Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Research Articles

A comprehensive review on paraconsistent annotated evidential logic: Algorithms, Applications, and Perspectives

This paper reviews the paraconsistent annotated evidential logic (PAL Eτ) research. This non-classical logic has gained attention in several real-world applications, including robotics, intelligent control, decision-making systems, pattern recognition and classification, and medical diagnosis, among others. The low-complexity mathematics and small computational resources required by PAL Eτ algorithms make them interesting for expert systems, edge computing, and tiny machine learning (Tiny ML) design. This paper aims to present the recent work in the field of PAL Eτ, from its theoretical grounding to practical applications, as well as challenges and trends for this logic. This paper provides a multilevel platform for researchers interested in this area.

Application of paraconsistent logic to support the decision on the return of face-to-face academic activities at the university after Covid-19

During the Covid-19 pandemic peak period, changes were devised for society to adapt to the new lifestyle without affecting its development. Among others, education was one of the most affected areas in this period due to the mandatory social distancing. Education institutions adapted to this new scenario by switching from face-to-face to remote teaching, which brings advantages and disadvantages. To better understand this new teaching-learning pedagogical approach, it is important to listen to those intimately connected in this process: professors and students. Since they provide personal and subjective opinions connected to their own cultures, perceptions, and other very personal variables, assessing their opinions requires a different approach based on unusual logics, in which the paraconsistent logic appears as a potential tool. This research aims to apply the paraconsistent annotated evidential logic Eτ (PAEL) in the opinion of students and professors of an engineering post-graduate program in the state of São Paulo to evaluate whether or not to return to face-to-face academic activities at the university, after the Covid-19 pandemic. A survey was applied to a sample of professors and students, embracing nine variables related to teaching, research, economics, time, and efficiency. Results show that, although research and time indicators are located within the ‘truth’ region of the cartesian unitary square, the barycenter is in the 'almost true' region, indicating an inconclusive response as to whether or not to return to face-to-face academic activities. This study contributes to discussions about the newly imposed after Covid-19-scenario towards more effective pedagogical approaches.

How the Global Initiative Report's Indicators are Related to the Strong Sustainability Concept? - A Paraconsistent Approach

The pressure imposed by human-dominated systems on the natural environment and the search for more balanced social systems are current concerns worldwide. Among scales of attention and shared responsibilities, companies are also in the radar of and interested in to be more sustainable. An efficient way in disclosing information on companies' sustainability is through sustainability reports, such as the global reporting initiative (GRI) framework. Although recognized as an important alternative, the GRI is receiving criticisms about its ability in accurately express the meaning of sustainability. This work applies the paraconsistent annotated evidential logic (PAEL) on opinions of experts in the sustainability theme to verify whether the GRI indicators are aligned to the concept of `strong' sustainability. A survey applied to twenty-two experts from different field areas, backgrounds and work experiences on sustainability-related issues provided their beliefs and disbeliefs, in a quantitative way, about the ability of each of the 91 GRI indicators in expressing sustainability. Results show high dispersion (coefficient of variation $>$30%) among the experts opinions for 77 of the GRI indicators, in which the social category appears with the worst performance with its total 48 indicators with high dispersion. This is an indicative of different understandings by experts about the meaning of sustainability concept and/or the meaning and reach of GRI indicators in achieving sustainability. The PAEL reports that all three categories (economic, environmental and social) fall into the `paracomplete' region of the Cartesian unitary square's graph, indicating an inconclusive result about whether these three categories are able to capture and/or express the concept of strong sustainability. The overall performance (barycenter with beliefs of $\mu =0.26$ and disbeliefs of $\lambda =0.17$) also fall into the paracomplete region, rejecting the initial hypothesis that GRI may show strong sustainability. Recognizing the increasing importance of sustainability reports, this work contributes in identifying and suggesting improvements to the GRI developers on indicators that may better represent the strong sustainability and achieve its main goals. GRI's framework should be based on a clear sustainability model and provide through a simple, fast and understandable way, information about the purposes of each indicator. Focus for improvements should be especially directed to: EC4-6; EN18, 20, 21 and 34; LA2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14; SO3-8, 11; PR1-5, 7-9; HR3, 8-10.

THE ROLE OF ANNOTATED LOGICS IN AI: A REVIEW PAPER

Annotated Logics are a category of non-classical logics that have recently appeared from a historical point of view. They are a type of paraconsistent, paracomplete and non-alethic logic. With the rapid development of AI and Automation and Robotics, more and more theory and techniques were coined to support the various issues that the themes were presenting. This expository work explores how to deal directly with conflicts (contradictions) and paracompleteness directly, without extra-logical devices. Support is given by the paraconsistent annotated evidential logic Et. Some applications are discussed.

