PAP Method Research Articles

Soy and Dragon Fruit Functional Drink : The Potential to Reduce Cholesterol Total Levels in Hypercholesterolemic Sprague Dawley Rats

Hypercholesterolemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by increased blood cholesterol levels. The alternative functional drinks that can reduce cholesterol levels are beverage ingredients that contain flavonoids, such as red dragon fruit and soybeans. Flavonoids can inhibit cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Soybeans are also have a hypocholesterolemic effect because they contain isoflavones. This study aimed to determined the potential of soybean and dragon fruit peel powder on the cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic Sprague Dawley rats. This study was a true-experimental design with a pretest - posttest with control group. The samples were 27 male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 150-250 grams and aged 2 -3 months. The samples were divided into a control group and a treatment group that was given soybeans dragon fruit peel powder drink at a dose of 12.8 ml/kgBB/day for 14 days. Total cholesterol levels were measured using the CHOD–PAP method. Data were analyzed using the One Way Anova test, Post Hoc or Man Whitney test and Paired T-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in total cholesterol levels in mice before and after the intervention (p= 0.003). Giving soybeans dragon fruit peels powder drink can significantly reduce total cholesterol levels in the treatment group (P) by 18.45% (p= 0.044).

The clinical utility of cystatin C based eGFR in assessing renal function among HIV/AIDs patients on ART at Mildmay Uganda

BackgroundIn clinical practice, Measurement of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) is the gold standard assessing renal function the glomerular filtration rate often estimated from plasma creatinine. Several studies have shown Cystatin C based eGFR (Cys C) to be a better parameter for the diagnosis of impaired renal function. Cystatin C based eGFR has been proposed as a potential renal function marker but its use in HIV&AIDS patients has not been well evaluated.MethodsA cross sectional study was carried out on 914 HIV&AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) attending Mildmay Uganda for care and treatment between January to March 2015. Serum Cystatin C based eGFR was measured using the particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. Creatinine was analyzed using enzymatic Creatinine PAP method and creatinine clearance was calculated according to C&G.ResultsThe sensitivity of Cystatin C based eGFR was 15.1% (95% CI = 8.4, 24) with specificity 99.3% (95% CI = 98- 99.7). The positive and negative predictive values were 70.0% (95% CI 45.7–88.1) and 91.2% (95% CI 98.11–92.94) respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 18.81 and negative likelihood ratio was 0.85. Cystatin C based eGFR had diagnostic accuracy of 90.7 and area under curve was 0.768.ConclusionCystatin C based eGFR exhibited a high specificity and a high positive likelihood ratio in diagnosis of kidney disease among HIV&AIDS patients. Cystatin C based eGFR can be used as a confirmatory test.

Diagnostic utility of immunocytochemistry by using liquid-based cytology (LBC) slides.

Cytological specimens, such as fine needle aspirations (FNAs) and exfoliative cytology samples, are minimally invasive options for diagnostic purposes. Liquid-based cytology (LBC), originally designed for cervical cytology, has gained prominence as an alternative technique for non-gynecological cytology. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is an ancillary method used when diagnosis becomes challenging due to morphological overlap or the need for cellular origin clarification. This study aims to assess the diagnostic utility of ICC when applied to LBC slides and evaluate its effectiveness in relation to the waiting (lag) time of residual material. A total of 74 cases in which ICC was applied to LBC slides were studied over one year in a reference pathology laboratory (Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu, Pathology Laboratory, City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey). Cases in which immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell blocks were excluded. The SurePath PAP method was used for the main LBC cytology slides. For the ICC study, 1-4 PAP-stained LBC slides were obtained from each case's residual material and stained with a primary antibody. The positive immunostaining was obtained in 81% of cases. The samples were categorized into groups based on the waiting time of residual LBC material for ICC analysis: 1-5 days, 6-10 days, 11-20 days, and 21-38 days. Comparative analysis revealed a decline in ICC efficacy as the waiting (lag) time increased. Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed between the 11-20 days and 21-38 days groups (P < 0.05). An analysis of 142 LBC slides stained by ICC revealed that nuclear markers exhibited higher positivity compared to non-nuclear markers, although no significant difference was detected between the two groups. High positivity rates can be obtained in ICC studies performed on additional slides obtained from residual LBC material within the first 20 days. ICC applied to LBC slides is an important and useful alternative for diagnostic and prognostic markers in cases without a cell block or with a cell block without sufficient number of cells.

