. This work aims to create and assess a dual-layered security strategy that uses blockchain and sensor technologies in a complementary way. Based on a rigorous conceptual framework, it explores a two-tiered security model that intricately combines sensor and blockchain technologies. This collaborative integration aims to provide an effective solution to the widespread challenges of theft and security breaches in mobile devices. The methodology employs a sensor layer for real-time data collection and processing to detect potential thefts, and activating alerts. The blockchain layer, invoked upon these alerts, initiates secure, transparent, and decentralized transactions for verification and validation across network nodes. This dual mechanism ensures swift and secure anti-theft actions, supported by an enhanced encryption standard. Our result analysis reveals the proposed system’s superiority in computational time, energy consumption, and overall security levels when compared to existing protocols. The integration of real-time processing and blockchain’s immutable nature promises reduced false positives and enhanced data integrity. The findings indicate that this integrative approach not only mitigates theft but also ensures data security, marking a significant stride in mobile security technology. In conclusion, this two-layered system promises a scalable, efficient, and robust solution to mobile device theft and data breaches, with potential impacts transcending individual device security to influence broader data privacy and security paradigms, thus signifying a pivotal development in the field of mobile security.

A measurement-device-independent quantum secure digital payment

In contemporary society, digital payment systems are crucial, yet vulnerable to security breaches. Based on the principles of quantum physics, quantum digital payment (QDP) protocols offer a theoretically superior security paradigm compared to those reliant on computational complexity. Nevertheless, those QDP protocols in practice are frequently compromised by imperfections in measurement devices, facilitating valuable information interception by malicious entities. Addressing this vulnerability, we propose a measurement-device-independent quantum secure digital payment (MDI-QSDP) protocol, designed to enhance security in digital payment systems by eliminating side-channel attacks on measurement devices. This protocol extends the framework of a novelly developed measurement-device-independent quantum secure communication (MDI-QSC) protocol, which supports secure dialogic exchanges without prior key sharing. Utilizing the proposed MDI-QSC protocol, participants can not only engage in secure direct communication but also establish a private key for subsequent encrypted interactions. Our MDI-QSDP protocol incorporates a robust authentication mechanism, ensuring that only legitimate participants can initiate transactions, thereby bolstering security. A comprehensive security analysis of the proposed protocol demonstrates its resilience against identity theft, information leakage, and other potential security breaches. Furthermore, simulations employing practical experimental parameters validate the protocol’s applicability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios, thereby confirming its potential to significantly enhance the security of future quantum digital payments.

Physical layer security for confidential transmissions in frequency hopping-based downlink NOMA networks

Facing the exponential number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the scarcity of available resources, next-generation wireless networks have to meet very challenging performance targets in terms of providing massive access and ensuring higher spectral efficiency. In this vein, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has been widely recognized as one of the advantageous techniques to handle the proliferation of the IoT. Nevertheless, from a security standpoint, enabling a user to decode the signals of the other users, while using Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), raises serious concerns regarding confidentiality and vulnerability to malicious attacks. Meanwhile, conventional security paradigms, such as upper-layer encryption and sophisticated authentication mechanisms, require high computational complexity and additional processing, which impose an overwhelming burden on energy-efficient IoT devices. Alternatively, Physical layer Security (PLS) has sparked a significant interest as a promising complement to cryptographic techniques. The key idea of PLS is to avail wireless communication properties to secure communications without adding complex encryption mechanisms at higher layers. In this paper, we propose a PLS approach based on a network coding technique to prevent eavesdroppers from decoding users’ information transmitted through a downlink-based NOMA system. This results in correlating the packets to be transmitted with each other, making the interception of a single packet useless. We demonstrate that the eavesdropper’s decoding complexity increases exponentially with the sequence length, making the task intractable for relatively long ones.

Peace and the digital revolution: Toward “cyberpeace?”

