Panicle Components Research Articles

Biofortification via foliar application of zinc in oat grains and the effects on nutritional quality and productivity indicators

Foods enriched with zinc can reduce the rates of many diseases and health expenses. Oat, as a nutraceutical food, represents a potential nutritional source by increasing the levels of zinc in the grains by biofortification. The objective of the study is zinc enrichment in oat grains and caryopses, with analysis of productivity indicators, industrial and chemical quality of the grains for technology validation. The experiment was carried out in 2017, 2018 and 2019, in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight replications and five levels of zinc doses (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 g ha-1) applied via foliar in the grain filling phase. There are almost no changes in oat panicle components due to the effect of biofortification doses by the compound with zinc, and no change in grain yield regardless of agricultural year. Indicators of industrial quality and organic composition of oat grains are not effectively affected by biofortification, ensuring the use of technology without compromising these variables. Considering caryopsis the edible product of oats, from 2000 g ha-1 of zinc sulfate, biofortification of the product is guarantee. Biofortification via foliar by the compound with zinc promotes a significant increase of zinc in oat grains and caryopsis, however, reducing the iron content in these structures

Agronomic traits of white oat treated with the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl

The growth and yield performance of white oat cultivars may vary in response to doses of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) growth regulator. The objective of the work was to evaluate the lodging and productive performance of white oat cultivars under different doses of trinexapac-ethyl growth regulator. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0, 50, 100 and 150 g ha-1) applied in the phenological stage between the 1st visible stalk node and the 2nd perceptible node in two white oat cultivars (URS Altiva and URS Corona). The following were evaluated: plant height, panicle length, panicles per m2, spikelets per panicle, grains per spikelet, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, plant lodging and grain yield. The application of trinexapac-ethyl at doses 100 and 150 g ha-1 reduces plant height and panicle components: length, number of spikelets and grains per panicle of the two cultivars. TE doses above 100 g ha-1 provide a significant reduction in lodging with an increase in the number of panicles per m2 and in grain yield for the two white oat cultivars.

Stem, Leaf, and Panicle Yield and Nutrient Content of Biomass and Sweet Sorghum

Core Ideas Sorghum is a potential dedicated bioenergy crop both from biomass and sugar yields. Increasing rates of N fertilizer affected biomass yield and nutrient removal for sorghum cultivar ES5200 by partitioning resources primarily toward the stem component. For sorghum M81‐E, the seed head component accounted for a greater proportion of biomass, compared with sorghum ES5200, and biomass yield and nutrients were more evenly distributed among the three components. Returning the leaf and seed head components back to the field to enhance soil fertility has the potential to provide at least 45, 7, and, 26 kg ha−1 of N, P, and K, respectively. Information on biomass yield and nutrient content among leaf, stem, and head components can aid on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivar selection and harvest management practices to optimize the quality of the harvested feedstock and residue management. The objectives of this study were to characterize and to determine the effect of five N fertilization rates (0, 67, 134, 201, and 268 kg ha−1) on biomass yield and N, P, and K content of the stem, leaf, and panicle components of two dedicated bioenergy sorghum cultivars. Biomass sorghum Blade ES5200 and sweet sorghum M81‐E were grown in 2014 and 2015 in North Carolina. For ES5200, total biomass yield was 14.4 Mg ha−1 with 74, 25, and 2% accounted by the stem, leaf, and panicle, respectively. For M81‐E, total biomass yield was 11.5 Mg ha−1 with 62, 24, and 15% accounted by the stem, leaf, and panicle, respectively. Nutrient content by the leaf + panicle components combined were about 45, 7, and 26 kg ha−1 for N, P, and K, respectively, for both cultivars; however, for ES5200, the leaf + panicle components combined accounted for 46, 37, and 16% of total N, P, and K content, respectively, whereas for M81‐E they accounted for 62, 74, and 24% of total N, P, and K content, respectively. Addition of N fertilizer resulted in greater shifts in the stem component responses but to different extents for each cultivar.

QTL analysis and dissection of panicle components in rice using advanced backcross populations derived from Oryza Sativa cultivars HR1128 and 'Nipponbare'.

