Par Exemple Research Articles

Representations of Mathematics Education in Swedish Newspapers—Part of the Structural Influence on Mathematics Teaching

There is an ongoing public debate about mathematics education. This dialogue influences policymakers as well as mathematics teachers who are affected by these public ideas. Consequently, exploring the public debate, for example, by studying news media, is relevant for understanding teaching and learning in mathematics and also pertinent for researchers to actively participate in the debate about mathematics education. Representations of mathematics education, which emerged in a study of three national newspapers in Sweden, were explored. Articles relevant to the study were found in systematic searches in a media archive every fifth year between 1992 and 2017. Findings show that the construction of mathematics education in Swedish newspapers is multifaceted and complex, foregrounded by achievements, measurements and various forms of teaching. Other parts of the construction involve teachers wanting to arouse positive feelings, but their attempts are often unsuccessful. Whilst the construction of mathematics education is increasingly varied, the resulting positive and negative feelings and the tensions between representations contribute new insights, which are important to the field.RésuméL’enseignement des mathématiques fait constamment l’objet d’un débat public. Cette discussion influence les décideurs politiques ainsi que les enseignants de mathématiques touchés par ces idées échangées dans le domaine public. Par conséquent, afin de comprendre l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des mathématiques, en plus de faciliter la participation active des chercheurs à la conversation portant sur l’enseignement des mathématiques, il est pertinent d’étudier ce débat public, par exemple en examinant les médias d’information. Ainsi, nous avons analysé les représentations faites de l’enseignement des mathématiques qui sont ressorties de l’examen de trois journaux nationaux en Suède. Des recherches systématiques effectuées dans des archives médiatiques tous les cinq ans entre 1992 et 2017 ont permis d’identifier des articles pertinents à cette étude. Les résultats montrent que la conception de l’enseignement des mathématiques dans les journaux suédois est multiforme et complexe, qu’elle met l’accent sur les réalisations, les évaluations et diverses formes d’enseignement. D’autres éléments incluent le fait que les enseignants veulent susciter des sentiments positifs, mais que leurs tentatives sont souvent infructueuses. L’accent placé sur les réalisations et les évaluations est conforme aux études antérieures menées au Canada; alors que la représentation de l’enseignement des mathématiques est de plus en plus variée, les sentiments positifs et négatifs qui en résultent, ainsi que les tensions entre les représentations, apportent de nouvelles perspectives, importantes pour le domaine.

Polyglot Art Practices: Introduction

Polyglot Art PracticesIntroduction Doris Hambuch The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism (2022), edited by Steven G. Kellman and Natasha Lvovich, is the latest among many recent testimonies to the fact that the study of creative multilingualism has been expanding rapidly in the new millennium.1 Much of the resulting research, in particular in English, challenges language hierarchies and the concept of a national language. As Rachael Gilmour and Tamar Steinitz emphasize in their introduction to Multilingual Currents in Literature, Translation and Culture (2018), “monolingual paradigms are inadequate in a world dominated by globalization and migration” (1). Jane Hiddleston and Wen-Chin Ouyang, likewise, state that their Multilingual Literature as World Literature (2021) “argues not only, with Spivak and Mufti, against the dominance of English, but also against a dominant concept of monolingualism2 that has further served to limit and skew the scope of world literature” (3). This special issue on polyglot art practices positions itself within the same movement as it investigates the use of plurilingual creative expression across different genres and media in order to contest the status of a global language and its implications for authors, audiences, publishers, and editors. Despite several genuine efforts, it was not possible to divert the issue’s focus on European languages, although the discourse in most of the contributions is not limited to them. A distinct Canadian perspective is offered throughout the majority of included articles. Plusieurs des personnes ayant contribué à ce numéro ont participé au groupe de recherche sur l’art multi/trans/plurilingue et s’inspirent du manifeste « Pour des savoirs en commun ». Basé sur une table ronde ayant eu lieu au colloque annuel de l’Association canadienne de littérature comparée en 2019, ce manifeste vit dans plusieurs espaces. La table ronde était bilingue, et réunissait des membres de la communauté comparatiste et de la communauté des humanités numériques (Monjour et Mathieu-Lessard 601–602). [End Page 239] « Orienté autour de trois thématiques principales : celles des temporalités, des espaces, et des formats de publication, » (603) le manifeste souligne le pouvoir des langues, notamment dans les propositions « pour un multi-linguisme actif and fluid » (607) et « Let’s think beyond words » (608). Notre groupe a rassemblé des versions différentes de ces propositions à travers diverses traductions, par exemple « For en aktiv flersproglighed med flydende grænser! », « Ας σκεφτούμε χωρίς λόγια! », « 活発で円滑な多言語を目指して », « », ou « He mana tō te kupu » (complit.ca/i-research-group-multi-trans-lingual-art-groupede-recherche-sur-lart-multi-trans-plurilingue/). Un grand merci aux membres du groupe et à leurs ami·e·s pour avoir maintenu le projet vivant. A key study in the field of creative translingualism is Yasemin Yildiz’s Beyond the Mother Tongue: The Postmonolingual Condition (2013). With a focus on authors whose common language is German, Yildiz traces the development of a monolingual paradigm back to the late eighteenth century and encourages continuous resistance against this paradigm’s proliferation. “The postmonolingual condition […],” Yildiz warns, as quoted in the opening essay of this issue, “is not resolved by a one-time move beyond the mother tongue, but requires constant reinvention and questioning of the underlying concepts of language and identity. It requires constant exit strategies” (142). Much of the discussion throughout Polyglot Art Practices points towards respective exit strategies, and in the process, a number of examples move beyond the obvious components of language, letters and words, to focus on sound (Roussel; Morris), performance (Ingram; Innes), music (Ingram), and image (Siemens). The issue thus takes its cue from Hiddleston and Ouyang’s instruction, “to explore the phonetic sign in [this] context and its combination with other nonverbal forms of language” (7). Some genres are more conducive to this kind of exploration than others. Two of the seven contributions revolve around lyric poetry, while a third reserves it for a large part of its interdisciplinary inquiry, and the opening essay is itself an experimental prose poem. Other genres addressed include film, theatre, and photography, besides prose. In Translingual Poetics: Writing Personhood Under Settler Colonialism (2018), Sarah Dowling reminds us that poetry has a “very long history of being written across and between languages” (5). Kellman and Lvovich, in their preface to the...

