Pap Smear Method Research Articles

Economic Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening by HPV DNA, VIA, and Pap smear Methods in Indonesia.

Cervical cancer occurs 80% in developing country including Indonesia and take place in the first rank of incidence rate and third rank in mortality rate in Asian Pacific. Natural history of cervical cancer gives a potential to get accurate screening method. Cervical cancer screening m in Indonesia use VIA and Pap smear method for women in age range 30 to 50 years old. Recently, HPV DNA test has been recommended in international and national policy as primary screening method for cervical cancer. This research aims to asses cost-effectiveness and economic implications of specific cervical cancer screening modalities. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from societal perspective. Cost data was collected from four hospitals in Indonesia. Direct medical costs were derived from discussions with an expert panel and hospital billing data, aligning with current practice guidelines. Direct and indirect non-medical costs were estimated from patient interviews. Effectiveness data for the screening methods were extracted from a systematic review of existing literature. Markov model design was used for cost-effectiveness analysis. Budget impact analysis used healthcare perspective method from its billing for cervical cancer patients. Cervical cancer screening costs are calculated using direct medical, non-medical, and indirect expenses. Regarding to cost-effective analysis by incremental cost-effective ratio (ICER), pap smear for every 3 and 5 years is more cost-effective than VIA. HPV DNA also has the potential to be cost-effective. The budget impact analysis investigates scenarios, with a focus on negotiation-based cost reductions for HPV DNA testing. Controlling HPV DNA tariffs at USD 8.76 proves cost-effective. In conclusion, pap smear is the most cost-effective modality, while HPV DNA has the potential to be cost-effective by reducing the unit cost. Despite favorable outcomes, challenges in implementation suggest a phased approach for resource equalization before full deployment.

IJCM_117A: A study to assess the effectiveness of a health educational program on knowledge regarding prevention of Cervical Cancer among young adult female students of Bhopal.

Background: Cervical Cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women & causes significant morbidity and mortality. Every year in India, 122844 women are diagnosed with Cervical Cancer & 67447 die from the disease. Vaccinations to prevent HPV infection have been developed. Awareness regarding Cervical Cancer being a Vaccine Preventable Disease among young adult females is low. Objectives: To determine the awareness of young adult female students regarding Cervical Cancer, its risk factors, screening method & prevention. To assess the construct connection between old and new knowledge by pre & post-test scores. To recommend a health awareness program regarding Cervical Cancer. Methodology: Cross-sectional study of young adult female college students from Commerce, Science and Medical discipline in the city of Bhopal, Sample Size - 387 using Cochran’s formula. A pre-validated, pre-tested, close-ended multiple-choice questionnaire on Socio-Demographic information, Domain I i.e. awareness regarding Cervical Cancer including risk factors and symptoms, Domain II i.e. screening & diagnostic and Domain III i.e. vaccination for Cervical Cancer was filled in digital mode before and after the lecture demonstration. Results: The effectiveness of the educational program on most of the components of domain I was found positive but statistically non-significant. In domain II after demonstration, the chi-square test of knowledge on screening technique and diagnostic Pap smear method were found statistically significant and in domain III the chi-square test of knowledge on vaccine for Cervical Cancer was found statistically significant. Conclusion: Prevention and screening measures in young adult female college students were found low and nearly half of the study participants are willing to adopt vaccination and screening program. Teachers can be the best resource persons in dissemination of knowledge in schools and colleges.

Cytomorphological study of pap smear and its efficacy to detect various cervical lesions

: Cervical lesions require screening for early diagnosis to differentiate between non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of cervix. The present research aimed to evaluate the prevalence of various cervical lesions and detect the efficacy as a screening test of pap smear for early diagnosis of cervical lesions. : The current retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, SSMC, Rewa, M.P. Total 658 cervical pap smears were retrieved, re-examined and re-classified according to the revised Bethesda system for reporting of cervical cytology, 2014. Out of 658 pap smears, 234 biopsies were available, which were re-examined histopathologically and correlation was done with their corresponding cytological findings.: Out of 658 pap smears, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) was found in 74.47% smears, while the prevalence of epithelial cell abnormalities (ECA) was 24.32%. Amongst ECA, most common (11.86%) cervical lesion was low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions was found 70.54%, 81.9%, 82.72%, 69.35% and 75.6% respectively.: The current study showed that pap smear cytology is able to detect various cervical lesions with a diagnostic accuracy of 75.6%. So, women belonging to reproductive or postmenopausal age-group should be routinely screened for cervical lesions by non-invasive pap smear method. Conclusively, early diagnosis of cervical lesions is possible, thus reducing the incidence of invasive cervical carcinoma.

