Papago Indian Research Articles

Personalized Telehealth in the Future: A Global Research Agenda

Telecommunication technologies have been used to bring healthcare expertise to the point of care since the 19th century. In 1878, The Lancet reported the use of the telephone to reduce unnecessary physician visits and, in 1910, a tele-stethoscope had already been described.1 During the mid-20th century, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) used remote monitoring systems to measure astronauts’ physiological functions. The Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care project further developed this field with the Papago Indians in the southwestern U.S.2 However, the greatest strides in remote monitoring technologies for telehealth have occurred over the last 10 years, with a growing evidence base showing their effectiveness in the management of chronic disease.

Feminicide: Theorizing Border Violence

FeminicideTheorizing Border Violence Martha Idalia Chew Sánchez Gender Violence at the U.S.-Mexico Border: Media Representation and Public Response. Edited by Héctor Domínguez-Ruvalcaba and Ignacio Corona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2010. Pp. 200. $50.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780816527120. Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Americas. Edited by Rosa-Linda Fregoso and Cynthia Bejarano. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. Pp. xxviii + 382. $94.95 cloth. $25.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822346814. Making a Killing: Femicide, Free Trade, and La Frontera. Edited by Alicia Gaspar de Alba with Georgina Guzman. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010. Pp. x + 314. $55.00 cloth. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 9780292723177. Unspeakable Violence: Remapping U.S. and Mexican National Imaginaries. By Nicole M. Guidotti-Hernández. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011. Pp. xviii + 374. $94.95 cloth. $25.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822350750. Cities and Citizenship at the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Paso del Norte Metropolitan Region. Edited by Kathleen Staudt, César M. Fuentes, and Julia E. Monárrez Fragoso. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Pp. xxi + 250. $95.00 cloth. $31.00 paper. ISBN: 9780230100329. Publication of four edited volumes that examine femicide in the Mexico-US border region adds immensely to our understanding of that phenomenon, particularly when they are read through the lens of Nicole M. Guidottie-Hernández’s Unspeakable Violence: Remapping U.S. and Mexican National Imaginaries, which traces violence in the borderlands from the nineteenth century to the present and demonstrates how violence has shaped people’s identities in the border area. These books tap many of the foremost authors on femicide, who bring to their analyses a wide array of disciplinary approaches and touch upon a host of related themes. Guidottie-Hernández’s work is informed by Chicano studies, borderland history, transnational feminism, and Latino studies. Guidottie-Hernández theorizes on the continuous mutation and situationality of national membership, rights, and birthrights. She explains some of the ways that exclusionary practices of membership, made manifest in policing racialized, gendered, and sexualized subjects, have obscured the physical and psychological pain and trauma inflicted on such communities. She successfully demonstrates how competing understandings of [End Page 263] racial projects have worked in tandem to “produce proper subjects in the borderlands” (8). Guidottie-Hernández traces physical and discursive violence to explain shifting notions of citizenship linked to the expansion of capitalism in the borderlands. In her reading, full citizens tend to maintain a “sense of bodily and physical integrity” (7). The moments and markers of differentiations in citizenship are inscribed through violence and denial of access to justice, land, resources, and control of the body, and through vigorous policing. For Guidottie-Hernández what is important about such notions of citizenship are the alliances that existed at various points in time between the Mexican and US nation-states in the persecution and terrorization of Yaquis, the collusion of the Mexican elite and some Papago Indians in the grand massacre of Apache and other nomadic Indians, and the elitist Mexican-American interpretation of racial dynamics in Texas. Guidottie-Hernández makes a major theoretical contribution to border theory and Chicano studies in that she problematizes the concept of mestizaje, which essentializes and dehistoricizes Indian identity in the borderlands. Throughout her book, the author demonstrates how the mestizaje concept masks inequalities, disruptions, and heterogeneities within indigenous groups and indeed all racial groups in Mexico. She is also critical, and rightly so, of privileging the Aztec heritage, as most Chicano studies works tend to do. In particular, she interrogates the construction of Aztecs as a single indigenous group of common cultural, spiritual, and ethnic heritage for Chicanos and Mexicans, and the resulting lack of integration in the Chicano consciousness of the Apaches, Comanches, Havasupais, Hopi, Jemezes, Kiowa Apaches, Lipans, Papagos, and Pimas, to mention some other groups. Guidottie-Hernández calls to mind the forgotten pain inflicted on the Yaquis and Apaches during Mexican- and US-sponsored terrorizing wars. Further, she exposes the historically unacknowledged periodic active alliances of some indigenous and Mexican groups with Anglo-American elites in such endeavors. Building upon research on histories of violence and displacement of racialized and sexualized bodies...

