Paper-based Battery Research Articles

Low-Temperature and High-Rate Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries Enabled by Ternary Eutectic Electrolytes.

Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) have garnered extensive scientific attention as a promising alternative chemistry due to the inherent advantages associated with aluminum (Al) metal anodes, including their high theoretical capacities, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and inherent non-flammable properties. Nonetheless, the practical energy density of RABs is constrained by the electrolytes that support lower operational voltage windows. Herein, we report a ternary eutectic electrolyte composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2C1im]Cl):1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4C1im]Cl):aluminum chloride (AlCl3) for the application of RABs. The electrolyte exhibits a high operational potential window (~3V vs. Al/Al3+ on SS 316) and high ionic conductivity (~8.3 mS.cm-1) while exhibiting only a low temperature glass transition at -65 oC suitable for all-climate conditions. Al||graphene nanoplatelets cell delivers a high capacity of ~117 mAh/g, and ~43 mAh/g at a very high current densities of 1A/g and 5A/g, respectively. The cells render a reversible capacity of 20 mAh/g at -20 oC and 17 mAh/g at -40 oC, indicating their suitability for operation under extreme environmental conditions. We comprehensively evaluated the design and optimization of carbon paper-based battery systems. The ternary eutectic electrolyte demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, thus signifying its substantial potential for utilization in high-performance energy storage systems in all climates.

Paper Battery: The Future and Solution for Traditional Battery

Today is the biggest problems are faced by the electronics industry size of batteries gadgets ultra-thin and small day by day.Paper batteries will the replace the li-ion battery and paper battery. Paper-based batteries have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable energy storage owing to their eco-friendly nature, lightweight, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the field of paper-based batteries, focusing on their fabrication techniques, materials selection, and performance optimization strategies. Various types of paper substrates, conductive materials, and electrolytes employed in paper-based batteries are discussed, along with their impact on the overall performance and environmental sustainability. Additionally, this paper highlights the potential applications of paper-based batteries in portable electronics, medical devices, and wearable technologies, emphasizing their role in promoting the development of green energy storage solutions. Finally, challenges and future directions for the research and development of paper-based batteries are outlined, aiming to inspire further innovation and integration of these eco-friendly energy storage devices into real-world applications. This biodegrable and CNT. Electronics device are classified into two types primary and secondary. The paper are shown in SWCNT and MWCNT are the contain in this type. Title: Advancements in Paper-Based Batteries: A Sustainable Approach towards Energy Storage Keywords: CNT (carbon Nano tube), SWCNT (singled walled carbon Nano tube), MWCNT (multi walled carbon Nano tube, Paper Batteries), Flexibility.

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable seaweed-based paper battery for sustainable energy storage

This article deals with the design and development of a seaweed-based paper battery, synthesized using different material coatings. Batteries have a high potential to power up the next generation of medical devices, electronics and hybrid vehicles but it require high working capacity. With the presence of several deficiencies like a regular, fluctuating voltage, spill out and damage issues, itching and irritation during human direct contact with wet and non-paper batteries, a need for dry and paper-based batteries has arisen. The design and fabrication of paper-based batteries with enhanced electrochemical and structural stability play a pivotal role to fix the above-mentioned problems. A battery made up of seaweed paper offers remarkable capacity with better performance and also helps to avoid the use of wood-based paper. The battery has been prepared with different materials of cathode and electrolyte, which are further tested for identifying an optimum match in terms of generated voltage. A biodegradability test and toxicity test were performed which ensured the eco-friendly nature of the proposed battery. The proposed battery is made of nanocomposites, which can pack more power into smaller spaces. Moreover, it is found that there is a reduction of weight by 58%, an enhancement of 16.7% in voltage capacity and eco-friendly compared to conventional AA 1.5–3.5 V Li-on battery.

A hollow structure for flow and bendable paper‐based zinc‐air battery

Tremendous research has focused on the wearable electronic device, leading to the basic requirement of suitable power sources. Herein, we report one bendable paper-based zinc-air battery with a novel hollow channel structure. It achieves a maximum power density of 138 mW/cm2, outperforming the state-of-art paper-based batteries reported previously. The boosted performance is assigned to the low charge transfer resistance and facilitated mass transfer from the hollow structure. It demonstrates the positive design of microchannel structure is profitable for the power-generation enhancement, and offers a possible route to commercialize the paper-based power generators.