The relationship between perceived self-efficacy and cervical cancer screening among health care providers

Introduction: Cervical cancer ranks second worldwide as a disease that causes death in women. Healthcare providers have low cervical cancer screening behavior with the Pap smear method. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between perceptions of self-efficacy and the behavior of cervical cancer screening using the Pap Smear method for health care providers.Methods: This descriptive observational study, namely case cross-sectional design, was applied in this study. The population in this study were all female healthcare providers at the Gotong Royong Hospital in Surabaya. The sampling method is purposive sampling. The sample in this study was 51 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The independent variable in this study is perceived self-efficacy, using a questionnaire. The dependent variable is the screening behavior of the pap smear method using the questionnaire. Results: The results of the analysis test were 0.866 > 0.05, which means there is no relationship between perceived self-efficacy on cervical pap smear cancer screening behavior. Spearman Rank test p> 0.05, which means there is no relationship between perceptions of self-efficacy and healthcare providers’ screening behavior for cervical smears. Conclusion: There is no relationship between self-efficacy on the behavior of cervical cancer screening using the Pap smear method. Individual intrinsic and extrinsic factors are things that influence screening behavior. So, it is necessary to do other research on the factors influencing screening behavior, both intrinsic (demographics, health beliefs, emotional, and contextual) and extrinsic (husband support, peer support and education). Keywords: cervical cancer; medical personnel; pap smear; paramedics

COMPARING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIQUID BASED CYTOLOGY (LBC) WITH CONVENTIONAL PAP SMEAR: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Background: Cervical cancer is unique among human cancers which is mostly attributable to infection. Conventional PAP smear method is most effective for prevention and detection of cervical cancer but the accuracy of this method is low.This PAP smear now evolved to Liquid Based Cytology (LBC). Method:All the patients visiting Gynaecology OPD who fulfilled the inclusion Criteria in the duration starting from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2021 in the Department of Pathology of Gajra raja Medical College, Gwalior (MP) were included in this study. 50 atypical smears by Conventional PAP test were then collected and these cases were subjected to Eziprep Liquid Based Cytology and Conventional PAP smear in private laboratory setup after taking history and clinical examination. The smears were studied by using 7 morphological parameters. Result: Smears were analysed for adequate cellularity, clean background, uniform distribution of cells,cellular overlapping,inflammation,distinct cell border,nuclear irregularity and then categorise by Bethesda reporting system.The results were significant only for clean background,uniform distribution of cells,cellular overlapping and inflammation. Conclusion: Results of cervical cytology smears by both methods showed that LBC provides more representative sample with reduced obscuring material,improved clarity allowing better morphological evaluation.

HIGH RISK HPV DETECTION IN PRECURSOR LESIONS OF CERVIX USING LBC SAMPLES.

Background: Liquid-based cytology (LBC) was developed as an alternative to conventional cytology screening to improve specimen adequacy and sensitivity in detecting cervical abnormalities. High risk HPV (HR HPV) types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed (1) to compare the diagnostic efciency of liquid based cytology LBC and conventional tests in detecting cervical dysplasia and (2) detection of high risk HR HPV types 16 and 18 in cervical precursor lesions using liquid based cytology samples. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted from the year August 2014 – February 2019 at Basavatarakam Indoamerican Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderbad.A total of 200 women undergoing screening for cervical cancer were included in the study. HR-HPV 16 & 18 detection was done by Nested Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (NMPCR). Results: The area under the ROC curve for conventional Pap smear was 0.725 and LBC was 0.974, showing that the diagnostic accuracy of LBC method in diagnosing precursor lesions and carcinoma of cervix is better than the conventional Pap smear method. HR-HPV 16/18 were positive in 43/102 (42.2%) of cases. HPV 16 alone was positive in 32/43(74.4%), HPV 18 alone in 6/43 (13.9%) and both HPV-16 and HPV-18 were positive in 5/43 (11.6%) of the total HR-HPV positive cases. Conclusion: The detection rate of epithelial abnormalities and infections in LBC preparation was better than CPS. LBC samples can be used for HR-HPV genotype detection to explore new paradigms of screening strategies.