THE DEVELOPMENT PATHS OF HERMENEUTIC COMPETENCES: THE END OF AN ALIBI, THE BEGINNING OF A “SUNNY ADVENTURE”

Hermeneutic competences are assigned to human nature, they are related to the substance of humanity and they are the core of the functioning of man in the world as they are distinguished by responsibility and the ability to understand, read and shape oneself and the surrounding environment of life as significant entireties constituted by senses. And their development is conditioned by the vertical and horizontal combination of various biological and cultural factors. In this context, academic education preparing for social professions in the areas such as pedagogy or social work should create proper conditions for the acquisition and improvement of the ability to refer professional and methodological knowledge to individual situations and people experiencing them and for understanding them. The article par exemple analyses and interprets methods of developing hermeneutic competences, and also outlines a new proposal of basing this process on the dynamisms of human existence.

“You Had To Just Kind Of Rub Her Cheek”: Memories and Emotions of Mental Deficiency Nurses in Alberta, Canada, 1945 - 1975

Mental deficiency nursing evolved as a distinct, yet little known field of nursing education and practice in several countries during the twentieth century. In Canada it became a separate area of nursing in only one of its provinces, Alberta, and it was tied to one large institution, called the Provincial Training School for the care of developmentally disabled children and, eventually, also adults. This paper contributes to the history of mental deficiency nursing, currently called intellectual disability nursing, an existing specialty actively practiced in the UK and Ireland for example. Alberta’s program was established in 1933 and continued until 1973. I examine this history through the lens of three mental deficiency nurses’ experiences of their education and work at the institution shared in an oral history interview. These nurses worked in the institution in the period after the Second World War. Their stories provide a unique perspective on a field of nursing work and education that grew increasingly controversial during the latter half of the 20th century when public debate arose over the institutionalization of people with developmental disability. Moreover, the institution’s entanglement within an active eugenics policy and practice maintained in the province of Alberta until 1972 added to the controversy. Their stories provide insight in the perceptions and emotions of mental deficiency nurses, experienced and remembered some sixty years later in an interview. I examine how the nurses took up this work and how their professional identity was depicted and changed, especially as public debate arose from the 1970s onward. The stories provide a unique micro-historical lens to explore larger social and cultural tensions over eugenics, disability, care and dependency, and over mental deficiency nurses’ work. Résumé Les soins infirmiers en déficience mentale ont évolué en tant que branche distincte, mais méconnue, de la formation et la pratique infirmière dans plusieurs pays au cours du 20e siècle. Au Canada, ils sont devenus une discipline séparée des soins infirmiers dans une seule province, en Alberta, et ils ont été liés à une grande institution nommée la Provincial Training School pour les soins aux enfants ayant des déficiences intellectuelles et, éventuellement, aux adultes. Cet article contribue à l’histoire des soins infirmiers en déficience mentale, à notre époque appelés soins infirmiers en déficience intellectuelle, une spécialité existante et activement pratiquée, par exemple, au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande. Le programme en Alberta a été établi en 1933 et s’est poursuivi jusqu’en 1973.

Neurocognitive functioning in MDR-TB patients with and without HIV in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Optimising medication adherence is one of the essential factors in reversing the tide of a TB-HIV syndemic in sub-Saharan Africa, especially South Africa. Impairment in key neurocognitive domains may impair patients' ability to maintain adherence to treatment, but the level of cognition and its relationship to HIV status has not been examined in individuals with drug-resistant TB. We therefore investigated performance on several key neurocognitive domains in relationship to HIV status in a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients (MDR-TB) sample. We enrolled microbiologically confirmed MDR-TB inpatients at a TB-specialist referral hospital in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. We collected cross-sectional data on sociodemographic, clinical and neurocognitive function (e.g. attention, memory, executive functioning, language fluency, visual-spatial, eye-hand coordination). For the primary analysis, we excluded participants with major depressive episode/substance use disorder (MDE/SUD). We fitted adjusted Poisson regression models to explore the association between HIV and neurocognitive function. We enrolled 200 people with MDR-TB; 33 had MDE/SUD, and data of 167 were analysed (151 HIV+, 16 HIV-). The mean age of participants was 34.2years; the majority were female (83%), and 53% had not completed secondary school. There was evidence of impaired neurocognitive functioning across all domains in both HIV+/- study participants. Based on the regression analyses, individuals with co-infection (MDR-TB/HIV+), as well as those who had longer duration of hospital stays experienced significantly lower cognitive performance in several domains. Poor cognitive performance was significantly related to older age and lower educational attainment. The presence of major depression or substance use disorders did not influence the significance of the findings. Adults with MDR-TB have significant neurocognitive impairment, especially if HIV positive. An integrated approach is necessary in the management of MDR-TB as cognitive health influences the ability to adhere to chronic treatment, clinical outcomes and functionality.