High energy density aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion/sulfur batteries in ‘water in salt” electrolyte

The discovery of “water in salt” electrolyte (WiSE) has resolved stability window issues of aqueous batteries. However, another aspect of forging ahead is the designing of stable high-capacity electrode materials. Herein, we have manifested a Na-ion/S battery using S@MNC-600 anode in WiSE to achieve a high-capacity of 709.13 mA h g−1 (w.r.t sulfur) with excellent cycling stability even up to 300 cycles at 0.5 C with 98.2 % of coulombic efficiency. Like organic electrolyte, polysulfide dissolution is a primary obstacle in aqueous electrolyte due to the strong polarity and high activity of water. In this study, various electrochemical, spectroscopic and visualization studies provide an evidence that polysulfide dissolution is sensitive towardoperating time, C-rates, and depth of discharges, which can be tuned by increasing salt concentration and sluggish kinetics was enhanced by using MNC-600 host. Post analysis demonstrates that high cycling stability in WiSE is due to the formation of stable SEI, consisting of Na2CO3. The full cell assembled with S@MNC-600 anode and Na0.44MnO2 cathode in WiSE delivered 110.6 Wh kg−1 energy density with remarkable stability. Further, a flexible paper-based battery demonstrates a high performance even at various deformations, making it a good contender for future energy storage applications where safety and cost are of high priority.

Printed Zinc Paper Batteries.

Paper electronics offer an environmentally sustainable option for flexible and wearable systems and perfectly fit the available printing technologies for high manufacturing efficiency. As the heart of energy‐consuming devices, paper‐based batteries are required to be compatible with printing processes with high fidelity. Herein, hydrogel reinforced cellulose paper (HCP) is designed to serve as the separator and solid electrolyte for paper batteries. The HCP can sustain higher strain than pristine papers and are biodegradable in natural environment within four weeks. Zinc‐metal (Ni and Mn) batteries printed on the HCP present remarkable volumetric energy density of ≈26 mWh cm–3, and also demonstrate the feature of cuttability and compatibility with flexible circuits and devices. As a result, self‐powered electronic system could be constructed by integrating printed paper batteries with solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. The result highlights the feasibility of hydrogel reinforced paper for ubiquitous flexible and eco‐friendly electronics.

A printed and self-powered test strip for digital conductivity measurement of low volume liquid samples

In this paper, we present a smart implementation of a self-powered device able to analyze the ionic conductivity of low volume liquid samples. The device sensing core consists of a stack of two single use paper-based batteries that operate as conductivity sensors. To operate the system in a self-powered mode a resistive element is connected to the battery stack so its output voltage is directly related to the conductivity of the electrolyte to be analyzed. The output voltage signal is managed by a flexible hybrid circuit fabricated using inkjet printing that requires a minimal number of discrete off-the-shelf electronic components to function. The energy delivered by the battery allows displaying the result to the user by means of screen-printed electrochromic displays. The sensing battery has been calibrated and tested using NaCl samples at different conductivities. As a practical application, a final device able to assess the suitability for crop irrigation of water samples has been designed, fabricated and validated with real water samples coming from different sources. However, its applicability expands to conductivity measurement of any biological sample.

A printed paper-based Zn-air/Ag hybrid battery with switchable working modes

Paper-based battery is a low-cost, lightweight, flexible and environmentally-friendly technology for small-power and flexible electronics, which can be conveniently fabricated by printing. In this work, we propose an innovative paper-based hybrid battery using Zn foil as anode and Ag grid-supported oxygen catalyst as cathode. Benefited from its composite cathode, this hybrid battery can work in both primary Zn-air mode and secondary Zn-Ag mode in different mission profiles. When working as a primary battery, the Zn anode is oxidized and the ambient air is reduced by the oxygen catalyst inside cathode, producing an OCV of 1.5 V and a peak power density of 17.8 mW cm−2. When working as a secondary battery, the Zn anode is reduced and oxidized periodically while the Ag grid inside cathode is oxidized and reduced accordingly. The charge and discharge voltage plateaus are closely around 1.6 V, leading to an excellent energy efficiency of 95.2%. Moreover, this hybrid battery can switch its working modes smoothly without performance loss, and the battery flexibility is proved to be high in both working modes. In summary, this paper-based Zn-air/Ag hybrid battery is especially suitable for powering flexible electronics in both long-term discharge missions and multi-cycle rechargeable tasks.

