Papillary Surfaces Research Articles

The Role of Biochemistry in Understanding Kidney Stone Formation andUrinary Health

Renal illness caused by stones is the term for a solid substance concretion that usually develops inside the kidneys. A rising urological condition influences the well-being of people and affects about 12% of the world's population. An increased chance of ending stage of renal failure and they are closely related. There are several types of kidney stones. The CaC2O4 kidney calculi are the most common type. It appears at Randall plaque's renal papillary surfaces. (1) Several physicochemical mechanisms, such as supersaturating, urinary stone nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention components found in tubular cells, which aid in the complex process of formation of stones. An inequity between the elements that promote or inhibit the crystallization of urine influences these phases. Moreover, Scientists have noticed that renal injury of cells promotes particle retention reticular body. (2)

Molecular dynamics study on wetting behavior of aluminum plates with different surface energies by microstructure difference

Wettability is the main factor that affects the self-cleaning and corrosion resistance of metal surfaces. The main factor that affects wettability is the change of surface microstructure and surface energy of metal material. When modifying metals, it is necessary to master their wetting behavior to obtain the required performance surface. In this paper, the wetting behavior of liquid droplets on smooth, square, papillary and nail-shaped surfaces with different surface energies was studied systematically by molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the solid–liquid interaction factor is negatively correlated with the surface contact angle of aluminum plate. When the solid–liquid interaction factor is greater than the droplet potential energy parameter, the nail-shaped surface has the largest solid–liquid contact area and droplet centroid displacement rate due to its large roughness, and the surface hydrophilicity is the best; When the solid–liquid interaction factor is close to the droplet potential energy parameter, the nail-shaped surface has the smallest solid–liquid contact area and droplet centroid displacement rate due to its large roughness, and realizes the transition from neutral to hydrophobic; When the solid–liquid interaction factor is less than the droplet potential energy parameter, the papillary surface has the smallest solid–liquid contact area and droplet centroid displacement rate due to its small solid–liquid area fraction, thus realizing the transition from hydrophobicity to superhydrophobicity. The simulation results of this study are consistent with the classical theoretical calculation and experimental results, which reveals the interaction between metal surface wettability and surface energy and surface morphology.

Homeopathy as a saviour for urolithiasis: A narrative review shading light on pathophysiology of renal stones and homeopathy drugs

Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed generally within the kidneys. It is an accumulative urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. Higher risk of kidney failure which has been associated with end stage renal failure. Calcium oxalate, which forms at Randall's plaque on the renal papillary surfaces, is the most common type of kidney stone. Stone formation is highly prevalent, with rates of up to 14.8% and increasing, and a recurrence rate of up to 50% within the first 5 years of the initial stone incident. The formation of the stone is a complex process which results from numerous physiochemical events such as, super saturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells. Several therapies are being performed for kidney stone treatment, including thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, painkillers, dietary changes, shock-wave treatment, ureterenooscopic and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and ureterenooscopic and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in severe cases. However, the side effects that these treatments possess and reoccurrence of the disease have motivated researchers to search for better and safer options. Homeopathic drugs as well as several medicinal plants display antiurolithiatic activity and thus perform an important role in treatment of kidney stone disease. Therefore, the present review thereby wants to bring to the attention the wonderful results that homeopathy is offering in cases of urolithiasis in a very non-invasive and economical way which is not yet popularized.

An insight on mechanism and management of kidney stones and its recurrence

Kidney stones (calculi) comprise mineral concretions which can form in both renal calyces and pelvis and can be free floating or associated with the renal papillae. It is an emerging urological condition that affects around 12% of the world’s population. Globally, the prevalence and recurrence of kidney stone disease are increasing, and there are limited effective treatment options. I manifest a brief general overview and then concentrate on risk factors, pathophysiology, and medical treatment of kidney stones. The major component of most stones is calcium oxalate, and many of them develop on a foundation of calcium phosphate known as Randall’s plaques, which are located on the renal papillary surface. The mechanism of stone formation is a complicated process that involves multiple physicochemical phenomena such as supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone ingredients inside tubular cells. Cellular damage is also thought to enhance particle retention on renal papillary surfaces. There is currently no effective treatment or prevention for kidney stone recurrence. Recurrence prevention required behavioral and nutritional interventions, as significantly as pharmaceutical therapies tailored to the kind of stone. There is a great demand for recurrence prevention, which necessitates a deeper knowledge of the processes involved in the development of stones to design more effective medications. Open surgical lithotomy has given way to minimally invasive endourological procedures for the treatment of symptomatic kidney stones, resulting in lower patient morbidity, increased stone-free rates, and enhanced quality of life. As a result, furthering our knowledge of the biology of kidney stone development is a research focus for treating urolithiasis with novel medications.