At the Border of Empires: The Tohono O'odham, Gender, and Assimilation, 1880–1934 (review)

NAIS 1:2 FALL 2014 Reviews 187 SETH SCHERMERHORN At the Border of Empires: The Tohono O’odham, Gender, and Assimilation, 1880–1934 by Andrae M. Marak and Laura Tuennerman University of Arizona Press, 2013 IN ADDITION TO WRITING Tohono O’odham history into more nuanced and theoretically sophisticated interpretations of Native American history than has previously been available, Andrae M. Marak and Laura Teunnerman’s At the Border of Empires masterfully tells “the story of an uncompleted quest for full assimilation” of the Tohono O’odham, a transnational Indigenous people who live along the U.S.–Mexico border that arbitrarily cut Tohono O’odham homelands in half in 1853. Highlighting the themes of imperialism, gender, and Indigenous agency, Marak and Teunnerman deftly illustrate the unintended consequences of gendered assimilation efforts in which U.S. assimilation efforts occurred not in spite of, but rather because of, the peripheral location of the Tohono O’odham. Like other Native American peoples who were often seen as weak, corruptible “proto-citizens,” imperial eyes saw the Tohono O’odham as requiring protection from influences of the “wrong sort.” Indeed, the perceived need to protect Tohono O’odham from “vices” was part of the rationale for the creation of the Papago Indian Reservation, today called the Tohono O’odham Nation, in 1916 on the U.S. side of the international border. The key theoretical category of this study is “negotiation,” which, much like Gilbert Joseph’s “encounter,” focuses on “the deployment and contestation of power” (1–2). Crucially, because of this process of negotiation in the differential assimilation of Tohono O’odham in the United States and Mexico, assimilation (in a Gramscian key) is necessarily incomplete. As the authors state in their conclusion, “Negotiation—defined to include everything from exchange and borrowing to circumvention and passive resistance—resulted in efforts at assimilation that were incomplete, complicated, and sometimes unexpected in their application and outcomes” (143). The book is topically organized. The introduction presents the category of negotiation and situates the book in relation to previous historical scholarship . The first chapter provides a brief historical and cultural background on the Tohono O’odham. Chapters 2 to 5 constitute the body of the work, each taking on a theme of gendered assimilation efforts: vice, marriage, schools, and vocation. Chapter 2 examines divergent O’odham and non-O’odham views of “vice,” particularly focusing on the consumption of alcohol. Given Reviews NAIS 1:2 FALL 2014 188 the paucity of O’odham commentaries on alcohol, and the inverse relationship between rivers and wine drinking posited in the chapter’s epigraph, the analysis of Tohono O’odham nawait i’ita (saguaro cactus) wine drinking ceremonies and attitudes toward drinking more generally in this chapter would benefit substantially from the cultural and historical insights gained from Don Bahr’s How Mockingbirds Are.1 Chapter 3 examines sex and marriage as areas of “contestation, assimilation, and resistance” (49). The analysis of the Office of Indian Affairs’ (OIA) definition of marriage as “heterosexual, monogamous , lifelong, and sanctioned by law . . . patriarchal, consensual, and Christian,” is particularly effective in illustrating how the implementation of colonial policies undermined marriage in an “Indian way” (52). The authors also analyze the ironic situation of OIA field matrons promoting marriage for O’odham women, though not for themselves, as a crucial part of the assimilation process. Chapter 4 examines the striking failures of education as a means of assimilation . A few items worthy of note include the institutional opposition against Tohono O’odham pilgrimages to Magdalena, a student hunger strike against a harsh English-only rule in 1920 at the Santa Rosa day school, and the written observations of Antonia Garcia, a Tohono O’odham student at Topawa, on the “Holy Week Devils” in Cowlic in the 1930s, which is a valuable , though previously unutilized, O’odham contribution to the intriguing literature on O’odham jejawul, or “devils.” Chapter 5 focuses on the highly gendered, strategic entrance of the Tohono O’odham into the cash economy. The chapter especially examines the roles of field matrons from the 1890s through 1920s, and their intention to transform Tohono O’odham women into “good housewives” who are dependent on wage-earning...

Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhizal on Capsicum annuum L. var. aviculare ([Dierbach] D’Arcy and Eshbaugh) germination under stressing abiotic conditions

Capsicum annuum var. aviculare to Tarahumara and Papago Indians and farmers of Sonora desert is a promising biological and commercial value as a natural resource from arid and semiarid coastal zones. Traditionally, apply synthetic fertilizers to compensate for soil nitrogen deficiency. However, indiscriminate use of these fertilizers might increase salinity. The inoculation by plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represents an alternative as potential bio fertilizer resources for salty areas. Seeds ecotypes from four areas of Sonora desert (Mazocahui, Baviacora, Arizpe, La Tortuga), in order to inoculate them with one species of PGPB and AMF. Two germination tests were carried out to study the effect of salinity, temperature regime (night/day) and inoculation with PGPB and AMF growth factors measured on germination (percentage and rate), plant height, root length, and produced biomass (fresh and dry matter). The results indicated that from four studied ecotypes, Mazocahui was the most outstanding of all, showing the highest germination under saline and non-saline conditions. However, the PGPB and AMF influenced the others variables evaluated. This study is the first step to obtain an ideal ecotype of C. a. var. aviculare, which grows in the northwest of México and promoting this type of microorganisms as an efficient and reliable biological product. Studies of the association of PGPB and AMF with the C. a. var. aviculare-Mazocahui ecotype are recommended to determine the extent to which these observations can be reproduced under field conditions.

A PREHISTORIC WATER RESERVOIR FROM SANTA ROSA WASH, SOUTHERN ARIZONA

Archaeological excavations at Santa Rosa Wash (northern Papago Indian Reservation) in Arizona disclosed the existence of at least one large prehistoric water reservoir constructed about A.D. 1000. The methods and inferences which support this identification are reviewed. Particular attention is given to a functional reconstruction of the reservoir. Attention is also directed to the possible existence of other such structures in the desert areas of southern Arizona.

Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Saudi Arabia

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in different areas of Saudi Arabia. A household survey was conducted in 34 different areas of Saudi Arabia. Demographic data and medical history were taken and filled. Fasting and two-hour "post-glucose load" blood samples were collected from 23,493 Saudi males and females and blood glucose was estimated immediately. The diagnoses of DM and IGT were made based on the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetic patients were subgrouped as IDDM and NIDDM on the basis of age of onset and mode of treatment. In the overall group (two to 70 years), the prevalence of IDDM, NIDDM and IGT was 0.193%, 5.503% and 0.498% in the Saudi males and 0.237%, 4.556% and 0.900% in the Saudi females. When grouped on the basis of age, there were 8762 children (<14 years). Of these children, 15 (0.171%) had IDDM and 13 (0.148%) had maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The prevalence of IGT in this group was 0.250%. In the 14-70-year age group, the prevalence of IDDM, NIDDM and IGT was 0.239%, 9.50% and 0.717% in the males and 0.248%, 6.820% and 1.347% in the females, respectively. A significant increase (P<0.001) was obvious in the age group >30 years, where the prevalence of NIDDM and IGT rose to 17.32% and 1.30% in the males and 12.18% and 2.2% in the females, respectively. IDDM showed a slight decrease in those over the age of 60 years. These results place Saudi Arabia among the countries that have a high prevalence for DM and a moderate risk for IGT. In light of these findings, it is clear that carefully planned programs are needed to achieve control and prevention of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia.