A Desire for the Readymade: Duchamp's Emergency in Favor of Twice

A Desire for the Readymade:Duchamp's Emergency in Favor of Twice Julia Robinson (bio) … si tu as montée c[he]z moi, tu as vu dans l'atelier une roue de bicyclette et un porte bouteilles. J'avais acheté cela comme une sculpture toute faite. Et j'ai une intention à propos de ce dit porte bouteilles: Ecoute—Ici, à N.Y., j'ai acheté des objets dans le même goût et je les traite comme des "readymade"—tu sais assez d'anglais pour comprendre le sens de "tout fait" que je donne à ces objets. Je les signe et je leur donne une inscription en anglais. Je te donne q[uel]ques exemples: J'ai par exemple une grande pelle à neige sur laquelle j'ai inscrit en bas: In advance of the broken arm. traduction française: En avance du bras cassé… Un autre "readymade" s'appelle: Emergency in favor of twice. Traduction française possible: Danger (crise) en faveur de 2 fois. —Marcel Duchamp to Suzanne Duchamp, January 15, 19161 Emergency in Favor of Twice, a long lost work Marcel Duchamp identified in the letter sent from New York to his sister in Paris in early 1916, the same letter in which he coined the term readymade, urges us to revisit the circumstances of that invention. Given the split scene it recalls, and that the original objects to which it referred were all lost, there is the sense of a missed encounter, a here and now that is irretrievable. Despite his calm tone, Duchamp was in fact dealing with something urgent. He was far away, his studio was about to be abandoned, and he now saw several pieces he had left there as integral to a newly formed concept. But the urgency existed at other levels too. At a volatile [End Page 387] moment in the story of modernism—with abstraction having precipitated an epistemic shift, something of a crisis for age-old pictorial conventions—he sought to christen a set of objects as part of his oeuvre that refuted every possible criterion by which they could be deemed art. The titles we have for the two Parisian works retroactively categorized, Bicycle Wheel (1913–14) and Bottle Rack (1914), align with their referents, grounding their matter-of-factness. By contrast, those conceived in New York—In Advance of the Broken Arm and Emergency in Favor of Twice (both 1915)—displace the object (mainly in time). If we acknowledge the crucial role of language in Duchamp's artistic project, we cannot take the words he wrote to Suzanne lightly. With remarkable economy, the letter addressed questions of intention, naming, treatment, meaning assignment, translation, inscription, the imprimatur of the author, and sitedness of artistic creation. What, then, might we make of the linguistic-temporal crescendo: from the incidental and the circumstantial to accident and emergency? I would like to use the concrete evidence of the 1916 document, and the abstract testimony of Emergency in Favor of Twice, as pretexts for thinking more about function in Duchamp's oeuvre: function as a general agency, and in terms of specific tensions we can readily identify, like linguistic fixation and conceptual mobility, repetition and contingency. I want to consider the latter (function) in relation to Duchamp's channeling of emergent mathematical applications of causality and chance. Having grasped their changing positions—a dance of respective relevance in the new fields of calculation—he put them to work to transform his own. Since the objects Duchamp's letter inaugurated did not exhibit the function of chance in the manner of his contemporaneous undertakings—Erratum Musical (1913), the Three Standard Stoppages (1913–14), or The Large Glass (1915–23)—his positioning of the readymades according to the desire he had for them, illuminates this generative moment in a new way. If Emergency in Favor of Twice flagged the crisis of repeating, which so concerned Duchamp, Erratum took on repetition (reproduction) as only a score can. The twice in turn recalls the three times he preferred—and exponentially activated to structure the Glass. Around half a century hence, Duchamp delivered a short, notesy statement, "Apropos of Readymades" (1961), on a panel at the Museum...

Hacia un sujeto intransitivo.

La cuestión del sujeto hace referencia al impasse del concepto en la filosofía contemporánea, e incluso su eliminación. Hay posiciones diferentes, sin embargo, que plantean que sigue allí, pero que no se trata del mismo sujeto. Ya no es, sin duda, fuente de la verdad o garantía de una experiencia, porque ha dejado de constituirse como respuesta a objetos e interpelaciones diversos. Es un sujeto virtual que no actúa «para algo», ni recibe de ese algo significación ni identidad, pero no por eso es menos verdadero. Este trabajo yuxtapone reflexiones recientemente publicadas de Alain Badiou sobre el sujeto a Philip Seymour Hoffman, por ejemplo (2017) la obra belga de Rafael Spregelburd, que sugiere que aunque el sujeto no crea en identidades suyas o ajenas, ellas existen como ficciones, tema belga si los hay. Si las ficciones no tienen referente es porque son en sí mismas reales, forman parte de lo existente. Philip sabe que un papel que elige desempeñar es para él, porque encierra en sí mismo su propio propósito. Aparece así un sujeto intransitivo: fiel a su propio acto.

Origine des animaux sur pied, circuit de la viande : la formation des assemblages osseux dans le contexte d’une fête traditionnelle à Sumba (Indonésie). Une enquête ethnoarchéologique

Les études anglo-saxonnes sur l’économie du feasting nous ont rendu attentifs à l’existence, dans des sociétés non-étatiques à organisation hiérarchisée ou stratifiée, de formes d’élevage dans lesquelles l’utilisation rituelle des principaux animaux domestiques joue un rôle central. Les travaux les plus marquants ont concerné essentiellement des sociétés sud-est asiatiques (Hayden, 2001, 2003 et 2009 ; Adams, 2016). Le cochon et le buffle y sont les principaux animaux domestiques. Ils sont considérés comme des bien rituels et ne sont abattus et consommés, sauf exception notable, qu’en contexte festif. Les choix en matière de gestion des cheptels sont conditionnés par la nécessité de satisfaire aux besoins du rituel. L’abattage est saisonnier et la consommation sur l’année est donc irrégulièrement répartie. Les animaux abattus lors des fêtes sont fournis pour partie par l’organisateur et pour partie par ses parents biologiques et ses affins. Si l’essentiel de la viande est consommé sur place, une partie significative fait cependant l’objet d’un partage et d’une consommation «décentralisée » . La circulation centripète des bêtes sur pied et la circulation centrifuge des parts de viande se fait selon les lignes de la parenté. Le rituel primant sur toute autre considération, certains aspects considérés ailleurs comme cruciaux ne jouent ici qu’un rôle secondaire. C’est le cas, par exemple, des contraintes liées à la reproduction des cheptels. Si les travaux ethnoarchéologiques cités nous livrent une bonne caractérisation générale de l’économie du feasting, ils n’évoquent que de manière indirecte les conséquences archéologiques de cette manière de concevoir le rôle des animaux domestiques. C’est cette lacune qui a motivé l’organisation de notre projet, dont l’un des objectifs est de mener une analyse détaillée de la circulation des bêtes sur pied et du circuit de la viande partagée dans le cadre de l’économie du feasting. Cet article présente une analyse détaillée d’une fête en particulier qui s’est déroulée en juin 2016 dans le village de Tarung (île de Sumba, Indonésie). Il débouche sur une amorce de réflexion épistémologique sur les conditions de production des interprétations dans le domaine de l’archéozoologie des sociétés de la Préhistoire récente.