Evaluation of Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) and Conventional Pap’s Smear Test as Methods of Cervical Cancer Screening

Background: Cervical cancer screening can actually prevent most cervical cancers and also facilitates early detection which allows fruitful treatment.Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Liquid-based cytology (LBC) with conventional Pap smear test.Methods: This crosssectional study was conducted between March 2015 and June 2017. A total of 72 women participated in this study attending the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Gynaecology (Colposcopy Clinic) of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, for VIA test. The smears prepared by the conventional Pap smear method and Liquid-based cytology method were observed by two independent observers in Department of Pathology of the same institution.Results: The mean age of the patients was 40.22±12.29 years. Considering histopathology as gold standard, in conventional Pap smear preparation our data suggested its sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 92.2%, accuracy 91.7%, positive predictive value 58.3% and negative predictive value 98.3%. In contrast, in Liquid-based cytology, we found its sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 90.6%, accuracy 88.9%, positive predictive value 50.0% and negative predictive value 96.7%.Conclusion: LBC has practical advantages over conventional preparation by producing monolayer of cells, smaller area to screen, reproducibility and availability of doing adjunct molecular techniques from residual sample. However, conventional preparation shows better sensitivity and positive predictive value and almost similar specificity, negative predictive value and accuracy with LBC.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 01 January’22 Page: 36-40

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (SIL) PATIENTS AT SANGLAH RSUP DENPASAR 2015-2019

Cervical cancer is a malignant disease that attacks the cervix uteri. Before the cancer phase, it will begin with precancerous lesions or Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL), which often do not cause complaints or symptoms. Therefore, regular screening is needed to detect precancerous lesions. One of the most widely used screening programs is the Pap smear method. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinicopathological characteristics of SIL patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in 2018 - 2019. This study was a descriptive study with a cross sectional study design. Total sampling was carried out by collecting secondary patient data recorded in the form archive and the results of the histopathological examination of uterine cervical biopsy at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in 2018 - 2019. The patient data collected were in the form of age, biopsy indications, and the degree of SIL. The samples collected in this study were 177 samples of SIL patients, with the most cases in the 41-50 years age category, namely 73 people (41.2%). The mean age of LSIL patients was 41.5 years and HSIL patients were 39.7 years. The findings of the previous abnormal pap smear results as an indication of a biopsy were found to be the most, namely 73 people (41.3%), and the highest degree of SIL was HSIL as many as 94 people (53.1%).
 Keywords: precancerous lesions, cervix, SIL, Sanglah Hospital Denpasar

WORKING WOMEN BEHAVIOR ON CERVICAL CANCER AS PARTICIPANTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE

Reproductive health maintenance too early detection as possible arises diseases. Working women as civil servants have received as participants of national health insurance improving the quality of healthy, especially low awareness of cervical cancer inspection caused many factors. Cervical cancer is cancer that has a precancerous stage it can be detected by the Pap smear method. The objective of this research to identify factors related to the early detection behavior of cervical cancer with pap smear methods on working women as participants of national health insurance at Serang City. 
 The research method used is quantitative descriptive with correlation analysis. The sample population of 158 working women’s by random sampling. The instrument used questionnaires consisting of 31 questions. The statistical test used is the chi-square test. The data were analyzed by univariate, bivariates, and multivariate analysis. 
 There were 6 factors working woman related to early detection of cervical cancer inspection behaviour are: knowledge (p= 0.046), self-motivation (p= 0.004), age (p= 0.007), length of marriage (p= 0,000), number of children (p= 0.017), and education (p= 0,000).
 Knowledge, self-motivation, ages, length of the marriage, number of children and education are factors that can influence early detection of cervical cancer inspection the working women as participants of national health insurance.

Perform Pap smear test and Factors affecting on the prevalence of cervical cancer in women at Qazvin, Iran

Background: After breast, skin and long cancers, cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women and is a kind of cancer that can be diagnosed with Pap smear method in pre malignancy stage. Awareness of screening methods of this cancer, have great influence in reducing the incidence and mortality of it. The aim of this project was to determine awareness, attitude and function of married women, who referred to health centers of Qazvin, about Pap smear and cervical cancer in 2018. Method and Material: In this cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical), 300 married women, who referred to health centers of Qazvin in 2018, were selected by classified sampling method and then simple random selection. The study was a questionnaire with 4 part including demographic questions, functional test, attitude and awareness resulting from national Pap smear plan of health minister, which was distributed and completed after confirming the validity and reliability with coordination centers with the help of trained people. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22 software. Result: In this project that the highest age group were women with 35-45 years (58%) with the average age of (36±8) years, awareness about introducing and recognition of pap smear and cervical cancer were 41% and 46% respectively.44% of them have at least once experienced pap smear.24% of this number have followed up again after one year.73% of participants of this project were agree with the test and early diagnosed of cervical cancer. Conclusion: In order to assess the effect of factors influencing awareness, attitude and function of the women about the cervical cancer and pap smear test, using multiple regression model, it was determined that there is a significant relation between level of awareness and factors including: age, economic situation, job and education (p=.05).also there is a significant relation between function and attitude and factors including education, age and awareness about disease. This represents a change in policy and education and health infrastructure in the field of knowledge of cancer and the use of modern methods of teaching.