Occurrence of deficient galactosylation of serum IgG prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis

Previous reports have shown that deficient galactosylation of serum IgG occurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune disorders. In this study, we investigated the relationship between galactosylation of serum IgG and disease status in a population of Pima and Papago Indians, who are characterized by a frequent occurrence of RA. The mean galactose levels of serum IgG collected from 11 individuals 1.5–10 years prior to onset (T1), at onset (T2), and 1.7–7 years post-onset (T3) of RA were lower than those from 25 seronegative controls without RA from the same population (P=0.01, 0.005, and ≦0.001, respectively). The mean galactose content of IgG decreased in the order T1>T2>T3, but the differences were not significant. The galactosylation of serum IgG from the RA patients did not differ from that of seropositive Pima Indian controls who did not develop RA over the course of study. The occurrence of IgG galactose deficiency in individuals with RA prior to the onset of the disease supports the contention that this phenomenon may be a risk factor for the development of RA. Furthermore, the occurrence of IgG galactose deficiency in healthy seropositive individuals suggests a relationship between diminished galactosylation and induction of rheumatoid factor (RF).

CONSERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF MISSION SAN XAVIER DEL BAC, TUCSON, ARIZONA

The Mission of San Xavier del Bac, located seven miles south of Thcson, Arizona, on the San Xavier Tohono O'odham (Papago) Indian Reservation, is considered to be the finest example of Spanish colonial architecture in the United States. The interior of the church is almost entirely decorated in a late Mexican baroque style, comprising wall paintings as well as polychromed and gilded sculptural and architectural elements. Dating from the late eighteenth century, this·decoration is of a very high standard and is surprisingly intact. The mission ~hurch is a living monument, served daily by Franciscan fathers whose order constructed the present church c .1778-97, with the help of the indigenous Tohono O'odham Indians. The east transept chapel of 'La Madre Dolorosa' (Sorrowing Mother) contains polychromed architectural relief work and wall paintings. The latter portray La Nuestra Senora del Rosario (Our Lady of the Rosary), La Virgen Nitla (The Young Virgin Mary), and mourning figures of the Sorrowing Mother and St John the Evangelist on either side ofthe central Crucifixion. The niches and oval medallions contain relief and free-standing sculptures of Franciscan saints. The wall paintings are executed on a very fine buff-coloured and water-sensitive preparation layer applied over a lime-sand plaster. The pigments have been applied a secco with an aqueous tempera binder which is fairly sensitive to moisture. The relief decoration is composed of painted plaster moldings and cornices, th~ finest of which is the highly ornate frame of the central crucifix which consists of a stylized floral band and scalloped channels coloured with transparent glazes applied over metallic leaf. Examination of cross:-sectional samples taken from this area reveals the following stratigraphy: lime-sand stucco overlaid with two gesso preparation layers, a coarse layer covered by a finer one, both containing calcium sulphate anhydrite. Madder lake and copper resinate glazes have been applied over silver leaf on a red coloured bole. This has been overlaid with a 61i-thick varnish layer. In addition to natural earths, the pigments employed in the wall decoration include: Prussian blue, vermilion and orpiment. Although there is some minor evidence of rising damp and hygroscopic salts,. except for the areas where it is clear that there have been infiltrations of rainwater in the past (the vault), moisture does not seem to have been a major agent. of deterioration. Extremely low relative humidity, .high temperature fluctuations and high natural' and ultraviolet light levels appear to be the primary causes of the localized detachment of the painted and relief decoration. The original polychromy is largely obscured by thick layers of dust, candle soot, and bird and bat excrement as well as by the hardened nests of mud dauber wasps (Sceliphron caementarium) . During some previous effort at restoration, possibly early in the twentieth century, a fixatiye was liberally applied to the surfaces. The intention seems to have been to revitalize the original colours. The fixative, which appears to have:darkened and turned orangebrown, encouraged contraction of the paint and preparatory layers at low levels of relative humidity and resulted in the separation of these layers from their support. Analysis of the fixative using Fourier transform infrared analysis shows that it is a n.atural tree resin, possibly from the plesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora). Very unsightly filling oflacunae,'oone in 1968, is evident in the scene of the Virgen Nina. The incompatible filling material, which

Adrenal calcification and congenital nephrotic syndrome in three American Indians

Two Pima and one Papago Indian infants with congenital nephrosis and adrenal calcifications are described. All developed anasarca early and none had an explanation for the adrenal calcification.

High incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in Pima Indians.

A longitudinal epidemiologic study has been conducted to estimate the incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in an American Indian population, the Pima and Papago Indians of Arizona. Clinical, serologic, and radiologic data were collected during biennial examinations of subjects aged 20 years or more during the period 1967-1986. Rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed by criteria for the active and the inactive disease. Age-adjusted to the 1980 US population at least 20 years of age, the prevalence of classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis in 1984 was 5.3% (3.23% in males and 6.95% in females), a rate appreciably higher than that reported in studies in Rochester, Minnesota, and in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Among Pimas, during the study period, 70 incident cases of rheumatoid arthritis occurred. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 42.2 cases per 10,000 person-years (29.7 in males and 51.8 in females), 10.3 times as high as the age-adjusted rate in Rochester (4.1/10,000 person-years), and 5.7 times as high as in Japan (7.4/10,000 person-years). Rates generally increased with age. No secular trend was found. On the basis of both prevalence and incidence data, this study confirms that rheumatoid arthritis does not have uniform occurrence in different populations. This has to be taken into account in the search for the factors related to the differences in risk of disease.

Some social network differences between women choosing home and hospital birth.

Western Region. Dutt, G. R., C. F. Hutchinson, and M. A. Garduno (eds.) 198 1 Rainfall Collection for Agriculture in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. London: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Fontana, Bernard L. 1960 The Use and Abuse of Land on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Paper presented at a meeting of the University of Arizona Committee on Indian Affairs, held at the San Xavier Indian Reservation, December 9. 1964 The Papago Tribe of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1974 Man in Arid Lands: The Piman Indians of the Sonoran Desert. In Desert Biology, Vol. 11. G. W. Brown, Jr., ed. Pp. 489-528. New York: Academic Press. 1981 Of Earth and Little Rain: The Papago Indians. Flagstaff, AZ. Northland Press. 1983 History of the Papago. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. X. Pp. 137-148. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Frasier, Gary W. (ed.) 1975 Proceedings of the Water Harvesting Symposium, Phoenix, Arizona, March 26-28, 1974. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Region. Frasier, Gary W. 1981 Development of Water for Grazing Management. In Proceedings, the Range Beef Cow Symposium VII. Rapid City, South Dakota, December 7-9. Hackenberg, Robert A. 1972 Restricted Interdependence: The Adaptive Pattern of Papago Indian Society. Human Organization 3 l(2): l 13-126. 1983 Pima and Papago Ecological Adaptations. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. X. Pp. 16 1-177. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Hoben, Allan 1984 Agricultural Decision Making in Foreign Assistance: An Anthropological Analysis. In Agricultural Decision Making: Anthropological Contributions to Rural Development. Peggy Barlett, ed. Pp. 337-369. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. Hollett, Kenneth J., and Joanne M. Garrett 1984 Geohydrology of the Papago, San Xavier, and Gila Bend Reservations, Arizona, 1978-1 98 1. Tucson, A2: Geological Survey. Kelly, William H. 1963 The Papago Indians of Arizona: A Population and Economic Study. Tucson, A2: University of Arizona Press. Lowe, C. H., and D. E. Brown 1973 The Natural Vegetation of Arizona. Phoenix: Arizona Resources Information System. Lucero, Joseph M. 1974 Range and Livestock Report to the Papago Council. Sells, AZ: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Papago Agency. Nabhan, Gary, Kenneth Vogler, Jo Ann Murashige, Oliver Chadwick, and Charles Hutchinson 1982 Application of Remote Sensing in Evaluation of Floodwater Farming on the Papago Indian Reservation. Tucson: Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. Officer, James E. 197 1 Arid Lands Agriculture and the Indians of the American Southwest. In Food, Fiber and the Arid Lands. William G. McGinnies, Bram J. Goldman and Patricia Paylore, eds. Pp. 47-78. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Some Social Network Differences Between Women Choosing Home and Hospital Birth