AbstractThis article will explore challenges posed by the digital communications revolution to some long‐standing concepts and assumptions around security, warfare, and peace. It will demonstrate the obsolescence of the traditional state‐focused national security paradigm with regards to matters of cybersecurity, as well as the limitations of conventional collective security approaches. It will also outline the Internet's potential as a peacebuilding medium, and the crossroads we currently face between a new era of cyberwarfare or an Internet for “cyberpeace.”

Retooling the regulation of net-zero subsidies: lessons from the US Inflation Reduction Act

Abstract The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) has heralded the advent of a new era of industrial policy within and beyond the USA. As the net-zero economy transition unfolds and national economic security paradigms entrench, industrial policy is here to stay. Net-zero subsidies are employed as multipurpose policy tools to promote domestic manufacturing, de-risk from China, and boost the net-zero transition. This new scenario prompts a fresh look at old questions surrounding environmental subsidies and their justification, actionability, and countervailability. This article makes three contributions. First, it articulates a conceptual framework to assess questions surrounding the justification of net-zero subsidies. It advocates a direct focus on their environmental effectiveness, drawing a distinction between justifiable trade-distorting effects and unjustifiable protective or discriminatory application associated with the pursuit of reshoring or geopolitical goals. Second, it employs a careful analysis of different IRA tax credits to operationalize the article’s framework and test its robustness. Third, it draws on legal and economic insights to shed some light on the environmental effects of different groups of net-zero subsidies. On these grounds, it advances a streamlined three-fold categorization and demarcates the boundaries within which different subsidies should be justifiable, non-actionable and non-countervailable.

Hurricanes make headlines, but chronic utility failure drives energy (in)security in the U.S. Virgin Islands

Natural disasters and extreme events expose significant challenges to electricity infrastructure. We explore concepts of energy security and energy resilience in the aftermath of Hurricanes Maria & Irma in the U.S. Caribbean in 2017. We look at household consequences of regular and storm related power outages for communities, and investigate the motivations for household adoption of solar energy in the wake of a natural disaster, using surveys and interviews in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Results indicate that the storm-related utility failure was widely acknowledged as catastrophic by Islanders, severely limiting the ability for people to work, purchase and store food, and live healthy and productive lives – with lasting consequences. We also find that residents are just as impacted by chronic utility failure as they were disaster-related outages. In the wake of perceived failure from the local utility to provide energy security or energy resilience, households are making decision to invest in self-provided systems to meet these needs by purchasing generators and solar PV. Yet, provision of solar PV follows systemic and racialized patterns of access. We suggest that the practical ways in which utilities make decisions about resilience are outdated, and call for a new paradigm of energy security.

Application of Attribute-Based Encryption in Military Internet of Things Environment.

The Military Internet of Things (MIoT) has emerged as a new research area in military intelligence. The MIoT frequently has to constitute a federation-capable IoT environment when the military needs to interact with other institutions and organizations or carry out joint missions as part of a coalition such as in NATO. One of the main challenges of deploying the MIoT in such an environment is to acquire, analyze, and merge vast amounts of data from many different IoT devices and disseminate them in a secure, reliable, and context-dependent manner. This challenge is one of the main challenges in a federated environment and forms the basis for establishing trusting relationships and secure communication between IoT devices belonging to different partners. In this work, we focus on the problem of fulfillment of the data-centric security paradigm, i.e., ensuring the secure management of data along the path from its origin to the recipients and implementing fine-grained access control mechanisms. This problem can be solved using innovative solutions such as applying attribute-based encryption (ABE). In this work, we present a comprehensive solution for secure data dissemination in a federated MIoT environment, enabling the use of distributed registry technology (Hyperledger Fabric), a message broker (Apache Kafka), and data processing microservices implemented using the Kafka Streams API library. We designed and implemented ABE cryptography data access control methods using a combination of pairings-based elliptic curve cryptography and lightweight cryptography and confirmed their suitability for the federations of military networks. Experimental studies indicate that the proposed cryptographic scheme is viable for the number of attributes typically assumed to be used in battlefield networks, offering a good trade-off between security and performance for modern cryptographic applications.