Factors Associated with Knowledge and Practice of Healthcare Workers in Cervical Cancer Screening in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand

Thailand’s 2010-2014 national program for cervical cancer screening guidelines recommends that women aged 30-60 years should be screened every five years with the Papanicolau smear (Pap smear) method or visual inspection with acetic acid and that coverage should be at least 80%. However, from 2010-2014, the national coverage of cervical cancer screening was only 53.9%. We therefore evaluated healthcare workers’ knowledge of the guidelines and their practices regarding cervical cancer screening by Pap smear. We collected data using a structured questionnaire from 258 healthcare workers who had ordered or conducted cervical cancer screening for at least one year. Most (74.8%) healthcare workers knew that Pap smears should be done every five years among women aged 30 to 60 years. General practitioners and gynecologists had lower knowledge of the age criteria compared to nurses and technicians. Knowledge of the target age criteria was significantly associated with type of healthcare worker, workplace, gender and recent training (within the previous 3 years). The screening practice was significantly associated with type of healthcare worker and workplace. Providing up-to-date training on the national cervical cancer screening guidelines is necessary for all public hospital healthcare workers.

INTEGRASI METODE SAMPLE BOOTSTRAPPING DAN WEIGHTED PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALISYS (PCA) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMA NAÏVE BAYES PADA CITRA TUNGGAL PAP SMEAR

Research on cervical cancer with the Pap Smear method is useful for finding pre-cancer diagnoses. Associated with previous research that the accuracy of the Naïve Bayes algorithm to the classification of a single Pap smear image still has an unsatisfactory accuracy. Whereas determining the class of single Pap cell smears is very important in determining whether these cells are normal or not. This study aims to determine whether integration using the Sample Bootstrapping (SB) method with the Weighted Principal Component Analysis (W-PCA) algorithm can improve the performance of the Naïve Bayes algorithm for seven different cell types. This model is the best solution used in the classification of datasets that are classified as having large dimensions. So that the integration of the two algorithms can increase the accuracy value to 87.24% for the seven classes and 97.30% for the two classes, and it can be concluded that with this integration model can improve the best accuracy value.

Detection of Cervical Cytological Abnormalities by Pap smears Method among Women Attending the Screening Clinic of Nsambya Hospital

Background: Cervical cancer is an important public health problem. In Uganda, it ranks the most frequent cause of cancer among women aged between 15 to 44 years of age. Early detection and eradication of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions is the mainstay for control of this disease. The Pap smear method is the most cost-effective means of screening cervical pre-malignant, malignant processes and non-neoplastic lesions. Aim: To describe the cervical cytological abnormalities as detected byPap smear method and to determine the prevalence of such abnormalities. Methodology: This was a prospective study, in which a total of 175 women were recruited from May to June, 2016. Cervical samples were collected from these women and stained according to the papanicolaou staining protocol. Results were reported using the 2014 Bethesda reporting system. Results: Out of 175 cases, 163 (93.1%) were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy [NILM]. Cervical intraepithelial lesions were reported in 12 (6.9%) cases which included atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS] in 4(2.3%) cases, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [ASCH] in 1(0.6%) case, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [LSIL] in 5 (2.9%) cases, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL] in 1(0.6%) case and atypical glandular cells [AGC] in 1(0.6%) case. Conclusion: Cervical cytology by Pap smear method should be used to screen women routinely because it is an effective method in detecting pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the cervix.