Expert Group Simulation Evaluating Behavioural Competence by Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ

Group decision-making may present inconsistencies, resulting in biased decisions. This research presents simulations with the formation of different groups composed of professionals who participate in evaluating a candidate for project manager. The Behavioural Competencies Assessment Instrument and the Para-analyser algorithm were used as the foundation of the simulations based on the Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ. In a factual scenario, it is necessary, at least two evaluators, in order to obtain equitable results since just one evaluator opinion may influence the result.

Método Paraconsistente de Avaliação em Finanças Comportamentais

This study aims to analyze the behavior of a group in relation to finance, through the paraconsistent annotated evidential logic (LPA). Among the authors searched for the constitution of this conceptual work, stressed-If Abe, J.M (2011), Da Silva Filho, J.I. & ABE, J.M (2001), De Carvalho, F.R.; Abe, J.M.( 2011), Kahneman, D; Tversky (2012), Kimura, K (2003), Lima, M.V (2003) , Reis, N.F (2007). The methodology used was the exploratory research. The most important conclusion about the topic researched is that people are influenced by anchoring in its decision-making financial and paraconsistent logic (LPA) used in this study allows us to take into consideration the contradiction between these decisions.

The Productivity Gains Achieved In Applicability of The Prototype AITOD with Paraconsistent Logic in Support in Decision-Making in Project Remeasurement.

This paper addresses the subject of software measurement, namely, the method of Function Point Analysis, which consists in functionally sizing the software. The sizing activity held between customer specialists and suppliers causes disagreements because it involves multiple vague factors that are difficult to quantify. This paper aims to develop the AITOD- Intelligent Decision-making Support system, based on Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ. This system aims to contribute to the decision-making process of managers. Such methodology has as a precept the materialization of artefacts derived from concepts. The AITOD product has achieved significant improvements in the process of mitigating project recounts. Through the AITOD system, it was verified that 46 projects would result in approval of 28.57% of the projects, 50 projects would result in approval of 64.10% of the projects. With these results, companies would avoid unnecessary expenses and rework. In the scope of the innovative project, the results achieved on the reduction of values spent on project recounting stands out, being proved the viability of the AITOD product.

Multi-criteria decision analysis for health technology resource allocation and assessment: so far and so near?

Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is an emerging tool that allows the integration of relevant factors for health technology assessment (HTA). This study aims to present a summary of the methodological characteristics of MCDA: definitions, approaches, applications, and implementation stages. A case study was conducted in the São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP) in order to understand the perspectives of decision-makers in the process of drafting a recommendation for the incorporation of technology in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), through a report by the Brazilian National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (CONITEC). Paraconsistent annotated evidential logic Eτ was the methodological approach adopted in the study, since it can serve as an underlying logic for constructs capable of synthesizing objective information (from the scientific literature) and subjective information (from experts' values and preferences in the area of knowledge). It also allows the incorporation of conflicting information (contradictions), as well as vague and even incomplete information in the valuation process, resulting from imperfection of the available scientific evidence. The method has the advantages of allowing explicit consideration of the criteria that influenced the decision, facilitating follow-up and visualization of process stages, allowing assessment of the contribution of each criterion separately, and in aggregate, to the decision's outcome, facilitating the discussion of diverging perspectives by different stakeholder groups, and increasing the understanding of the resulting recommendations. The use of an explicit MCDA approach should facilitate conflict mediation and optimize participation by different stakeholder groups.

Corporate profitability analysis: a novel application for paraconsistent logic

This study explores the application of paraconsistent annotated evidential logic for analyzing the profitability of companies. We implemented a model that allocated degrees of favorable and contrary evidence to selected profitability ratios, defined using data from sixty-seven food industry companies. The degrees of favorable and contrary evidence assigned to each profitability index were based on which decile they were in. This model was implemented as a dedicated software program that calculates degrees of favorable and contrary evidence for the full set of indices and then provides an overall assessment of evidence in favor of or contradicting each company’s profitability. The results produced by the model

Paraconsistent artificial neural networks and EEG analysis

The aim of this paper is to present a study of brain EEG waves through a new ANN (artificial neural networks) based on Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic, Eτ, which is capable of manipulating concepts like impreciseness, inconsistency, and paracompleteness in a nontrivial manner. As an application, the Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Network (PANN) proved capable of recognising children with Dyslexia with Kappa index at a rate of 80%.