Medicine Men, Bethlehem, and Pacman: Writing in a Cultural Context

Papago Indian children in elementary school bridge two languages and more than two cultures. Although English is the first language of most Papago children, the unwritten Papago language is used often in home environments to communicate with grandparents and tribal elders. The children are also members of more than two cultures. They belong both to the Papago community, with its Indian heritage and practices and the influence of Christian missions, and the community of American children, united by media, sharing common interests of television shows, sports, and video games. The writing of these children in school reflects their linguistic competence as they make meaningful written language, and the particular cultural influences as they reflect awareness of cultural pragmatics in their writing. This article focuses on three Papago children who were part of a two-year longitudinal study of the writing process and behaviors during writing of third- and fourth-grade Papago children. Samples of their pen pal letters, general narrative writing, their own versions of Indian legends, and other writing are examined and compared. PAPAGO INDIAN CHILDREN, WRITING PROCESSES, SHARED CULTURE

Effects of Exposure to Salty Drinking Water in an Arizona Community

A high level of sodium (440 mg/L) in the water supply of Gila Bend, Ariz, caused concern because of apparently elevated rates of hypertension in Gila Bend Papago Indians. We surveyed 342 Gila Bend Papago Indians and 375 non-Indians from July to September 1983. Participants 25 years of age and older were interviewed for health risk factors, water consumption, and dietary sodium and calcium intake and had height, weight, blood pressure, and urinary sodium and potassium levels measured. No consistent associations were found between any of the sodium values and systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Mean blood pressures for the Gila Bend whites were lower in most age groups than in comparison US white populations. The prevalence rates of hypertension in Gila Bend were not significantly higher than national rates.

' Ak-ciñ ‘arroyo mouth’ and the environmental setting of the Papago Indian fields in the Sonoran Desert

The primary purpose of this discussion is to provide basic information regarding the environmental setting of Papago floodwater-fed fields that have been visited in recent years, to better understand the historic ecology of Papago Indian subsistence in the Sonoran Desert. It also analyses more detailed information regarding the physiographic position of extant fields to correct an historic misuse of the Piman term ' Ak-ciñ by scientists.

Curriculum development: The process approach

Speeding across the hot, dry Arizona desert, with huge saguaro cacti flashing past on each side, I wondered what adventures awaited me. I entered the Papago Indian Reservation and continued straight toward the setting sun. Sharp mountains spiked the horizon, and lights flickered from scattered houses.

The Desert Smells like Rain. A Naturalist in Papago Indian Country

The Desert Smells like Rain. A Naturalist in Papago Indian Country

HLA and B-lymphocyte alloantigens in Gila River Indians.

HLA-A, B, C, DR, and MB and MT B-lymphocyte alloantigens were tested in 249 Pima and Papago Indians from Arizona. Frequencies of A and B locus antigens in Pimas were similar to published values for other North American Indians, as well as previous reports from Pimas. Cw3 was the most frequent C locus antigen found and DR5 was the most frequent DR antigen. Another B-cell specificity, DuB31, behaved as a DR allele and had a phenotype frequency of .717. This study is the first report of MB and MT frequencies in a North American Indian population, and the pattern of association with some DR antigens appears to be different from that observed in Europeans. MT3 had a phenotype frequency of .583, but was not associated with DR4, 7, 9, which suggests an undefined DR allele associated with MT3.

Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder: Chromosome abnormalities in a genetic form of cancer

Chromosome studies on gallbladder adenocarcinoma in a Papago Indian woman were performed. These studies revealed a high degree of aneuploidy including multiple instances of missing chromosomes, extra chromosomes, and chromosome rearrangements. Double minute chromosomes and homogeneous staining regions on chromosomes were present in the cancer cells. To our knowledge this is the first report on the cytogenetic analysis of a gallbladder cancer. Chromosome studies on gallbladder cancers will be of unusual interest because of the relatively high frequency of this rare genetic form of cancer in American Indians.

