Par De Research Articles

Ethylated analogue of Zingerone: A new and eco-respectful preservative in cosmetics.

This article describes the eco-design of a new preservative in cosmetics based on bio-inspiration of natural extracts from traditional medicines. In order to reach the multiple specification targets, various structures have been synthesized and evaluated to select the one demonstrating broad antimicrobial spectrum with favorable environmental profile and application potential to a wide variety of formulas. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized structures, the method of the challenge test consisting in an artificial contamination of the sample with collection microbial strains and evaluation of the number of revivable microorganisms was used to select the most promising candidate. Validation of its antimicrobial potential was later confirmed on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and mold with measurement of its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in comparison with known preservatives. Environmental impact assessment of the selected candidate was achieved with the help of ready biodegradability and aquatic ecotoxicity tests performed according to appropriate Organization tes a strfor Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU) guidelinesy. Bio-inspired from turmeric and ginger extracts, an ethylated analog of Zingerone (EZ) with the chemical name 4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one demonstrates the strongest activity on Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Moreover, EZ shows a solubility in water two times higher than that of Zingerone thus increasing its interest as a potential preservative. Finally, its assessment of ready biodegradability and aquatic ecotoxicity in OECD-EU tests with a favorable environmental profile confirms its unique interest and fully justifies its use in cosmetic formulas as an eco-respectful preservative. Bio-inspiration based on technologies without noteworthy side effects but also on eco-design, particularly through the use of measures of potential environmental impact very upstream of a development, are two fundamental elements for the launching of new eco-friendly cosmetic ingredients. This approach has thus validated the strong potential of EZ as a preservative of eco-respectful formulas. The selection of EZ is also a very good example of the achievement of two key objectives targeted by cosmetic companies for the development of a novel active ingredient: environmental performance and technical performance.

Archetypes of the pandemic.

This paper attempts to read the psychological and emotional impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic through the archetypal images contained in patients’ dreams. In these dreams, symbols related to the power of nature and to extreme danger are paired with feelings of detachment that seem to point to a traumatic dissociation, due to the archetypal experience that erupts in familiar surroundings. Through the humanization of the ineffable experience, dissociation, which in the beginning of the pandemic showed in high levels of anxiety, panic attacks and depersonalization, can be transformed into the overview needed for the search for meaning. The container for this process of transformation is the analyst, the real, virtual or imagined one, and his or her ability to relate and feel.

Advances in our understanding of canine atopic dermatitis.

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a genetically inherited clinical syndrome that encompasses a diversity of mechanisms and can have a variety of triggers. Development of clinical disease is the result of genetic factors and environmental conditions, which shape the resulting immunological response. Clinical disease becomes evident once a threshold of inflammatory response is achieved. Skin barrier impairment plays a role in promoting cutaneous dysbiosis and increased allergen penetration. Keratinocytes shape the response of dendritic cells and subsequent lymphocytic response. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is one of the links between the damaged skin barrier and the modulation of a T-helper (Th)2 response. It is still unclear whether mutations in skin barrier genes exist in atopic dogs, as they do in humans, or whether the observed alterations are purely secondary to inflammation. A dysregulated immune response with increased Th2, Th17 and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells has been reported. A variety of cytokines [interleukin(IL)-31, IL-34, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor] are proposed as potential biomarkers and treatment targets because they are increased in the serum of atopic dogs when compared to controls, although a correlation between serum levels of these factors and severity of disease is not always present. The main issue with many published studies is that atopic dogs are always only compared to normal controls. Thus, it is unclear whether the changes that we find are truly a signature of cAD or merely a manifestation of nonspecific broad inflammatory responses. Studies considering comparison with other inflammatory diseases different from cAD are urgently needed to correctly identify what is specific to this complicated syndrome.