Discourse level variable licensing.Par exemplein Quebec French

AbstractThis paper reports the existence of a type of lexical item that has gone unnoticed in the previous literature. We start from the observation that the phrasepar exemplein Quebec French has two possible meanings: an illustrative one and a contrastive one. We argue that contrastivepar exempleadjoins to constituents that are similar to polarity sensitive items and thus marks sensitivity of the respective XP to a certain property of the environment. The syntactic distribution of the XP to which contrastivepar exempleadjoins to, although similar to that of polarity sensitive items, actually differs from the latter in important respects. Just like polarity sensitive items, the [XPpar exemple] constituent must be in the scope of an operator. However, unlike polarity sensitive items, which are licensed by operators that are defined at sentence level, the licensor of contrastive [XPpar exemple] is a discourse level connector (i.e. a connector that relates the sentence that containspar exemplewith a previous, independently expressed sentence). This implies that discourse connectors do more than simply relate two propositions: given that they also licence variables, they also have operator properties.

Parler plusieurs langues: le monde des bilingues par François Grosjean

sujet de l’écrit sms (abréviation systématique, tendance à l’informel, ‘destruction’ du langage ou de la syntaxe) sont-elles vérifiées par l’exploration d’une large quantité de données sms?” (10), ouvrent la réflexion sur les grandes interrogations liées à la communication par ordinateur dans le cadre d’un cours de français moderne ou de sociolinguistique. Le sommaire récapitulatif ouvrant les douze chapitres, initialement plaisant, devient répétitif à l’intérieur des chapitres, et plusieurs figures, trop petites, sont pratiquement illisibles. On apprécie cependant les phrases en gras soulignant les aspects-clés de l’analyse. Au total Cougnon propose une revue efficace de la Cémo et des sms, reposant sur une méthodologie rigoureuse et objectivement présentée, peut- être excessivement au regard des chapitres consacrés aux résultats. Parmi ceux-ci, on peut noter la prépondérance des verbes sur les substantifs (à l’inverse du corpus du français parlé de Rivenc 1971); des interrogatives totales informelles (par exemple,‘ça roule?’); et l’indépendance de l’emploi des néologismes par rapport au chat, courrier électronique et forum. La communication interpersonnelle moderne permet ainsi une considération très à-propos des variétés francophones. Wake Forest University (NC) Stéphanie Pellet Grosjean, François. Parler plusieurs langues: le monde des bilingues. Paris: Albin Michel, 2015. ISBN 978-2-226-31260-0. Pp. 229. 19 a. The phrase parler bilingue occurs frequently in Grosjean’s volume: it signifies the dynamic and creative process of generating a novel linguistic variety based on the interaction of two languages or dialects. This perspective on the bilingual individual may be startling. For many readers, bilingualism implicates the complete mastery of two codes. There is no room for borrowings or code-switching.“Foreign” accents are to be effaced, and the goal is “passing.” In this reading, bilingualism is a performative act, and Grosjean rejects any such monolingual-bilingual dichotomy. Favoring process over product, we are, just as his young son, en devenir bilingues. Bilingualism, for Grosjean, is functional and contextual: a speaker may be bilingual (according to the classical definition referenced above) in certain socio-linguistic contexts, yet virtually monolingual, or better, in the process of becoming bilingual in others. Bilingualism may likewise be part of a biographical récit: so-called mastery of a language can vary according to age and circumstance.Grosjean illustrates this variation through a graphical rendering that highlights/contrasts knowledge versus use of several linguistic varieties. Indeed, biography and self-discovery are two important threads that are woven into this text. Grosjean reflects on his own bilingualism and the creation of a bilingual family as he elaborates the shifting theoretical and pedagogical approaches to this phenomenon. During the “black period,” from 1920–1960, the use of two languages was considered debilitating to mastery of the ambient language. Many immigrants to 286 FRENCH REVIEW 89.4 Reviews 287 the United States used a stigmatized language that signified the outsider, the unpatriotic , the non-participant in the American search for prosperity. Beginning in the 1960s, these attitudes began to change. Grosjean cites studies whose results counter those of the previous decades. Bilinguals indeed acquire cognitive skills that enhance their linguistic ability, and there is no evidence that bilingualism has a negative effect on production in either language. Unfortunately, the prejudicial view that the use of some languages and their inevitable cultural associations destabilize the social structure is still in place, for example,Arabic in much of Western Europe. Thus, bilingualism has a social and economic aspect. There are élite bilinguals (English/French) and disadvantaged ones. Happily, many of the latter have found their voice, countering the notion of a monolithic nationalism. Grosjean’s notions of bilingualism are nonprescriptive and inclusive. Individuals who question their bilingualism because they do not “speak like diplomats” astound him: indeed, bilinguals who show linguistic mastery in virtually every domain may make errors, exhibit poor performance due to physical or emotional state, or display lexical gaps. Based on numerous historical and contemporary studies, Grosjean nonetheless avoids jargon and needless abstraction. His style is clear and immensely engaging. His personal stake in...