Panicle traits are among the most important agronomic characters which directly relate to yield in rice. Grain number (GN), panicle length (PL), primary branch number (PBN), and secondary branch number (SBN) are the major components of rice panicle structure, and are all controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In our research, four advanced backcross overlapping populations (BIL152, BIL196a, BIL196b, and BIL196b-156) carrying introgressed segments from chromosome 6 were derived from an indica/japonica cross that used the super-hybrid rice restorer line HR1128 and the international sequenced japonica cultivar ‘Nipponbare’ as the donor and recurrent parents, respectively. The four panicle traits, GN, PL, PBN, and SBN, were evaluated for QTL effects using the inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method in populations over two years at two sites. Results showed that a total of twelve QTLs for GN, PL, PBN, and SBN were detected on chromosome 6. Based on marker loci physical positions, the QTLs were found to be tightly linked to three important chromosomal intervals described as RM7213 to RM19962, RM20000 to RM20210, and RM412 to RM20595. Three QTLs identified in this study, PL6-5, PBN6-1, and PBN6-2, were found to be novel compared with previous studies. A major QTL (PL6-5) for panicle length was detected in all four populations at two locations, and its position was narrowed down to a 1.3Mb region on chromosome 6. Near isogenic lines (NILs) carrying PL6-5 will be developed for fine mapping of the QTL, and our results will provide referable information for gene excavation of panicle components in rice.

Oat yield through panicle components and growth regulator

ABSTRACT The growth regulator modifies the expression of lodging and panicle components in oat plants, with reflexes in yield. The objective of this study was to define the optimal dose of growth regulator in oat for a maximum lodging of 5%. In addition, this study aimed to identify potential variables of the panicle to compose the multiple linear regression model and the simulation of grain yield in conditions of use of the regulator under low, high and very high fertilization with nitrogen. The study was conducted in 2011, 2012 and 2013 in a randomized block design with four replicates in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, for growth regulator doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 mL ha-1) and N-fertilizer doses (30, 90 and 150 kg ha-1), respectively. The growth regulator doses of 395, 450 and 560 mL ha-1 are efficient, with maximum oat lodging of 5%, under low, high and very high nitrogen fertilization, respectively. The grain weight per panicle and panicle harvest index are potential variables to compose the multiple linear regression model. Multiple linear regression equations are efficient in the simulation of oat grain yield under the conditions of use of growth regulator, regardless of the N-fertilizer dose.

Late nitrogen application enhances spikelet number in indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To increase rice yield potential, field experiments were conducted in farmers’ paddies in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen applications on the yield and panicle components of three typical indica hybrid rice varieties in Sichuan Province. The number of grains per panicle resulting from late nitrogen application (LA) was 12 % greater than that obtained from traditional nitrogen application (TA); this increase was the main source of improvements in yield. The number of surviving and differentiated spikelets (NSS and NDiS) resulting from LA was significantly higher than that measured under TA, especially for the Fyou498 cultivar, where the NSS and NDiS increased by 15 % and 14 %, respectively. Compared with TA, the number of degenerated secondary branches and the percentage of degenerated secondary branches (NDeSB and PDeSB) were significantly reduced by 9 % and 11 %, respectively, by LA. This is the first study to demonstrate that an increase in NSS and a decrease in NDeSB lead to yield-improving effects attributable to LA. The grain yields of different varieties ranged from 9225.6 to 9408.7 kg ha−1, the PDeSB was as high as 31 %, and the number of surviving secondary branches (NSSB) was significantly and positively correlated with NSS. These data indicate that the yield of indica hybrid rice has considerable potential for being improved, and increasing NSSB is key to increasing NSS and improving the grain yield. These improvements should be pursued so as to increase the yield of hybrid rice to ensure both food security and sustainable agricultural development.

English

Nitrogen fertilizer management modifies oat (Avena sativa) panicle components and its grain yield. The work aims to study the potential of the variables of oat (A. sativa) panicle with N-fertilizer, and to simulatate its grain yield using multiple linear regression in succession systems of high and reduced N-residual release. The study was done in 2013 and 2014. The experiment was done in a complete randomized block of 4×2 factorial design, with four replications. The treatments include: nitrogen fertilizer of four doses (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1), oat (A. sativa) cultivars at two levels (Barbarasul and Brisasul) and succession system at two levels (soybean/oat (A. sativa) and corn/oat (A. sativa). The multiple linear models were efficient in the harvest index of panicle of soybean/oat (A. sativa) system, regardless of the dose evaluated. However, at high doses, the number of grain per panicle was included. In the corn/oat (Avena sativa) system, the harvest index of panicle, the number of grains and spikelets panicle were adjusted based on the model. The multiple linear regression efficiently simulates N-fertilizer to affect the grain yield of oat (Avena sativa) and one or more potential variables of panicle in the succession systems. Key words: Inflorescence, succession system, stepwise, multiple linear regression.