Inhibitory Effects of Carvacrol on Biofilm Formation in Colistin Heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates.

The ability of bacteria to form biofilm is an essential strategy for creating stable infections. This issue is more critical in Acinetobacter bauamannii as a hospital pathogen. Today, the control of biofilm formation and solutions to prevent or remove biofilm is being developed. Carvacrol has been considered an anti-biofilm compound in significant bacteria. This study investigated the anti-biofilm effect of Carvacrol on biofilm formation in clinical colistin heteroresistant isolates of A. baumannii. 22 clinical strains of A. baumannii were collected from Motahari Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. Biochemical and genotypic methods confirmed these isolates. Colistin heteroresistance was determined by the Standard PAP method. Carvacrol's antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity was determined according to the standard protocol. About 12 isolates were considered strong biofilm producers and were used for analysis. Six isolates had hetero-resistance to colistin. Carvacrol at a 512 g/ml concentration showed the best antibacterial activity against all isolates. The sub-MIC of Carvacrol (256 g/ml) reduced the biofilm formation capacity, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that sub-MIC of Carvacrol has anti-biofilm effects in clinical A.baumannii colistin hetero-resistance isolates.

Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels in Relation to the Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Lifestyle Factors among a Group of Sri Lankan Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global public health concern intricately linked to dietary habits, physical inactivity, and other lifestyle factors. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate the associations between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, nutritional status, dietary patterns, and lifestyle factors among undergraduates at the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. Materials &amp; Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were obtained following standard protocols. Fasting plasma glucose was quantified using the GOD- PAP method. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate statistical tools. Results: Participants (n = 100) were in the age range of 20 - 28 years and 58% were females. Their FPG levels ranged from 70 to 108 mg/dL with 3% of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and no instances of DM. Mean (SD) BMI was 20.9 (3.4) kg/m2. Among them, 29% were overweight or obese. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between FPG and both waist circumference (p=0.004) and BMI (p=0.019). Dietary assessment revealed suboptimal adherence to recommended portion sizes across all six food categories. Despite 82% consuming three main meals per day, meal-skipping was reported by 36% of the participants. Adequate water intake was reported among 60%, the majority abstained from alcohol and smoking. However, a considerable percentage reported consumption of junk foods. Physical inactivity and inadequate sleep were reported by 73% and 72% of the participants respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of IFG among the studied undergraduate population is low. However, the majority exhibited suboptimal dietary practices and insufficient engagement in physical activities, which warrant further attention for preventive health strategies.

A correlation study of cervical cytology on pap smear with cervical biopsy in a tertiary care hospital (1 Year Study)

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide after breast cancer, and in developing countries, the leading cause of death by cancer. It is one of the most preventable and curable of all cancers. The Pap smear is the standard screening tool used to test for the presence of abnormal cells that could become cancerous. A regular Pap smear provides an opportunity to detect pre-cancerous cells in the cervix. The simplicity, effectiveness and versatility of Pap test have made it an integral part of routine clinical examination and large chunk of workload in gynaecological and pathological practice is due to this test. Aims and Objectives: To establish usefulness of pap smears examination as a diagnostic tool for detection of cervical lesions. Material and Method: In present study results of 400 PAP smears are analysed, which had been examined in cytology section (Department Of Pathology, M.P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar) during 1 years (July 2021 to July 2022). Out of 400 pap smear 250 patients were undergone cervical biopsy or hysterectomy. So the final sample size is 250. The conventional cervical smears were fixed by 100% methanol and stained by Pap method (RAPID-PAP). The cytological smears were reported using Bethesda System 2001. The cervical biopsies or hysterectomy specimens received from the same patients were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and processed with embedding in paraffin blocks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain. The histopathological findings and Pap smear findings were correlated and histopathological diagnosis of biopsies were taken as the gold standard. Result: In present study most common complain was irregular menstrual bleeding followed by lower abdominal pain. Out of 250 pap smears maximum patient belong to 41-50 years and were multipara. Maximum cases were reported as NILM (60%), followed by ASCUS (15.2%), LSIL (12%), HSIL (8%), squamous cell carcinoma (4.8%). On histopathology, 47.6% cases were diagnosed as chronic cervicitis, 23.2% cases as chronic cervicitis with squamous metaplasia, CIN I (17.2%), CIN II (4.4%), CIN III (2.8%), squamous cell carcinoma (4.8%). Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value is 95.8%, 83%, 70%, 98% respectively. Conclusion: Pap smear is a simple cheap safe and practical diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical cancer in high risk group population and therefore should be established as a routine screening procedure.