FFminisme Et Droit International : Le FFminisme De Gouvernance LLLpreuve Du FFminisme Critique (Feminism and International Law: 'Governance Feminism' Put to the Test of 'Critical Feminism')

FFminisme Et Droit International : Le FFminisme De Gouvernance LLLpreuve Du FFminisme Critique (Feminism and International Law: 'Governance Feminism' Put to the Test of 'Critical Feminism')

The Alberta Press on Ukrainians in Canada during World War II: Two Case Studies

This paper discusses the coverage given to Ukrainian Canadian topics in two Alberta newspapers, the Edmonton Journal and the Edmonton Bulletin , during the World War II years. Examples of the subjects included in the essay are Ukrainian Canadian participation in the war effort through enlistments in the Canadian armed forces and other ways, the banning of the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association, the formation of the Ukrainian Canadian Committee, the raising of the matter of Ukrainian independence, and the Canadian conscription plebiscite of 27 April 1942. The two newspapers published in the provincial capital accorded significant attention to Ukrainian Canadian issues, a coverage that was paralleled by the many stories that related to Ukraine, a major battleground in the war. Cet article porte sur la couverture donnée à des sujets concernant les Canadiens ukrainiens dans deux journaux albertains, le Edmonton Journal et le Edmonton Bulletin , pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale. Y sont inclus par exemple: leur participation à l’effort de guerre en s’engageant dans les forces armées canadiennes et autrement, la proscription de l’Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association et la formation du Ukrainian Canadian Committee, la question de l’indépendance ukrainienne et le plébiscite du 27 avril 1942 sur la conscription au Canada. Les deux journaux, publiés dans la capitale provinciale, ont porté une très grande attention à tout ce qui touche les Canadiens ukrainiens. Ils leur accordèrent une couverture équivalente à celle des nombreux reportages sur l’Ukraine, un champ de bataille majeur pendant la guerre.

Assessing the quality of care in a new nation: South Sudan's first national health facility assessment.

We adapted a rapid quality of care monitoring method to a fragile state with two aims: to assess the delivery of child health services in South Sudan at the time of independence and to strengthen local capacity to perform regular rapid health facility assessments. Using a two-stage lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) design, we conducted a national cross-sectional survey among 156 randomly selected health facilities in 10 states. In each of these facilities, we obtained information on a range of access, input, process and performance indicators during structured interviews and observations. Quality of care was poor with all states failing to achieve the 80% target for 14 of 19 indicators. For example, only 12% of facilities were classified as acceptable for their adequate utilisation by the population for sick-child consultations, 16% for staffing, 3% for having infection control supplies available and 0% for having all child care guidelines. Health worker performance was categorised as acceptable in only 6% of cases related to sick-child assessments, 38% related to medical treatment for the given diagnosis and 33% related to patient counselling on how to administer the prescribed drugs. Best performance was recorded for availability of in-service training and supervision, for seven and ten states, respectively. Despite ongoing instability, the Ministry of Health developed capacity to use LQAS for measuring quality of care nationally and state-by-state, which will support efficient and equitable resource allocation. Overall, our data revealed a desperate need for improving the quality of care in all states.

Duration of residence and disease occurrence among refugees and family reunited immigrants: test of the ‘healthy migrant effect’ hypothesis

The 'healthy migrant effect' (HME) hypothesis postulates that health selection has a positive effect on migrants' health outcomes, especially in the first years after migration. We examined the potential role of the HME by assessing the association between residence duration and disease occurrence. We performed a historical prospective cohort study. We included migrants who obtained residence permits in Denmark between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2010 (n = 114,331). Occurrence of severe conditions was identified through linkage to the Danish National Patient Register. Hazard Ratios (HRs) were modelled for disease incidence by residence duration since arrival (0-5 years; 0-10 years; 0-18 years) adjusting for age and sex. Compared with Danish-born individuals, refugees and family reunited immigrants had lower HRs of stroke and breast cancer within 5 years after arrival; however, HRs increased at longer follow-up. For example, HRs of stroke among refugees increased from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.66; 0.91) to 0.96 (95% CI: 0.88; 1.05). For ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes, refugees and family reunited migrants had higher HRs within 5 years after arrival, and most HRs had increased by end of follow-up. For example, HRs of IHD among family reunited migrants increased from 1.29 (95% CI: 1.17; 1.42) to 1.43 (95% CI: 1.39; 1.52). In contrast, HRs for TB and HIV/AIDS showed a consistent decrease over time. Our analyses of the effect of duration of residence on disease occurrence among migrants imply that, when explaining migrants' advantageous health outcomes, the ruling theory of the HME should be used with caution, and other explanatory models should be included.

France Divided: The French and the Civil War in Spain par David Wingeate Pike

Reviews 249 avec le déroulement linéaire des événements liés à la Révolution, plusieurs d’entre ces événements ayant d’ailleurs pu servir de point d’origine de la nouvelle ère. Perovic étudie minutieusement la dimension symbolique de la volonté de rupture qu’exprimait ce nouveau calendrier (un moyen pour la Révolution de faire table rase du passé). Cependant, il aurait été utile d’apporter plus de précisions quant aux effets pratiques de cette transformation radicale des rythmes de la vie quotidienne. Par exemple, quelles furent les réactions des paysans et des employés à l’innovation des mois divisés en trois décades, innovation qui, suivant le principe décimal, instaurait un jour de repos tous les dix jours, au lieu du dimanche hebdomadaire traditionnel? Pourquoi la division décimale de la journée (il était initialement prévu que chaque jour serait divisée en dix heures) n’a-t-elle jamais été appliquée? Si les lecteurs risquent de rester sur leur faim en ce qui concerne les conséquences matérielles et sociales de l’instauration du calendrier républicain, ils n’en trouveront pas moins dans ce livre une étude de grande envergure sur les conceptions fluctuantes du temps et de l’histoire durant la période révolutionnaire. Western Washington University Edward Ousselin Pike,DavidWingeate. France Divided: The French and the CivilWar in Spain.Brighton: Sussex AP, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84519-490-1. Pp. 433. £80. The bloody Spanish Civil War between Republicans and Nationalists (July 1936– April 1939) can be considered as a dress rehearsal for World War II. Not only did it pit future allies, such as democratic England and France and the Communist Soviet Union, against the fascist powers of Germany and Italy, it also initiated the disastrous Western policy of appeasement of dictators that fed Hitler’s ambitions. Civil war broke out in Spain when a number of generals, among them Franco, staged a coup against the democratically elected Popular Front government and quickly took control of the south and west. However, for much of the war a stalemate prevailed with neither side able to win a decisive victory. In France at the very same time (July 1936), Léon Blum’s Popular Front government came to power but, although it would have liked to assist the legitimate republican government of Spain, could not or dared not for fear of upsetting a delicate balance of power in France, possibly igniting a French civil war and maybe even provoking an international incident. France and England cautioned the Axis powers not to intervene either; but they did nevertheless. France occasionally looked the other way when it came to letting supplies or soldiers from the International Brigades into Spain, but remained reluctant to openly send aid to the Republicans. Both France and England belatedly began to rearm, finally realizing that war with Germany was fairly certain but by then it was too late to stop the Nazi juggernaut. Ironically, Franco’s Spain remained neutral during the war and survived the demise of both Hitler and Mussolini. Pike’s book presupposes some knowledge of the Spanish Civil War because it focuses almost exclusively on the war of words in France, in the press, between supporters and opponents of intervention, showing how French journalists and writers—some admirably objective, others violently partisan—at once expressed but also manipulated public opinion to suit their ideological purposes. Through the lens of French newspapers, the reader is treated to op-eds, reports from Spain (including from the battle front), outright propaganda, and current events (frontier incidents,the delivery of arms,the arrival of foreign volunteers,and espionage activities). However, it remains uncertain to what extent public opinion was swayed by the press since opinion polls had not yet become the norm to gauge it. In all likelihood the press is still the most reliable barometer of public opinion—though we should note that the truth is usually the first victim of war. This original, meticulouslyresearched , and well-written study features several useful appendices, including an annotated list of important personages and a brief history of the French press. It will...