Analyzing the Properties of Saliva to Act as a Viable Fuel Source and Its Capabilities to Interact with Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Powered Theoretical Diagnostic Devices Beneficial to Low-income Communities

Introduction: The WHO has stated that about 50% of the world lacks access to secure and continuous supply of electricity, heavily impacting the healthcare industry in these countries. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) can be a low cost-efficient energy source capable of powering medical devices in low-income countries. Due to the components and impurities found in saliva, this biofluid can behave like an electrolyte and a viable fuel source to power the MFC. With this capability, saliva has the potential to power micro-gadgets with microbial fuel cells capable of degrading the components of saliva. Thus, this study explores saliva’s potential to act as a fuel source to power microbial fuel cells within medical diagnosis devices. Methods: A systematic review was conducted through primary and secondary research articles exploring and comparing the use of saliva as an energy source compared to other biofluids. Key terms focused for meta-analyses include: ‘semiconductors’, ‘saliva’, ‘microbial fuel cells’, ‘point-of-care’. Results: Previous research has discovered that lysozyme enzymes present in saliva can create an electrical charge that can successively power biomedical devices. Researchers have also created paper-based batteries containing frozen exoelectrogenic cells, powered by the bacterial degradation of human spit. Saliva has been demonstrated to contain similar biomarkers to urine, a successful diagnostic biofluid, and can therefore be used as a diagnostic biofluid as well. Discussion: Given saliva’s capabilities, a hypothetical diagnostic device powered using saliva as the biofluid, was designed. Bacteria break down the saliva, allowing protons to travel from the anode to the cathode resulting in electricity. It was determined that graphite would be the most cost-efficient and energy producing electrode material for the device. In addition, this electricity that is produced will power the diagnostic device attached. Conclusion: Saliva can act as a fuel source, capable of powering diagnostic devices using microbial fuel cells with saliva. These properties can be beneficial to many people who do not have access to preliminary diagnosis. This can result in immediate treatment and help prevent further spread of diseases, vital for those in low-income countries. Broad scale applications of using saliva can be directed towards exterior lighting systems and powering larger medical devices.

A water-activated paper-based battery based on activated carbon powder anode and CuCl2/CNT cathode

Water-activated paper-based batteries are expected to be low-cost disposable power sources for paper-based sensor applications. In this study, a disposable paper-based battery was developed. The battery used activated carbon powder loaded on a carbon sheet as the anode. The cathode was coated directly on a paper filter to fabricate an integrated proton exchange membrane cathode. Copper (II) chloride mixed with multiwalled carbon nanotube (CuCl2/CNT) was used as the cathode. Water was injected into the anode electrode to activate the battery. The maximum power density of 134.6μW/cm2 was obtained with the anode loaded 17 mg cm−2 activated carbon powder. The power output of the battery is proportional to the amount of activated carbon loaded on the anode.

Paper-Based Batteries as Conductivity Sensors for Single-Use Applications.

We present a novel approach to measure ionic conductivity with a self-powered strategy. In particular, we propose the use of a paper-based battery as a sensor. The battery sensor unit consists of two electrodes placed side-by-side and covered by a piece of hydrophilic paper strip. The electrodes are externally connected to a resistive element. The addition of the fluid to be sensed—which acts as the electrolyte—activates the battery, which generates an output voltage that is dependent on the conductivity of the liquid sample. The device, which is conceived as a single-use disposable sensor, has been tested with different synthetic and biological liquid samples. The battery sensor effectiveness has been assessed by comparing its performance with a commercial laboratory conductometer. The device opens new avenues for conductivity monitoring in small portable and wearable devices, as it simplifies the number of electronic components and the need of additional power sources.

Production of a NiO/Al primary battery employing powder-based electrodes.