AUTOMATED COUNTING OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS IN LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY SAMPLES

Cytologic screening is only effective with adequate material. The Bethesda System (TBS), an international system for standardizing the results of cervical cytology, establishes criteria for adequacy. According to the TBS, a sample prepared by liquid-based cytology (LBC) can be classified as adequate if it contains not less than 5,000 squamous epithelial cells. There are methods of manual assessment of the cellularity of cytological samples. However, the uniformity of cellular material distribution of LBC samples makes possible the application of automatic tools for assessing the adequacy of the material based on the cellularity criterion. This paper compares the results of digital LBC samples adequacy assessment using the automated artificial neural network method Vision Cyto Pap and the manual assessment method. Analysis of the results of counting squamous epithelial cells in 506 LBC samples showed a significant correlation (r = 0.93) between the automated and manual method. The high diagnostic parameters (sensitivity = 93.8 % and specificity = 99.2 %) of the automated Vision Cyto Pap method allow to conclude that the algorithms of such a tool can be used to determine the adequacy of the cytological material by the number of squamous epithelium cells with sufficient reliability.

Cytopathologic features of human papillomavirus–independent, gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma

BackgroundGastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (GEA) is unrelated to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is clinically aggressive compared with HPV-associated usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (UEA). The cytological diagnosis falls short of a definitive diagnosis of GEA and is often categorized as atypical glandular cells (AGCs). To improve cytologic recognition, cytological findings of HPV-independent GEA were analyzed and the results compared with HPV-associated UEA.MethodsCervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from eight patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of GEA and 12 control cases of UEA were reviewed. All slides were conventionally prepared and/or liquid-based prepared (ThinPrep) and stained following the Pap method. A mucinous background, architectural, nuclear, and cytoplasmic features were analyzed and compared with UEA.ResultsPreoperative cytologic diagnoses of the eight GEA cases were AGCs, favor neoplastic in three cases, adenocarcinoma in situ in one case, and adenocarcinoma in four cases. Cytologically, monolayered honeycomb-like sheets (p = .002) of atypical endocervical cells with vacuolar granular cytoplasm (p = .001) were extensive in GEA, and three-dimensional clusters (p = .010) were extensive in UEA. Although the differences were not statistically significant, background mucin (p = .058), vesicular nuclei (p = .057), and golden-brown intracytoplasmic mucin (p = .089) were also discriminatory findings for GEA versus UEA.ConclusionsAlthough GEA is difficult to diagnose on cytologic screening, GEA can be recognized based on cytologic features of monolayered honeycomb sheets of atypical endocervical cells with abundant vacuolar cytoplasm and some golden-brown intracytoplasmic mucin. UEA cases are characterized by three-dimensional clusters.