Dictionnaire du Romantisme éd. par Alain Vaillant

Reviews 241 has included an extensive bibliography of primary and secondary sources in addition to a select chronology. I highly recommend this book for inclusion in any college or university library collection where there is a French and/or Comparative Literature program at the undergraduate level or above. Sweet Briar College (VA) Angelo Metzidakis Vaillant, Alain, éd. Dictionnaire du Romantisme. Paris: CNRS, 2012. ISBN 978-2271 -06813-2. Pp. cviv + 848. 39 a. This encyclopedic tome of 649 articles offers a fascinating analysis of Romanticism and an overview of its global influence on aesthetics and intellectual and cultural history.A biographical dictionary of authors and works, it also traces the evolution of key Romantic themes throughout literature, social and political history, philosophy, music, and the fine arts over ten geographical areas, including Northern and Western Europe, Russia and the Slavic nations, North America, Latin America, the East, and former colonial empires. Alain Vaillant’s invaluable essay, serving as an introduction, focuses on the European foundations of the movement. After outlining its genesis in Germany, he details how France in the 1830s becomes “le vrai centre romantique” (xxii), propelling Romanticism beyond an aesthetic and intellectual phenomenon, and creating a worldwide culture involving all aspects of life, such as fashion, leisure, public spectacles (in theaters and on the street), media, social mores, and personal expression. Vaillant provides a masterful examination of Romanticism, which he characterizes broadly as any effort to fuse the material and the ideal, or the concrete and the abstract. He locates its beginning in questions dating back to the Renaissance, and he finds its influence even in the search for the absolute that is symptomatic of twentieth-century totalitarian regimes, as well as in the globalized world culture of the twenty-first century. In exploring connections between Romanticism, nationbuilding , and democracy during the 1800s,Vaillant outlines the seismic shift that takes place when popular classes, such as“le peuple révolutionné né en 1789 et 1793”(xxvii) in France, generate culture instead of members of the upper echelons of society and government.Vaillant goes on to discuss the importance of the economic prosperity of the bourgeoisie and the middle class in the evolution of Romanticism, as well as the influence of the movement in religion (le Dieu romantique), history (the cult of les grands hommes), love (the union of the intellectual and the spiritual with the corporal), and art (the projection of an immaterial subject into a physical art object). In this vein, he identifies as“la véritable invention esthétique du romantisme”the process of “subjectivation, [...] la présence du sujet auctorial dans l’objet d’art créé”(liii).Vaillant’s extensive study serves as an advance organizer for readers, first as they make their way through his account of the influence of Romanticism on the development of the press and other media, the notion of privacy, the role of children as representatives of morality, the modernism of the later part of nineteenth century, and subsequently as they peruse the substantial entries that make up the Dictionnaire. A useful index of themes guides readers to articles according to geographical areas, facilitating the investigation of Romanticism in a specific country or region. The combination of general information and fresh insights makes this volume an essential resource for teachers and scholars of the nineteenth century. Brandeis University (MA) Hollie Markland Harder Van Deth, Jean-Pierre. Ernest Renan: simple chercheur de vérité. Paris: Fayard, 2012. ISBN 978-2-213-63738-9. Pp. 604. 32 a. Sans être complètement oublié, Renan (1823–1892) fait partie des écrivains dont la célébrité n’a pas longtemps dépassé son siècle. Les controverses autrefois acerbes entre cléricaux et laïques n’ayant plus le même niveau d’acuité, les écrits souvent austères de ce philologue et historien (qui avait failli devenir prêtre) ne sentent plus le soufre, ne suscitent plus la colère des bien-pensants ni l’enthousiasme des libres penseurs. À la relecture du texte, l’immense polémique créée par sa Vie de Jésus (1863), par exemple, semble difficile à comprendre de nos jours. Quant à “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?”(1882...

États de mal épileptiques non convulsifs de l’adulte : quelles nouveautés ?