Randall's plaque and calcium oxalate stone formation: role for immunity and inflammation.

Idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones often develop attached to Randall's plaque present on kidney papillary surfaces. Similar to the plaques formed during vascular calcification, Randall's plaques consist of calcium phosphate crystals mixed with an organic matrix that is rich in proteins, such as inter-α-trypsin inhibitor, as well as lipids, and includes membrane-bound vesicles or exosomes, collagen fibres and other components of the extracellular matrix. Kidney tissue surrounding Randall's plaques is associated with the presence of classically activated, pro-inflammatory macrophages (also termed M1) and downregulation of alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory macrophages (also termed M2). In animal models, crystal deposition in the kidneys has been associated with the production of reactive oxygen species, inflammasome activation and increased expression of molecules implicated in the inflammatory cascade, including osteopontin, matrix Gla protein and fetuin A (also known as α2-HS-glycoprotein). Many of these molecules, including osteopontin and matrix Gla protein, are well known inhibitors of vascular calcification. We propose that conditions of urine supersaturation promote kidney damage by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, and that the ensuing inflammatory immune response promotes Randall's plaque initiation and calcium stone formation.

P0175DETERMINANTS OF RENAL PAPILLARY APPEARANCE IN RENAL STONE FORMERS: AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION

Abstract Background and Aims Nephrolithiasis is a medical condition characterized by high prevalence among the general population both in Europe and in the U.S. and it is responsible for high costs reaching up to $10 billion per year. It is associated with specific comorbidities such as obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Kidney stones development is believed to start either from Randall’s plaques or from stone plugs. Both these lesions can be seen on renal papillary surfaces, but what promotes the formation of plaques and plugs is not entirely understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the urinary metabolic milieu and a published endoscopic papillary evaluation score (PPLA). We also evaluated the correlation of PPLA score with kidney stone recurrence during follow-up. Method We prospectively enrolled 31 stone forming patients who undergone retrograde intrarenal surgery procedures. Visual inspection of the accessible renal papillae was performed in order to calculate the PPLA score based on the appearance of ductal plugging, surface pitting, loss of papillary contour and Randall’s plaque extension. Demographic information, blood samples, 24h urine collections and kidney stone events during follow-up were collected. Stone composition was analyzed using infrared-spectroscopy. Relative urinary supersaturations (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx), calcium phosphate (CaPi) and uric acid (UA) were calculated using the Equil2 software. PPLA score > 3 was defined as high. Results Median follow-up period was 11 (min/max 5, 34) months. PPLA score was inversely correlated with BMI (rho = −0.39, p = 0.035) and history of recurrent kidney stones (median PPLA 5.0 vs 2.5, p = 0.029), these results were confirmed when PPLA was considered as a categorical variable (median BMI 27 vs 24, recurrent stone disease 12 vs 62%, p= 0.006). Furthermore, high PPLA score was associated with lower odds of new kidney stone events during follow-up (OR 0.154, 95% confidence interval 0.024, 0.998, p = 0.05). No significant correlations were found between PPLA score, stone composition, blood parameters, 24h urine solute excretions and RSS for CaOx, CaPi and UA. Conclusion Different papillary abnormalities seem to be linked to specific mechanisms of stone formation. Although data regarding PPLA score are inconsistent, it may be a valid asset for both medical and surgical management of nephrolithiasis. Larger, long-term prospective clinical studies need to be conducted to assess the validity of PPLA score system in evaluating risk of stone recurrence.

Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts.

Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed usually within the kidneys. It is an increasing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. It has been associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal failure. The etiology of kidney stone is multifactorial. The most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate formed at Randall's plaque on the renal papillary surfaces. The mechanism of stone formation is a complex process which results from several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells. These steps are modulated by an imbalance between factors that promote or inhibit urinary crystallization. It is also noted that cellular injury promotes retention of particles on renal papillary surfaces. The exposure of renal epithelial cells to oxalate causes a signaling cascade which leads to apoptosis by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Currently, there is no satisfactory drug to cure and/or prevent kidney stone recurrences. Thus, further understanding of the pathophysiology of kidney stone formation is a research area to manage urolithiasis using new drugs. Therefore, this review has intended to provide a compiled up-to-date information on kidney stone etiology, pathogenesis, and prevention approaches.

Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy of the Omasum of the Baladi Goat

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study anatomical and histological features of the omasum in Baladi goats. Omasal laminae were arranged in four or five orders and varied by shape, distribution and direction of papillae. Spaces were present in the interpapillary and papillary surfaces of the omasal laminae as well as at the tips of some conical papillae. The omasal epithelium was keratinized stratified squamous consisting of four strata basalis; spinosum; granulose and cornum. Cells in the stratum basalis contained mitochondria and free ribosomes and had finger-like cytoplasmic processes that connected with neighboring cells via desmosomes. The stratum spinosum was rich in tonofilaments, free ribosomes, and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). The cytoplasm of cells in the stratum granulosum was marked by keratohyalin granules of varying sizes with electron-dense contents. The stratum corneum consisted of several layers of flat, elongated cornified cells with varied cellular constituents. This study identified anatomical and histological features that may be responsible for increased absorption of water and nutrients from the leafy material ingested by Baladi goats,

天然毛歯ブラシと人工毛歯ブラシによる歯垢除去効果について

Purpose of this study was to know the effect of natural and synthetic bristle toothbrushes on plaque removal.Two kinds of natural toothbrushes (animal bristle and pig bristle) and two kinds of synthetic toothbrushes (nylon bristle and rubber) were evaluated using Scrub brushing method. Twelve adults, 6 patients and 6 dentists, 6 males and 6 females, aged 19 to 42, volunteered for this study.Plaque score was calculated with the modified Volpe's method which Suzuki et al. reported before. Facial and lingual tooth surfaces of the six representative teeth (6/41|14/6) were scored, after disclosing the plaque with a 0.5% basic fuchsin.The average percentage of plaque removal on facial and lingual tooth surfaces were as follows.(1) 59.6±16.1% (nylon bristle) (2) 42.3±13.2% (pig bristle)(3) 39.8±14.7% (rubber) (4) 39.5±13.3% (animal bristle)There was a statistically significance at the 5 percent level of confidence between nylon bristle brush and the other three brushes.A similar trend was recognized on labial, lingual, medial and papillary tooth surfaces independently.The scores after brushing were evaluated, also.(The materials of animal bristles are of horse and badger hair.)

How Ticl3 Catalysts Control the Texture of As‐Polymerized Polypropylene

AbstractWithin a family of catalyst systems wherein TiCl3 was made by mixing TiCl4 and aluminum alkyl solutions, the primary particles of TiCl3 were usually thin, flat polygons with average diameters ranging from 300 to 1000 A. Even in unused catalyst these primary catalyst particles were bound together into large (∼30 μ) secondary particles. A small amount of polyolefin which formed from the aluminum alkyl reducing agent aided in cementing the particles. When propylene monomer was introduced to a slurry of secondary catalyst particles in a liquid hydrocarbon, polymer formed at the surfaces of the ultimate solid particles. The resulting polymer flakes, i.e., particles of as‐polymerized polypropylene, were several times larger than the secondary catalyst particles from which they grew but they retained the same shape. The primary catalyst particles, not visibly altered by the catalytic reaction which they propagated, were distributed uniformly throughout the flake polymer. Each polymer flake consisted of many thousands of cohering roundish flakelets about a 1/2 μ in diameter. How the flakelets are agglomerated and the extent to which they are coalesced accounts for the flakes' texture. The basic morular structure of the flakes, which was manifested further by their papillary surfaces, was not altered by purification procedures which removed catalyst from the nascent polymer. Although all the flakes had the same basic small‐scale structure there were significant coarse textural dissimilarities among them. Some catalysts gave rise to flakes with an open porous texture: other catalysts gave rise to flakes which were dense and compact. In the former, the flakelets were less tightly appressed, and fissures and slits were larger and more numerous than in the latter. The genetic basis for the differences in flake texture resides in the parent catalyst. Secondary catalyst particles whose constituent primary particles are held together in a dense mass produce dense flakes. Conversely, loose aggregates of primary particles produce flakes with loosely aggregated flakelets. Briefly, dissimilarities in catalyst structure carry over to the texture of the flake progeny. Such textural differences contribute importantly to properties of the flake polymer.