Cytomorphological and immunohistochemical features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in serous fluids.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents the most common primary pancreatic malignancy. An understanding of the cytomorphologic features of conventional ductal adenocarcinoma and its variants is important to ensure accurate diagnoses. The clinicopathological and cytological data of serous fluids in PDAC patients were obtained from the electronic medical records and pathology database. All samples were analyzed and reclassified according to the "The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology" guidelines. Cytomorphologic features were examined with SurePath automatically prepared slides and stained using the Pap method in malignant (MAL) effusion specimens from 21 patients with PDAC. Immunocytochemical staining was conducted on 12 cell blocks from MAL PDAC effusion. A total of 137 serous fluids specimens of PDACs were included, among which 61 (44.5%), 9 (6.6%), 13 (9.5%), 52 (38.0%), and 2 (1.5%) patients were classified into malignancy, suspicious for malignancy, atypia of undetermined significance, negative for malignancy and nondiagnostic groups, respectively. The key cytologic features for the conventional type of PDAC included cohesive clusters of ductal cells in glandular crowding and disorganized "drunken honeycomb" pattern or intercalated duct-like structure with anisonucleosis, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and concomitant "Indian-file" configuration. Undifferentiated carcinoma was comprised of enlarged, undifferentiated, pleomorphic MAL cells. Adenosquamous carcinoma could show glandular and/or squamous differentiation. Colloid carcinoma was composed of three-dimensional cancer cell clusters floating in thick mucin. Crowding and disorganized "drunken honeycomb" pattern or intercalated duct-like structure with anisonucleosis, may represent an important clue for diagnosing PDAC in serous fluids. Immunocytochemical staining in combination with review of medical records and cytomorphological data can serve as useful adjuncts for distinguishing between PDAC and its variants.

The Possible Antidiabetic Effect of Ficus carica L. Tablet on lloxan-Induced Diabetes Model in Rats

BACKGROUND: Fig leaves are reported to have an effect on reducing blood glucose levels. However, the use of fresh leaves makes the effects obtained is not measurable and efficient. AIM: The purpose of this research was to determine the antidiabetic potential of ethanol extract of fig leaves and to optimize tablet dosage formulations. METHODS: Four tablet formulas were made using the wet granulation method. Formula I (FI), Formula I (FII), and Formula III (FIII) groups to give a tablet of ethanol extract of fig leaves with a dose of 40 mg, 60 mg, and 80 mg and placebo treatment group. There were eight groups of male rats strain Wistar treated as follows: Normal control, negative control, positive control (metformin tablets), basis group, placebo treatment group, F1, F2, and F3 groups. The antidiabetic activity was evaluated from a decrease in rat blood glucose levels. Previously, rats were induced first using alloxan 150 mg/kg intraperitoneally to damage β-pancreatic cells so that the rats could experience increased blood glucose levels. After giving treatment to each group for 14 days, a rat blood sample was then taken on days 9 and 14, which were then analyzed by the GOD PAP method with readings carried out using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 500 nm. RESULTS: The average weight (mg) of FI tablets (617.8 ± 3.21%), FII (629.35 ± 8.16%), and FIII (643.6 ± 6.21%), and placebo tablet (666.45 ± 4.36%). As for the uniformity of size, all formulas have a diameter of 0.9 ± 0.0 (cm). For the hardness values of FI (5.7 kg), FII (1.31 kg), and FIII (3.09 kg), placebo tablet (2.98%). The value of friability FI (1.42%), FII (11.8%), and FIII (0.84%), placebo tablet (1.16%). While the disintegration time of FI (11.02 min), FII (10.10 min), and FIII (17.00 min), placebo tablet (12.23%). As for the uniformity of size, all formulas have a diameter of 0.9 ± 0.0 (cm). Whereas the dissolution rate (DE45) of each formulation decreased with increasing dose of extract, FI (73.73%), FII (74.80%), and FIII (69.80%). The treatment group of the ethanol extract of fig leaves at a dose of 40 mg, ethanol extract of fig leaves at a dose of 60 mg, and ethanol extract of fig leaves at a dose of 80 mg could reduce rats’ blood glucose levels with statistically significant results (p &lt; 0.05) compared to negative group. When it was compared to the positive group, it had significant results with a statistical value (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of fig leaf tablets had a significant effect on lowering rats’ blood glucose levels.

IMPACTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON HDL LEVEL OF ADULTS; IT’S SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES

Purpose: The purpose of this study to find out the impacts of a 6-weeks supervised aerobic exercise protocol on High-Density Lipoprotein among adults aged between 25-35 years was evaluated.&#x0D; Methodology: Researchers through a non-probability sampling procedure selected thirty (30) volunteers ranging from 25-35 untrained adults from Lakki Marwat. Researchers used a six-week aerobic exercise protocol to collect relevant information from the targeted dependent variables. The CHOD PAP method was used to measure the High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of adults. All the data collected from pre-and post- (HDL) tests were recorded in numerical form and analyzed by using a t-test.&#x0D; Main Findings: The results of the study indicate that the six-week aerobic exercise protocol program had no significant difference on pre-and post-intervention quantities of HDL of Experimental Group which is (P&gt;0.05).&#x0D; The implication of the Study: The aerobic exercise programs used for this particular study may help adults to improve and maintain their health status, proper social stature, and lipid profile. An increase in the HLD is ideal as this increase in the HDL helps to prevent cardiovascular diseases particularly the heart valves from stroke and cardiac arrest and academic achievements of the participants.&#x0D; Novelty: So far, no particular research has been conducted on the social implications of exercise effects on adults. Future researchers may work on the social habits of physically fit adults and their input to society.

Which LDL Value Should Clinicians Look at?

Objectives LDL cholesterol is routinely estimated by the Friedewald formula to guide the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, Friedewald equation has certain limitations, especially with high triglyceride levels. Direct methods are available for LDL estimation but have received relatively little scrutiny in the Indian setting. This study was aimed at comparing the calculative and direct methods of LDL estimation in Indian hyperlipidemic patients. Materials and Methods In this observational study, data from 380 consecutive lipid profiles of patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai were analyzed retrospectively. CHOD PAP method was used to estimate total cholesterol. Enzymatic colorimetric method was used to estimate triglycerides. Enzyme selective protection method was used to estimate HDL. Direct LDL was estimated by homogenous enzymatic colorimetric assay and very low-density lipoprotein was calculated, whereas Friedewald’s formula was used to derive calculated LDL. Results Total cholesterol values correlated positively with the LDL values measured by both methods. However, a statistically significant difference was noted between the correlation coefficients of both the methods. Triglyceride values correlated weakly with the LDL levels measured by both the methods. A weak negative correlation was observed with LDL by the calculated method, whereas a weak positive correlation existed between TG and LDL by the direct method. The difference between the correlation coefficients was statistically significant. Conclusion Both direct and calculated methods of LDL estimation have their limitations. A robust study with a larger sample size is needed to further investigate whether the differences in the different LDL estimation methods can translate to “clinical relevance” in the Indian setting.

English

BACKGROUND The major cause of mortality among women is cancer of the uterine cervix. It is the second most common cancer worldwide. Pap smear is done as a method of cervical screening to detect precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Early detection of these lesions prevent the number of deaths from cervical cancer. Liquid based cervical cytology was developed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pap smears. The main purpose of this study was to compare the profile of distribution of cervical smear cytology lesions obtained by thin prep preparation (liquid based cytology) and conventional pap method among women in the age group of 25 – 60 yrs. METHODS This is a cross sectional study done among 110 women from the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conventional and liquid based cytology smears were taken simultaneously from the same women and reported according to the 2001 Bethesda system. RESULTS Majority of the women included in this study fall in the age group of 41 - 50 years [65 (59.1 %)]. Women with a history of persistant vaginal infection were 13 (11.8 %). Out of the 110 pap smears taken by both conventional and liquid based methods, unsatisfactory smears were not detected in liquid based cytology and 6 (5.5 %) unsatisfactory smears were found in conventional pap method. In liquid based cytology, inflammatory smears were detected more (80 %), atrophic smears (2.7 %), smears with features of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were 4.5 %, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were 3.6 %, and smears with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were 0.9 %. Epithelial cell abnormalities were found to be high in liquid based cytology. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal epithelial lesions were detected more in liquid based cytology (thin prep method). The number of unsatisfactory smears were found to be decreased when compared to conventional pap method. KEY WORDS Bethesda Cervical Cytology, Cervical intraepithelial lesion, Conventional Pap Smear, Liquid Based Cytology Smear