Les états de mal non convulsifs (EMNC) de l’adulte sont séparés en deux formes, l’état d’absence (EA) et l’état de mal partiel complexe (EMPC). Le diagnostic nécessite la réalisation d’un électroencéphalogramme (EEG) d’urgence. L’EA est la forme la plus fréquente. Il est caractérisé par une confusion fluctuante, d’intensité variable, souvent associée à des myoclonies palpébrales. L’EEG montre des décharges critiques généralisées qui cèdent sous benzodiazépines (BZ) alors que la conscience se normalise. Les EA peuvent survenir dans le cadre d’une épilepsie généralisée ou être inauguraux, par exemple chez le sujet âgé, sous l’influence de facteurs métaboliques, toxiques ou médicamenteux. Le pronostic est favorable. Les EMPC sont caractérisés par une confusion d’intensité variable, fluctuante, associée sur l’EEG à des décharges critiques focales. Ils nécessitent un traitement énergique en raison du risque de résistance et de la possibilité de séquelles cognitives. Les formes frontales et temporales sont les plus fréquentes. Le pronostic dépend des comorbidités. La plupart des encéphalopathies survenant en milieu de réanimation ne relèvent pas d’un EMNC, malgré certains aspects EEG trompeurs. De même, les encéphalopathies métaboliques ou toxiques et la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob peuvent poser des problèmes de diagnostic électroclinique, au mieux résolus par l’injection IV de BZ et le suivi évolutif. Status epilepticus (SE) may be classified into convulsive SE, which must be rapidly stopped to prevent death or neurologic sequelae and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), which is usually characterized by some degree of clouding of consciousness. This latter condition constitutes a diagnosis challenge, because it often goes unrecognized or is mistaken for behavioral or psychiatric disturbances. Emergency EEG is the key feature for diagnosis. NCSE are classically divided on the basis of the ictal EEG into absence status (AS), with predominantly symmetrical synchronous ictal discharges and complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE), with continuous or rapidly recurring complex partial seizures that may involve temporal and/or extratemporal regions. Typical AS occurs as part of an idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) most often characterized by absences. The EEG correlates with repetitive absence seizures and shows symmetric and bilaterally synchronous spike-waves. The immediate prognosis is excellent. Atypical AS occurs in patients with symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsies, or in patients with IGE and inappropriate medication. It is characterized by a fluctuating confusional state with more prominent tonic and/or myoclonic and/or lateralized ictal manifestations. Episodes tend to recur and to be resistant to medication. “De novo” absence status of late onset is characterized by toxic or metabolic precipitating factors leading to seizures in middle-aged or elderly subjects with no previous history of seizures. Patients often have a history of psychiatric illness with multiple psychotropic drug intake. AS with focal features occurs in subjects with a pre-existing or newly developing localization-related epilepsy, most often of extratemporal origin. The EEG shows bilateral but often asymmetric ictal discharges. CPSE is “a prolonged epileptic episode in which fluctuating or frequently recurring focal electrographic epileptic discharges, arising in temporal or extratemporal regions, result in a confusional state with variable clinical symptoms” (Shorvon, 1994). Various subtypes and precipitating factors are identified. Frontal and temporal localizations are most frequent in clinical practice. Limbic, non paraneoplastic encephalitis with VGKC autoantibodies has a characteristic clinical, MRI and immunological profile. In the recent years, many studies tend to lump together NCSE, “subtle” SE, AS, CPSE, myoclonic SE in coma, and EEG patterns suggestive of SE in comatose patients. In this group, the overall prognosis is poor, with a low response to antiepileptic drugs, but it may be particularly difficult to separate comorbidity to consequent morbidity. Post-hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, a life threatening condition that can express itself in the form of coma, EEG changes and myoclonus illustrates such methodological problems. NCSE should obviously be rapidly treated because of the attendant morbidity including physical injury, and because it may evolve on to generalized convulsions. Another argument is that long-term permanent neurologic damage from CPSE has been now documented, especially in the context of limbic encephalitis. IV benzodiazepines (BZ) must be performed first, with a rapid and complete recovery together with a normalization of EEG features. If BZ injection fails, IV fosphenytoin may be the drug of choice, especially in the context of symptomatic CPSE.

Mademoiselle de Lespinasse’s Hand

After the death of the author, what remains? For Roland Barthes, who pronounced him dead in 1968, there was a hand: the faceless, voiceless hand of the anonymous scripteur. This hand performs the task of burying the author and then, detachee de toute voix, portee par un pur geste d'inscription (et non d'expression), trace un champ origine. (1) Like the hands from the Encyclopedie plates (also analyzed by Barthes), the hand of the scripteur is not connected to any particular body, to any voice or mind. (2) It does not come from anywhere, is not preceded by anything, but simply comes into being through the act of inscribing a text. What would Denis Diderot have thought about this hand? And how useful is Barthes's essay La Mort de l'auteur today for thinking about authorship in eighteenth-century France? If we accept Barthes's historical framework (as thin as it may be), the eighteenth century belongs to a period marked by the prestige of the individual and the reign of the Auteur-Dieu. This period (from the close of the Middle Ages to the poetry of Stephane Mallarme) was a product of English empiricism, French rationalism, and the personal faith of the Reformation. (3) It ended with Mallarme, who, sans doute le premier, a vu et prevu dans toute son ampleur la necessite de substituer le langage lui-meme a celui qui jusque-la etait cense en etre le proprietaire; pour lui, comme pour nous, c'est le langage qui parle, ce n'est pas l'auteur. (4) What Mallarme freed us from, according to Barthes, was the illusion that authors possess their words. But as Michel Foucault pointed out the following year in Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur?, those critics who heralded the death of the author had perhaps not fully measured the consequences of his disappearance. For they continued to rely on the equally problematic category of the work, failing to grasp that the logic of this category disintegrates once we have done away with the author. (5) Indeed, the lingering hand in Barthes's essay seemed to symbolize the difficulty of banishing all vestiges of the author from our understanding of literature. Language cannot quite seem to write itself, for it still needs a hand, however disconnected from any particular body that hand may be. For Diderot, too, writing Le Reve de d'Alembert two centuries before Barthes's essay, there was a hand. This was not the hand of the anonymous scripteur but the hand of a living, breathing, desiring woman: Mlle de Lespinasse. She certainly does not think of herself as an isolated hand (even if she and the doctor Bordeu fancifully imagine people evolving into isolated heads because of excessive intellectual activity, along with other more risque scenarios along the same lines). On the contrary, if there is one thing she is convinced of, it is the unity of her self. To Bordeu, who asks which philosophical questions seem to her in need of no further examination, she answers confidently: Celle de mon unite, de mon moi, par exemple. Pardi, il me semble qu'il ne faut pas tant verbiager pour savoir que je suis moi, que j'ai toujours ete moi, et que je ne serai jamais une autre. (6) And when further asked to account for how isolated molecules can come to constitute a unified self, she answers that mere contact suffices, taking the example of her hand resting on her thigh to illustrate her point: Lorsque je pose ma main sur ma cuisse, je sens bien d'abord que ma main n'est pas ma cuisse, mais quelque temps apres, lorsque la chaleur est egale dans l'une et l'autre, je ne les distingue plus. Les limites de deux parties se confondent, et elles n'en font plus qu'une (100). Although this argument is quickly refuted by Bordeu--a single pinprick and she will realize her hand is separate from her thigh--it is more important philosophically than it might initially appear. For it begs the question--crucial to the dialogue as a whole--of how the contact (sexual or otherwise) between the various interlocutors in Le Reve de d'Alembert affects the unity of their selves. …