El calcio es un nutriente limitante en cafetales bajo manejo intensivo de fertilizantes en ultisoles

La producción intensiva de café (Coffea arabica) demanda cantidades considerables de potasio (K) y nitrógeno (N). En agroecosistemas fertilizados con N, K y P, es razonable prever que el calcio (Ca) ó el magnesio (Mg) resulten limitantes. Se exploró la relación entre la fertilidad de K, Ca y Mg en el suelo y su efecto nutritivo en hojas de café cultivado en Ultisoles; también se analizaron asociaciones entre la variación de estos macronutrientes en el tejido foliar y la productividad del cultivo. Se tomaron 6 muestras de suelo y de tejido foliar durante 2 años en 26 fincas cafetaleras del cantón de Tarrazú, Costa Rica. Para cada nutriente se construyeron modelos de regresión lineal y para desarrollarlos se relacionaron el contenido de los mismos en tejido foliar y en la solución intercambiable del suelo. A partir del modelo se establecieron asociaciones entre Ca, Mg y K en las hojas y de 2 categorías, definidas entre menor y mayor productividad, lo que generó así, un quasiexperimento de bloques al azar. El contraste entre productividades se utilizó para analizar la variación de los macronutrientes en el tejido foliar. El análisis de variancia reveló que las hojas de las parcelas de alta productividad contenían más Ca que aquellas con menor rendimiento. Igualmente, el contenido de K y las relaciones Ca/K y Ca/N en estas últimas muestras fue relativamente menor (valor-p<0,05). Esto corrobora la importancia del Ca en la productividad de café sobre Ultisoles.

“We Never Could Understand Why the Black Man Did Not Come to Us”:

“We Never Could Understand Why the Black Man Did Not Come to Us”:

“We Never Could Understand Why the Black Man Did Not Come to Us”:

“We Never Could Understand Why the Black Man Did Not Come to Us”:

Concurrent comparison of three water contact measurement tools in four endemic villages of the Philippines. The schistosomiasis transmission ecology in the Philippines project (STEP)

Schistosomiasis japonica is a chronic helminthic infection contracted through contact with water infested with Schistosoma japonicum. The infection is associated with severe disease and is an important public health concern in Philippines. To estimate the agreement in the frequency of water contact between bimonthly interviews, self-administered diaries and observations. A total of 286 individuals were followed over either a 4 or a 6 months period. Agreement between direct observation and both the bimonthly and diary methods were estimated. The agreement between the observation and the bimonthly interview was 71.8% when days without any water contacts were considered, but decreased to 23.3% when only days with at least some water contact were considered. The agreement between the observation and the diary was 78.7% when days without any water contacts were considered and 40.8% when only days with some water contacts were considered. Agreement about the degree of water contact is poor between the different measurement tools. This has important implications for future research, since a high degree of measurement error can severely bias any results from studies involving water contact.

Un cas de listériose révélé par de volumineux abcès cérébraux

Un cas de listériose révélé par de volumineux abcès cérébraux

Viscoelastic effects in fingering between miscible fluids

Fingering of water injected in concentrated suspensions of clay particles in water (pastes) has been studied in Hele Shaw channels with the aim of investigating the relationships of the paste viscoelastic properties with three fingers characteristics: the average finger width, the finger profile and the branching angle. The main result is that the elastic modulus, G, approximated by the yield stress, σ 0 , of the paste is a key parameter in these relationships. Increasing the solid/liquid (weight by weight) ratio in the paste from 0.05 to 0.10 leads (i) to a dramatic rise of σ 0 , from ∼1.5 Pa to ∼140 Pa; (ii) to a decrease of the average finger width, according to a σ 0 −0.25 power law; (iii) to an abrupt change of the tips profile ― from convex to concave ― which can be rationalized either in terms of the cusp singularity predicted by Shraiman and Bensimon in the zero surface tension limit, or, more likely, in terms of the onset of fracture phenomena; (iv) to an opening of the average branching angle β up to β=π/2 and to the development of asymmetric branching. When taken together, the results suggest that the highly branched structure of viscoelastic fingers is controlled to a large extent by the elastic properties of the pushed medium, the elastic response limiting the speed of the tips. Branching might be associated to fluctuations close to this limit Etude des digitations formees par de l'eau injectee dans des suspensions aqueuses concentrees d'argiles, dans le but d'etablir les relations entre les proprietes viscoelastiques de la pâte et les caracteristiques suivantes des digitations: largeur moyenne des doigts, leur profil et l'angle moyen de tranchement