EVALUATING THE UTILITY OF FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY(FNAC) IN LYMPH NODE PATHOLOGIES- A FOLLOW-UP STUDY

Background: Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is an often encountered clinical problem with many causes ranging from inammatory to malignant process. The present study was conducted to assess the cases of lymphadenopathy using FNAC. Materials &amp; Methods: This study comprised of 140 patients of male and female with neck masses. All patients underwent to FNA and subsequently surgical excision of their neck masses. Smears were then prepared and marked with Pap method. Results: Out of 140 cases, males were 80 and females were 60. The difference was non- remarkable (P- 0.1). Out of 140 cases, 105 were benign and 35 were malignant. In begin lesions, 70 were in males and 40 were in females and in malignant cases, 15 were in males and 15 were in females. The difference was signicant (P- 0.01). Metastatic neoplasm was seen in 11 males and 9 females, hodgkin's lymphoma in 5 males and 4 females, and non- hodgkin's lymphoma in 4 males and 2 females. The difference was nonsignicant (P&gt; 0.05). Conclusion: FNAC is the simple, safe, reliable, and cost-effective procedure for initial screening of various lymph node pathologies.

Perbedaan Kadar Trigliserida pada Sampel Plasma dan Serum Darah dengan Metode GPO PAP

Triglycerides are very important for the human body because in the human body triglycerides are useful as a source of energy for the body in addition to other nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals, but high triglyceride values are associated with the onset of heart attack, stroke and diabetes. To determine the level of triglycerides in the blood can use a sample, either serum or blood plasma. The use of serum samples can provide more appropriate results because they are not contaminated with the presence of anticoagulants used in plasma samples. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were differences in triglyceride levels in samples using serum and blood plasma. This research is a laboratory observational study, using a sample of 30 samples aged 19-25 years and using the GPO PAP method to determine the Triglyceride levels in the sample, then the data is analyzed using the t test to see whether or not there are differences in Triglyceride levels in serum and plasma samples. The results of this study were obtained that the average Triglyceride level in the plasma sample was 162.94 mg / dl, while in the serum sample was 228.50 mg / dL. Based on the t-test statistic, there is a significant difference between triglyceride levels using plasma and serum samples.

A critical analysis of selected biochemical variables between University and non University men players of various disciplines

The purpose of this study was to compare the selected biochemical variables namely high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein between University and non University men players of various disciplines. To achieve this purpose of the study, thirty men players who represented various games and sports for Annamalai University during the year 2019-2020 and thirty men non players who did not represent various games and sports during 2019-2020 were selected as subjects at random. The age of the subjects ranged between 18 to 24 years. The following bio chemical variables namely high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were selected as criterion variables. All the subjects were tested on selected criterion variables with standardized test items namely HDL-Cholesterol Precipitating Reagent PEG - PAP Method with qualified lab technician. The collected data were statistically analysed with the independent ‘t’ test to find out the significant difference between university and non university men players of various disciplines on selected biochemical variables. The .05 level of confidence was fixed as the level of significance to test the significance, which was considered as an appropriate. The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein between university and non university players of various disciplines.