This paper describes the use of aluminum and zinc as anodic materials for a battery employing nickel (II) oxide (NiO) as cathode. Comparison of both materials resulted in the development of a compact, cost effective, and easy to use primary NiO/Al battery employing an alkaline electrolyte. The system features electrodes composed of powder forms of the active materials on modified paper substrates that are contained in a simple multilayer design utilizing thin laminated plastic materials to provide structure and flexibility to the battery as well as a paper separator. Various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte were examined and maximum performance was observed at 6M KOH. A maximum current density and power density of 1.94mA/cm2 and 1mW/cm2 , respectively was achieved. This user-friendly device was able to produce a maximum capacity of 2.33mAh/g when 2mA/g was applied. This work demonstrates the viability of a paper-based battery featuring powder electrodes as a possible power source for microelectronic devices.

A water-activated battery based on activated carbon

In this research, a novel property of activated carbon powder (AC powder) has been utilized to realize a disposable paper-based battery. AC powder was loaded on a 3D carbon paper substrate to make the anode. The cathode was integrated directly on the paper-based battery case by coating multiwalled carbon nanotube mixed with potassium ferricyanide on a side of a sheet of filter paper, the other side worked as a paper-based proton exchange membrane. This design provides a simple but practical disposable water-activated battery. The developed battery generated the maximum power density of 10.4 µW/cm2 at the AC powder concentration of 17 mg/cm2. Although, the output power of the battery is low, it is made of low-cost and abundant materials, and therefore being able to scale up. The battery is a disposable and on-demand micropower generation activated anytime, anywhere by water.

A Paper-Based Biological Solar Cell

A merged system incorporating paperfluidics and papertronics has recently emerged as a simple, single-use, low-cost paradigm for disposable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic applications. Stand-alone and self-sustained paper-based systems are essential to providing effective and lifesaving treatments in resource-constrained environments. Therefore, a realistic and accessible power source is required for actual paper-based POC systems as their diagnostic performance and portability rely significantly on power availability. Among many paper-based batteries and energy storage devices, paper-based microbial fuel cells have attracted much attention because bacteria can harvest electricity from any type of organic matter that is readily available in those challenging regions. However, the promise of this technology has not been translated into practical power applications because of its short power duration, which is not enough to fully operate those systems for a relatively long period. In this work, we for the first time demonstrate a simple and long-lasting paper-based biological solar cell that uses photosynthetic bacteria as biocatalysts. The bacterial photosynthesis and respiration continuously and self-sustainably generate power by converting light energy into electricity. With a highly porous and conductive anode and an innovative solid-state cathode, the biological solar cell built upon the paper substrates generated the maximum current and power density of 65 µA/cm2 and 10.7 µW/cm2, respectively, which are considerably greater than those of conventional micro-sized biological solar cells. Furthermore, photosynthetic bacteria in a 3-D volumetric chamber made of a stack of papers provided stable and long-lasting electricity for more than 5 h, while electrical current from the heterotrophic culture on 2-D paper dramatically decreased within several minutes.

Cellulose paper functionalised with polypyrrole and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for paper battery electrodes

Abstract A simple process of commercial paper functionalisation via in situ polymerisation of conductive polymers onto cellulose fibres was investigated and applied as electrodes in paper-based batteries. The functionalisation involved polypyrrole (PPy) and Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as conductive polymers with the process of functionalisation optimised for each polymer individually with respect to oxidant-to-monomer ratios and polymerisation times and temperature. Paper with conductivity values of 44 mS/cm was obtained by exposing the samples to pyrrole vapour for a period of 30 min at room temperature; however, polymerisation at temperatures of 40 °C lead to higher conductivity values to up 141 mS/cm. Consequently, functionalised PPy and PEDOT papers were applied as cathodes in batteries with Al foil anodes and commercial paper soaked in an electrolyte solution of NaCl.

An Inexpensive Paper-Based Aluminum-Air Battery.