Social Realism in the Dialogue of Eighteenth-Century French Fiction

Social Realism in the Dialogue oj Eighteenth-Century French Fiction VI VIENNE MYLNE One element of French novels which shows a marked change during the eighteenth century is that of dialogue. The simplest and most obvious way of describing the change is to say that, in a significant number of novels, dialogue becomes more “realistic” in manner and presentation: the style of conversations in a work by Balzac is more like the way people talk in real life than is, say, the dialogue style of La Princesse de Cleves. However, once we try to go beyond simplistic statements of this kind, the criterion of “realism” becomes less satisfactory. There are problems in ap­ plying the criterion (some of which involve conflicts between different types of “realism”); and in any case, “realism” alone cannot serve as a criterion of literary excellence. In this essay we shall consider the theoretical problems as they arise in the course of discussing our examples, while the question of the evaluation of literary merit will be left until the end. In order to keep the discussion within manageable limits, I shall concentrate here on the kinds of realism which can be most easily identified. These are the cases where a novelist indicates—by grammar, vocabulary and even spelling—that the character in 265 266 / VIVIENNE MYLNE question does not use the language of well-educated Parisians. Such divergences from standard French thus carry implicit infor­ mation about the character’s social class, level of education, and place of origin. Before considering eighteenth-century developments, however, we need to look briefly at some of the conventions concerning dialogue which were in force toward the end of the seventeenth century. There are two main points which should be mentioned here. The first is merely one aspect of the more general question of levels of style: the concept of literary genres, and of maintain­ ing a style consonant with each genre or type of work. This “rule” was followed in fiction as well as in drama and poetry, and it covered not only passages where the voice is that of the narrator, but dialogue too. Thus, in France, it was only in comic fiction, and more especially in burlesque novels or anti-romans, that one found common characters talking in a low style. Far more frequent were novels in which the protagonists were noble and the dialogue was presented in correct and fairly formal language. Commenting on the style of such works, Henri Coulet says: Sa politesse amortit toute violence, toute erudite, son absence d’elan est propre a insinuer la tristesse; les conversations sont tres souvent rapportees au style indirect, dans le meme but d’attenuation , et quand elles sont transcrites au style direct, toujours tres eloignees de la phraseologie baroque, elles ne sont pas moins eloignees du dialogue familier.1 This regular correlation between certain identifiable kinds of fiction and their corresponding stylistic registers is one that begins to break down in the eighteenth century; and dialogue, as we shall see, is one of the elements which contributes to the breakdown. Coulet’s remark about the frequency of reported speech brings me to my second point concerning conventions. In this case we are dealing with a specific device or technique. Besides using indirect speech liberally, seventeenth-century writers also had frequent recourse to what one might call narrated speech, which presents the gist of what was said—sometimes fully, sometimes in a Social Realism in the Dialogue ofFrench Fiction I 267 compressed form—but without supplying the actual words of the speaker. Narrated speech is often combined with reported speech, and this mode of presentation continued throughout the eight­ eenth century. In the hands of a skillful writer the technique can be quite lively and effective. The following passage, by Louvet de Couvray, relates a scene in which the Count is teasing the Marquise, in her husband’s presence, about her guilty secret (“Mile Duportail” is in reality young Faublas himself, disguised as a girl): Preludant avec la Marquise par de legeres epigrammes, il protestoit qu’elle seule, jusqu’a present, savoit precisement combien Mademoiselle Duportail meritoit d’etre aimee. La Mar­ quise, egalement adroite et prompte...