Application of the Reactive Oxygen-Based Cervical Exfoliated Cell Staining Solution in Clinical Cervical Cancer Screening

We developed a special methylene blue solution for staining of cervix shedding cells based on catalytic oxidizing chromogenic reaction, which shows a potential for cervical cancer cytology screening. We screened a total of 1 922 women for cervical cancer with the special methylene blue staining method and a conventional Pap smear method using cervix shedding cells. Then, the patients with positive indicators of the Pap smear or this special solution staining method were examined by the electron colposcopy and histopathological examination. Staining of cervical exfoliated cells with this reactive oxygen-based special solution showed that the number of positive cases was 140 (7.28%). Among them, 21 cases showed dark green (1.09%), and 119 cases showed purple black (6.19%). The results of the Pap smear method showed that the number of positive cases was 123 (6.40%), of which ASCUS was 105 (5.46%), ASC-H was 5 (0.26%), and LSIL was 9 (0.47%), and HSIL was 4 (0.21%). For cervical exfoliated cell special staining solution for screening cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-?, CIN-?) and cervical cancer, sensitivity was 83.33%, specificity was 65.52%, accuracy was 74.29%, missed diagnosis rate was 13.33%, positive coincidence rate was 51.43%, and the negative coincidence rate is 86.67%. Our results proved the value of this method for early screening of cervical cancer through clinical practice in China.

Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) & Pap smear positivity rates according to socio demographic factors amongst rural married women

Background: Cervical cytology which is a standard screening tool in developed countries fails as a screening method in low-resource countries due to financial and technical constraints. Objective: To determine the prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by VIA and Pap smear test among rural married women and to find out association of socio demographic factors with positive screening test results. Material & Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among rural married women in the field practice area. A pre-designed questionnaire was administered to collect information from 550 women. Results: The VIA and Pap smear tests were positive among 5.5% and 3.6%study subjects respectively. Pap smear test result presented with pre-cancerous lesions such as atypical squamous cell of undifferentiated significance (ASCUS)16 (2.90%), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) 2 (0.36%) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) 2 (0.36%). The VIA & Pap smear positivity rate was found to be more in the age group of ?40 years, Hindu, education above intermediate class, joint family and, upper & lower socio-economic status respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by VIA test was 5.5 % while 3.6% pre-malignant lesion was detected by Pap smear method.

Investigation of human papillomavirus prevalence in married women and molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the virus.

ObjectiveHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are among the agents responsible for infection and cancer of the skin and mucous membranes in the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and type distribution of HPVs in married female patients with gynecological complaints, who had visited the Maternity Hospital in Erzurum, Turkey.MethodsIn this study, 263 cervical swab samples were taken from married women using the Pap smear method and were investigated for positive reactivity against HPV. The L1 gene region of HPV was investigated using molecular methods. For this purpose, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequence analysis of positive samples were performed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a bioinformatics approach after sequencing.ResultsHPV-DNA was detected in 17 (6.5%) samples. Highest positive reactivity to HPV-DNA was found in the 35–44 age group at 9.2%. Fourteen out of seventeen positive samples were included in the phylogenetic analysis. All isolates clustered in the Alphapapillomavirus genus. Six samples were found to be HPV 70 positive, four were HPV 16 positive, and the rest were HPV 54, 72, 81, and 114 positive. When genotyping data were evaluated according to the risk group, we found that 28.6% of the 14 samples were found to be high risk-HPV, and 71.4% were low risk-HPV.ConclusionsAs per our knowledge, this is the first report on the phylogenetic analysis of HPV genotypes isolated from women in Turkey. The prevalence of low- and-high risk HPV was determined in married women in Erzurum, and these results contribute to the epidemiological data on the distribution of HPV types for this region.

Evaluation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Pap Smear, LBC and HPV in Screening of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of female cancer in the world, and it is the second most common female cancer in women aged 15–44 years. Strict implementation of screening programs has led to a large decline in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in developed countries. In contrast, cervical cancer remains largely uncontrolled in high-risk developing countries because of ineffective or no screening. Conventional Pap smear method has been the mainstay of most of the screening programs since decades. However, this technique is not without limitations and the sensitivity and specificity of cervical cytology are relatively low. To overcome the limitations of conventional Pap smear, liquid-based cytology was introduced in 1990s as a better tool for processing cervical samples. HPV testing alone or with cytology triage is currently increasingly being used as a primary screening approach for cervical neoplasia. The present study was undertaken to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of conventional Pap smear, liquid-based cytology and HPV DNA in our setting. This study was conducted in Gynecological Oncology unit at Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar. In total, 1500 women were enrolled in this study and sample was taken for conventional cytology, liquid-based cytology and HPV DNA. The smears were studied in detail and were interpreted as per the Bethesda system of reporting Pap smears. The results were compared and analyzed statistically. Approximately 5% patients having epithelial cell abnormalities on Pap smear, 5.33% on LBC and 6.86% had abnormal report on HPV DNA testing. Unsatisfactory smears were more commonly reported by conventional method (7.2%) than by liquid-based method (1.62%), and this difference is statistically significant. There was no difference in the detection of epithelial cell abnormalities by both the methods. Sensitivity of Pap smear, LBC and HPV DNA was 75.80%, 76.47% and 89.89%, respectively. Specificity of Pap smear, LBC and HPV DNA was 98.05%, 98.93 and 98.00%, respectively. LBC has been found to be more superior to conventional smears only with respect to lesser number of unsatisfactory smears.