Paper-based batteries are an alternative to traditional batteries due to their low cost, portability, and simplicity to operate. In the present work, we demonstrate an improved and inexpensive paper-based aluminum-air battery employing KOH as the electrolyte with sufficient energy to power small devices. The dimensions of the device, electrode size, and electrolyte concentration were optimized with respect to amperage and reproducibility. The maximum amperage of 17.4 mA and maximum power of 3.0 mW was achieved with a 9 cm2 battery with anode and cathode electrode areas of 5.1 cm2 and 3.75 cm2 respectively, using 1.5 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). In a series configuration, the batteries generate sufficient energy to power light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a flashlight, a glucometer, and a pregnancy test.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) polymer electrolyte for paper-based and flexible battery applications

Paper-based batteries represent a new frontier in battery technology. However, low-flexibility and poor ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes have been major impediments in achieving practical mechanically flexible batteries. This work discuss new highly ionic conductive polymer gel electrolytes for paper-based battery applications. In this paper, we present a poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDH-HFP) porous membrane electrolyte enhanced with lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulphone)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), with an ionic conductivity of 2.1 × 10−3 S cm−1. Combining ceramic (LATP) with the gel structure of PVDF-HFP and LiTFSI ionic liquid harnesses benefits of ceramic and gel electrolytes in providing flexible electrolytes with a high ionic conductivity. In a flexibility test experiment, bending the polymer electrolyte at 90° for 20 times resulted in 14% decrease in ionic conductivity. Efforts to further improving the flexibility of the presented electrolyte are ongoing. Using this electrolyte, full-cell batteries with lithium titanium oxide (LTO) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) electrodes and (i) standard metallic current collectors and (ii) paper-based current collectors were fabricated and tested. The achieved specific capacities were (i) 123 mAh g−1 for standard metallic current collectors and (ii) 99.5 mAh g−1 for paper-based current collectors. Thus, the presented electrolyte has potential to become a viable candidate in paper-based and flexible battery applications. Fabrication methods, experimental procedures, and test results for the polymer gel electrolyte and batteries are presented and discussed.

A disposable power source in resource-limited environments: A paper-based biobattery generating electricity from wastewater

We report a novel paper-based biobattery which generates power from microorganism-containing liquid derived from renewable and sustainable wastewater which is readily accessible in the local environment. The device fuses the art of origami and the technology of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and has the potential to shift the paradigm for flexible and stackable paper-based batteries by enabling exceptional electrical characteristics and functionalities. 3D, modular, and retractable battery stack is created from (i) 2D paper sheets through high degrees of folding and (ii) multifunctional layers sandwiched for MFC device configuration. The stack is based on ninja star-shaped origami design formed by eight MFC modular blades, which is retractable from sharp shuriken (closed) to round frisbee (opened). The microorganism-containing wastewater is added into an inlet of the closed battery stack and it is transported into each MFC module through patterned fluidic pathways in the paper layers. During operation, the battery stack is transformed into the round frisbee to connect eight MFC modules in series for improving the power output and simultaneously expose all air-cathodes to the air for their cathodic reactions. The device generates desired values of electrical current and potential for powering an LED for more than 20min.

A stackable, two-chambered, paper-based microbial fuel cell

We developed a stackable and integrable paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) for potentially powering on-chip paper-based devices. Four MFCs were prepared on a T-shaped filter paper which was eventually folded three times to connect these MFCs in series. Each MFC was fabricated by sandwiching multifunctional paper layers for two-chambered fuel cell configuration. One drop of bacteria-containing anolyte into the anodic inlet and another drop of potassium ferricyanide for cathodic reaction flowed through patterned fluidic pathways within the paper matrix, both vertically and horizontally, reaching each of the four MFCs and filling the reservoir of each device. Bacterial respiration then transferred electrons to the anode, which traveled across an external load to the cathode where they combined with protons. The MFC stack connected in series generated a high power density (1.2μW/cm2), which is two orders of magnitude higher than the previous report on the paper-based MFC stack. This work will represent the fusion of the art of origami and paper-based MFC technology, which could provide a paradigm shift for the architecture and design of paper-based batteries.

Toward Flexible Polymer and Paper‐Based Energy Storage Devices

All-polymer and paper-based energy storage devices have significant inherent advantages in comparison with many currently employed batteries and supercapacitors regarding environmental friendliness, flexibility, cost and versatility. The research within this field is currently undergoing an exciting development as new polymers, composites and paper-based devices are being developed. In this report, we review recent progress concerning the development of flexible energy storage devices based on electronically conducting polymers and cellulose containing composites with particular emphasis on paper-based batteries and supercapacitors. We discuss recent progress in the development of the most commonly used electronically conducting polymers used in flexible device prototypes, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of energy storage devices, as well as the two main approaches used in the manufacturing of paper-based charge storage devices.