Ricardo Palma and the Tradiciones Peruanas

Toward the end of his long life (18331919) Ricardo Palma became so much of an institution that practically everybody who visited Lima, if they had any pretense to literary tastes at all, made a pilgrimage to his home in Miraflores, just outside of Lima, to pay their respects to the family and to convey greetings to the grand old man. The writer of this article was one of the last of these numerous pilgrims and, although many years have passed since then, the recollection of this visit is still fresh in his mind. It was late in July or early in August 1919 that William Belmont Parker (Peruvians of Today, Cubans of Today, etc.) and su seguro servidor called on the patriarch and had a long visit with him and his daughter, Angelica. Don Ricardo was quite feeble physically, but his mind was as alert as ever. He remembered the many North Americans who had visited him on previous occasions and particularly recalled Charles E. Chapman of the University of California and William R. Shepherd of Columbia. For these two scholars he seemed to have a special fondness. Don Ricardo liked cigarettes of the personallyrolled variety and he smoked a good many during the visit. His hands trembled too much for him to make the cigarettes himself, and so Ang6lica did the rolling for him, and very expertly, too. Incidentally, Ang6lica was an appropriate name for one of the most charming, talented, and spiritual persons the writer has ever known. Of her Palma wrote most appropriately, years before the interview to which reference is made: Tengo una chica remate de lo bueno, flor de la gracia y espumita de la sal, con unos ojos mis picaros y trapisondistas que un par de escribanos: chica que se parece al lucero del alba

Review. Benjamin Constant, ou le libertin sentimental. Kerchove, A. de

REVIEWS Get access Benjamin Constant, ou le le libertin sentimental. ARNOLD Par DE KERCHOVE. Paris: Albin Michel. 1950. 365 pp. 510 francs. HENRI GODIN HENRI GODIN BELFAST Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume V, Issue 1, January 1951, Pages 80–81, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/V.1.80 Published: 01 January 1951

Anglo-Romance Etymologies

HESE notes are of two types: those in which a new Romance etymology 1 is proposed for an English word, and those in which the already known Romance etymology of an English word is revised. 1. Eng. anlace 'a short two-edged knife or dagger, broad at the hilt and tapering to the point' (OED) occurs in earlier spellings as anlas, analasse, analace, and is Latinized as anelacius, analatius; OED remarks that there are 'no traces of it in any continental language.' But it is clearly borrowed, with metathesis, from OF alenaz, aleinaz, alesnaz 'petit poignard, poinSon' (Godefroy, I)ictionnaire de l'ancienne langue franSaise 1.217). The last-cited form of the word shows its relation to OF alesne 'awl' ( equity > asset'; and there is no morphological difficulty. 3. Eng. aventurine 'a brownish-coloured glass interspersed with small gold-coloured spangles, manufactured first at Murano, near Venice' is derived by OEI) from Fr. aventurine < It. avsenturino: avsentura 'chance,' with the remark 'so called from its accidental discovery.' Bloch (Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue fransaise), Gamillscheg (Etymologisches Worterbuch der franzosischen Sprache) and Hatzfeld-Darmesteter-Thomas (Dictionnaire gendral, 'HDT') do not mention Italian sources, but derive Fr. aventurine from the Fr. phrase a l'aventure 'by chance,' the element of chance being due to sla pierre artificielle dtant produlte par de la limaille jetde a laventure sur du verre en fusion' (HDT). But the Italian origin of the word can hardly be doubted, in

NEW BOOKS

Journal Article NEW BOOKS Get access Les Lois Sociologiques. GUILLAUME Par DE GREEY . Paris: Félix Alcan. Pp. 181. Mind, Volume II, Issue 8, October 1893, Pages 549–550, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/II.8.549 Published: 01 October 1893

Repairs and renewal of the boche-bernard suspension bridge

Repairs and renewal of the boche-bernard suspension bridge