Proportion and Pattern of Epithelial Cell Abnormalities in Cervical Smears- A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. Approximately, 90% deaths due to cervical cancer occur in developing countries like India. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is an efficient, cost-effective screening tool to identify epithelial abnormalities in the preinvasive and early invasive stages of cervical cancer. Knowledge of the proportion and pattern of abnormal Pap smears in the local population is essential to ensure the early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions of cervix, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality resulting from cervical cancer, which at present is preventable to a large extent. Aim: To estimate the proportion of cervical epithelial abnormalities in the local population and describe the morphological patterns of abnormalities employing the 2014 revised Bethesda system. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, hospital record- based descriptive study conducted in a tertiary care centre in Kerala, India from January 2016 to December 2018. Altogether, 9330 cervical smears stained using Pap method were retrieved from slide archive and evaluated. Data was collected from case notes, request forms and cytology registers. Morphological analysis was done using the revised 2014 Bethesda system. Proportion of smears showing epithelial cell abnormalities and categories of epithelial abnormalities were expressed as percentages. Results: A total of 9330 samples were studied. The proportion of epithelial abnormalities was 1.70%, of which Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) was the most frequent (1.38%), followed by Atypical Squamous Cells cannot exclude an High-grade squamous intra epithelial lesion (Atypical squamous cells-H) [HSIL (ASC-H)] (0.13%). Women with epithelial abnormalities belonged to a wide age range of 31-70 years, with majority in the 41-50 years age group. Most of the patients with abnormal Pap smears (62.3%) had normal looking or unremarkable cervix. Conclusion: The proportion and pattern of cervical epithelial abnormalities in the local population of Kerala is comparable to that of developed nations. Patients for cervical cancer screening cannot be selected based on clinical features or appearance of cervix. Even in the absence of gynaecologic complaints, screening for cervical cancer must be done at regular intervals and Pap smear test should be employed as a routine screening procedure for all women above 30 years of age. Special measures need to be taken to ensure that postmenopausal females are screened for cervical cancer.

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Biomonitoring in Patients Exposed to Panoramic Dental Radiography

Introduction: Radiography is an inseparable tool in dentistry. Radiation can induce DNA damage as well as cellular damage. Aims and Objectives: To estimate the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity after taking Orthopantomograph (OPG). To compare the result between five different age groups. Materials and Methods: Buccal mucosal smears were collected from the participants and stained using the PAP method and PAS method. It was evaluated for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Settings and Design: The study group consisted of 60 participants. They are divided into five different groups with 12 in every single group. Statistical Analysis Used: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used within groups. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous data. Results: The mean of cytotoxicity after taking OPG was significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05). Though there was an increase in micronuclei expression, no statistically significant difference was evidenced (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The result of our study reveals that OPG did not cause any chromosomal damage, but it is capable of inducing cytotoxicity in buccal mucosal cells in all age groups.

Analysis of Lipid Profile in Subclinical Hypothyroidism at Tertiary Care Hospital-An Observational Study

Background : Subclinical hypothyroidism could damage vascular function by suggesting enhance in SVR and arterial rigidity and by changing endothelial purpose and so increasing the danger of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The objective of this study is to analyze the relation amid SCH and serum lipid parameters in this subgroup. Subjects and Methods: Current research was performed for the duration of one year at the Department of Medicine, tertiary care institute of India, in patients diagnosed with Sub Clinical Hypothyroidism. Eighty patients were incorporated in the present study and 80 age- and sex-matched and regularly menstruating healthy controls, which were evaluated for the Thyroid Function test, were randomly recruited from staff and volunteers. T3, T4, and TSH were anticipated by utilizing quantitative hard stage ELISA, whereas TC was estimated with photometric determination according to the CHOD PAP method; TG and HDL were estimated by using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Results: There is a momentous augment in the serum TC stage in group II individuals 161.14 48.23 mg/dl when compared to group I 124.35 9.57 mg/dl, it is also a significant amplify in serum LDL-Cholesterol in group II individuals 97.99 32.42 mg/dl when compared to group I individuals 63.35 7.55. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is linked with increased serum TC and LDL-C levels. As a result, a prospective association amid subclinical hypothyroidism and atherosclerosis occurs. Larger studies are needed to prove this association in Indian patients.

Range-by-Range Calculations of Absorption Coefficients as a Method for Increasing the Accuracy of Electron Probe Microanalysis

To increase the accuracy of electron probe microanalysis, it was proposed to calculate absorption coefficients range-by-range, with selecting an optimum calculation method for each absorption range. The approach was implemented in the analysis of rock-forming minerals using the PAP correction method. Calculations of absorption coefficients in the region below the K-edge were performed using the PAP method and, in K–L1 range, by the Heinrich method with certain refinements. A series of natural minerals with high iron (and zinc) contents were used for refinement. Practical tests confirmed the expediency and reliability of the range-by-range calculation of absorption coefficients.