Barriers Non Perform an Pap Smear Test in Women

Background: Implementing Pap smear test is an appropriate method to prevent and/or decrease fatalities of cervical cancer. The aim of this study is the reasons for non-participation of women in implementing screening tests Method: This sectional-descriptive study was performed with consecutive sampling on 230 women who referred to health centers in Jiroft and had health records. Data collecting tool was the questionnaire having personal-social information and some information about the reasons for not doing cervical cancer screening by Pap smear method. The data were analyzed in SPSS software version 18. Findings: Among the reasons for non-participation of women in cervical cancer screening program were from the highest cases to lowest respectively: lack of knowledge about Pap smear implementation (85.3%), lack of training medical staff in Pap smear implementation (77%) and the lowest was husband’s opposition. Conclusion: By sensitization of women to the subject and the importance of on-time disease recognition, their operations can be modified.

Cross-sectional Study on Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid and Pap Smear Positivity Rates According to Sociodemographic Factors Among Rural Married Women of Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh).

Background:It is possible to prevent deaths due to cervical cancer through screening and treatment. Cervical cytology which is a standard screening tool in developed countries fails as a screening method in low-resource countries due to financial and technical constraints.Objective:To determine the prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by VIA and Pap smear test among rural married women and to find out association of socio demographic factors with positive screening test results.Method:A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among rural married women in the field practice area of a tertiary health care center. A pre-designed questionnaire was administered to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics from 550 women. They were tested for the presence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix using VIA and Pap smear as screening tools.Results:Out of 550 study participants, total 37 patients were found positive, out of which 7, 17 & 13 patients were found positive by Pap smear alone, VIA test alone, and by both these tests respectively. Moderate agreement (k=0.498) was found between these two tests by applying Kappa statistics at 95% confidence interval. The VIA and Pap smear tests were positive among 5.5% and 3.6% study subjects respectively. The positivity rate was found to be more in the age group of >50 years, Hindu, SC/ST caste, joint family, professional and, upper class.Conclusion:The prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by VIA test was 5.5% while 3.6% pre-malignant lesion was detected by Pap smear method. VIA and Pap smear positivity rates among rural married women.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Azerbaijan Population

Objective of the study: There is enough evidence for the carcinogenicity of HPV16 type in the head and neck cancers. This study aimed to address key information gaps of the prevalence of HPV infection in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in Azerbaijan population. Materials and methods: 50 LSCC pretreatment FFPE biopsy tumor materials, 10 cervical cancer FFPE samples and 38 fresh pretreatment LSCC tumor materials were analyzed using RT-PCR technology and Anyplex II HPV28 genotyping assay. The FFPE tumor material with HPV positive history from cervical cancer was as control in this study. Results: DNA extraction from FFPE and fresh samples was successful for all 98 tumor materials. The results of HPV genotyping of cervical cancer patients (n=10) with Anyplex II HPV28 assay detected 8 HPV16-positive cancers, 1 samples with HPV18-positive and 1 cancer material with HPV16+HPV18+HPV58. The results were predictable, because in these patients, HPV positivity was validated by Pap smear method. Based on this, we expect to get true information about HPV-related LSCC. Anyplex IIHPV28 genotyping assay was detected only one HPV positive sample of 61 LSCC: it was low-risk cancer-related HPV54 subtype in 47 age’s patient with 20 years tobacco and alcohol consumption history. High-risk cancer related HPV16 and HPV18 subtypes have no detected in analysis patients. Conclusion: Thus, we suggested that PCR techniques and Anyplex II HPV28 genotyping assay were available to detect HPVs from fresh LSCC material. Our results support us to believe that Azerbaijan belongs to HPV low-incidence geographic region of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients, but large-scale population-based studies are needed to confirm our findings.