Proust et le fait littéraire by Mireille Naturel

telle diversité dans les textes liminaires d’André Breton qu’ils finissent par dépasser les catégories de Genette. Chez Jean Giono, l’ego prend le dessus et ce qui devait être, par exemple, une présentation des plus beaux passages de Virgile se transforme en ode à Giono par Giono. En ce qui concerne Henri Michaux, son désir d’établir un lien avec les lecteurs dans ses préfaces s’oppose à sa phobie de la médiatisation des œuvres et de leurs auteurs. D’autres travaux examinent les préfaces écrites par Yves Bonnefoy et par les oulipiens Georges Perec et Paul Fournel. Les genettiens ne manqueront pas de lire cet ouvrage; ils ne seront pas les seuls. University of Arizona Alain-Philippe Durand NATUREL, MIREILLE. Proust et le fait littéraire. Genève: Slatkine, 2010. ISBN 978-2-74531981 -4. Pp. 283. 71,75 FS. Naturel’s book is a complex, meandering map of Proust’s immersion in the literary world. She describes the various forms of Proust’s literary influence as “multiples rhizomes” (269). This metaphor works well for her analysis of the “fait littéraire.” Much like a subterranean rhizomatous system supports clusters of plants above the ground, an expansive bundle of interconnected and usually unseen processes, strategies, and influences undergird a novel and connect it to other works. The first three parts concern elements that shaped the publication of À la recherche du temps perdu: the influence of newspapers, particularly as a venue for prepublications as Proust moved from the fragment to the whole work; exchanges and friendships that shaped Proust’s and other authors’ works; anxiety about publishing; intertexts by Flaubert, Bourget, Loti, and Farrère; intrigues around literary prizes; reactions of contemporary readers and critics; and negotiations with publishers and editors. The last parts (4 and 5) explore ongoing processes that influence the reader’s experience of the novel, including Proust’s impact on contemporary novels, the ‘lieux de mémoire,’ such as Tante Léonie’s house in Illiers-Combray and memoirs recounting first meetings with Proust, and the collecting and selling of manuscripts, rare editions, and letters. Naturel deploys wide-ranging approaches to flesh out La recherche’s genesis and reception, deftly combining genetic criticism, biography, a usually broadly thematic but at times close literary analysis, and detective work (tracking down certain editions, manuscripts, and letters). Her method returns critical attention to the author, but much differently from what Sainte-Beuve prescribed and Proust criticized. Rather than presenting a static vision of the relation between author, work, and milieu, Naturel focuses on the dynamic, reciprocal processes that produce literature. Proust’s novel emerged under certain influences and conditions . At the same time, he diligently shaped the reception and publication of his book, thereby influencing its very milieu. La recherche reflects this two-way dynamic, portraying an author’s work on some of the processes surrounding literary production. The narrator’s article in Le Figaro is a mise en abyme of Proust’s efforts at moving from prepublication to novel. Furthermore, like Proust, who worked on some of the concrete details of his books’ publications, the narrator is concerned with the material qualities of books as a “support du sens” (8), from his sensitivity to the signifier to the appearance of book jackets. Naturel portrays not an artistic mystic but an author who shrewdly used his social and literary 190 FRENCH REVIEW 86.1 relations, controlled his public image, and was involved in the practical facets of publishing. Retracing the origin of the work and exploring its continued reverberations in contemporary literature, the argument and its transitions seem at times whimsical , even somewhat arbitrary. But this meandering is, to a large extent, a reflection of the complex task of following the many proliferations of ‘le fait littéraire.’ While a totality is neither the goal nor a possibility, Naturel pays little attention to current literary phenomena, such as Proust’s presence on the Internet or in popular culture. Another loose end in the argument: Naturel suggests that Proust was a precursor in his engagement with the complex social processes surrounding literature. A comparison with other writers of the time or an explanation...

Maintaining faith in agency under immutable constraints: Cognitive consequences of believing in negotiable fate

Negotiable fate refers to the idea that one can negotiate with fate for control, and that people can exercise personal agency within the limits that fate has determined. Research on negotiable fate has found greater prevalence of related beliefs in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Eastern Europe than in Western Europe and English-speaking countries. The present research extends previous findings by exploring the cognitive consequences of the belief in negotiable fate. It was hypothesized that this belief enables individuals to maintain faith in the potency of their personal actions and to remain optimistic in their goal pursuits despite the immutable constraints. The belief in negotiable fate was predicted to (a) facilitate sense-making of surprising outcomes; (b) increase persistence in goal pursuits despite early unfavorable outcomes; and (c) increase risky choices when individuals have confidence in their luck. Using multiple methods (e.g., crosscultural comparisons, culture priming, experimental induction of fate beliefs), we found supporting evidence for our hypotheses in three studies. Furthermore, as expected, the cognitive effects of negotiable fate are observed only in cultural contexts where the fate belief is relatively prevalent. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the intersubjective approach to understanding the influence of culture on cognitive processes (e.g., Chiu, Gelfand, Yamagishi, Shteynberg, & Wan, 2010), the sociocultural foundations that foster the development of a belief in negotiable fate, and an alternative perspective for understanding the nature of agency in contexts where constraints are severe. Future research avenues are also discussed.