Papago Indians I: Aboriginal Land Use and Occupancy of the Papago Indians

Papago Indians I: Aboriginal Land Use and Occupancy of the Papago Indians

The Desert Smells Like Rain: A Naturalist in Papago Indian Country by Gary Paul Nabhan

266 Western American Literature Francisco cannot. Despite its generally objective tone, Literary San Fran­ cisco offers an affectionate reminiscence which I believe many readers of WAL will find attractive. ARTHUR FRIETZSCHE, San Luis Obispo The Desert Smells Like Rain: A Naturalist in Papago Indian Country. By Gary Paul Nabhan. (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1982. 148 pages, $12.50.) Somewhat surprisingly, only fairly well into The Desert Smells Like Rain does author Gary Paul Nabhan emphasize his specialty as an ethnobotanist . He is studying the origins and cultivation of native desert foods on the Papago Indian reservation of southwestern Arizona. In the mean­ time, we wander about Papago land with Nabhan as he entertains us. For instance, he takes us along on a climb through brush and up cliffs, reconnoitering for an ancient shrine. As we scramble with him, his Papago friends tweak our curiosity with tales of what happened to past visitors who forgot to leave little gifts to I’itoi, the puckish spirit of the cave. As in any good suspense story, Nabhan nearly gives up the search, only to stumble on his goal at the last moment. As the sun sets, he stands wondering over the accumulated offerings of barrettes, bullets, and chewing gum. Quite wisely, he doesn’t forget to leave behind his own token of appeasement to I’itoi. In other chapters we travel through cactus-studded country with insider Nabhan to participate in a rainmaking ceremony, appropriately called, con­ sidering the large amounts of cactus wine consumed, “Throwing Up the Clouds.” We follow Papago children playing hooky; we pay a call to farmer Julian Madrugada and find him protecting his fields against rabbits by sleeping under a tree with his slingshot. We might first think that The Desert Smells Like Rain, with its tales about mischievous Coyote and its anecdotes about Papago families, is a charming but unfocussed book, an entertaining but not profound excursion through an area little known to tourists. As such it would be delightful enough, but Nabhan has a larger, more important purpose. Until now he has been softening us up, showing us how this small tribe’s adjustment to its home land is based on attitudes radically different from our own. He shows us incrementally that in an arid land such as this water is the govern­ ing factor, in the Papago’s case limiting population, determining agricultural methods, shaping the cultural outlook, as the “Throwing Up the Clouds” rite illustrates. Old Julian Madrugada asleep under his mesquite may make us chuckle, but he is no joke. In brief chapters that indicate a larger, more scientific work in preparation, the author shows how native farmers have fine-tuned Reviews 267 their lives “to local conditions over generations.” Their husbanding of flood water has resulted in hardy crops, some of them richer in protein than those we buy at the supermarket. And the little oases formed around springs and mud tanks have created an ecological diversity that will surprise readers who think of the desert as barren. In contrast, modern agribusiness is invading the Papago’s traditional grounds, beginning to ruin these fragile ecosystems as it has done elsewhere throughout the Southwest. The invasion is based on the premise that tech­ nology can “beat the system” of nature. However, as Nabhan points out, people concerned with the future are beginning to see the folly of abusing the land for short-term gains. Plummeting water tables, pesticide wars threatening human welfare, and massive erosion present glaring evidence to the fact that, after only a few decades of mistreatment, nature is kick­ ing back. Yet Nabhan’s book, a delicate blending of science and poetry, touches only briefly on the alarming omens. For The Desert Smells Like Rain is no polemic; it doesn’t have to be. Rather, by its end we are so in sympathy with its nonviolent message concerning the earth that we understand the wisdom, if not the necessity, of reconsidering some of the old ways if we are to provide a sane future for the Southwest. PETER WILD, University of Arizona A Biobibliography of Native American Writers, 1772-1924. By Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr. and James W. Parins...