The Dynamics of Relation Oat Panicle with Grain Yield by Nitrogen

The oat panicle components were changed by the forms of nitrogen use influencing productivity. The aim of the study was to determine the direct and indirect effects of oat panicle components on grain yield by N-fertilizer rates in succession systems of high and reduced release of N-residual. The study was conducted in the years 2013 and 2014 in a randomized complete block with four replications in a factorial 3 × 2, for nitrogen rates (30, 60 and 120 kg·ha-1) and oat cultivars (Barbarasul and Brisasul) the soybean/oat and corn/oat systems. The panicle weight and grain per panicle show greater sensitivity to the change of nitrogen rates. Grain yield was favored by the direct effect of harvest index panicle and indirect by grain weight per panicle. In the system soybean/ oat, the grain weight of panicle shows greater efficiency in promoting positive direct effects on grain yield.

Studies on Variability and Interrelationship of Panicle Components and Their Association with Grain Yield in Traditional Rice

Forty four lowland traditional rice genotypes were evaluated during kharif season of 2009-10 at Zonal Adaptive Research Station, Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal for 23 panicle yield and its attributing traits. Significant varietal differences were observed for all the characters. The GCV was less than PCV for all the characters indicating considerable influence of the environment on their expression. High GCV and PCV were observed for number of grains on secondary branches panicle, number of spikelets on secondary branches panicle, 100 grain weight, 100 kernel weight, panicle yield, number of secondary branches panicle and number of spikelets panicle whereas, the remaining characters expressed low to medium GCV. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were exhibited by number of spikelets on secondary branches panicle, number of grains on secondary branches panicle, 100 grain weight, 100 kernel weight and panicle yield indicating their control by additive gene action and chances of further improvement by selection. Among the panicle yield attributing traits, number of primary branches per panicle, number of grains on primary branches panicle, number of spikelets on primary branches panicle, grain length, grain breadth, grain thickness, kernel breadth, kernel thickness, 100 grain weight, 100 kernel weight correlated significantly and positively with panicle yield both at the genotypic and phenotypic levels whereas, high significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic association revealed between number of secondary branches panicle and number of spikelet panicle, number of spikelets on secondary branches panicle and number of grains on secondary branches panicle.

Effects of Deep-Flooding Irrigation on Growth, Canopy Structure and Panicle Weight Yield Under Different Planting Patterns in Rice

For rice cultivation in Japan, deep-flooding irrigation is used as a growth control method. To clarify the effects of deep-flooding cultivation under the different planting-pattern, we arranged conventional (Con, 22 hills m-2), narrow (Nar, 33 hills m-2) and very narrow (broadcast direct-seeding Model:BDSM, 100 hills m-2) planting plots under shallow-flooding (SF: 5 cm) and the deep-flooding (DF: 27 cm) conditions from active to maximum tillering stage and evaluated the growth, panicle weight yield, panicle components and community structure. DF was effective in controlling the weak tiller over the whole planting plots arranged. The panicle weight yield (m-2) was high in DF and high yield was kept even in BDSM. The panicle weight yield (m-2) increasesin DF was based on the panicle weight (panicle-1) increased by increasing secondary rachis-branches and their grains (Con and Nar), or on the panicle numbers (m-2) increase (BDSM). Shoot nitrogen content (tiller-1), reported to have the correlation with panicle components, was high in the Con and Nar in DF, and this might contribute to the increase in secondary rachis-branch grains. In BDSM in DF, the marked decrease in the percentage of productive tillers and serious lodging observed in SF were improved. The lodging resistance value in DF was higher than that in SF over the whole planting plots. The light transmission in DF was superior to that in SF in spite of the large LAI. Thus, the growth improving effect of DF was obvious over the wide planting pattern range.

Relationship between Apical Dome Diameter at Panicle Initiation and the Size of Panicle Components in Rice Grown under Different Nitrogen Conditions during the Vegetative Stage

SummaryA pot experiment was conducted to analyze the relationship between the size of each apical dome (AD) and the numbers of differentiated primary rachis-branches (PBs) and spikelets. Two rice cultivars were used : one was a heavy-panicle type ‘Akenohoshi’ and the other was a many-tillering type ‘Nipponbare’. Rice plants were applied nitrogen (N) at various rates (75-600mg N pot–1 week–1) during the vegetative stage. The base diameter and the height of ADs were measured at the panicle initiation (PI) stage. At heading, the numbers of differentiated PBs, secondary rachis-branches (SBs), and spikelets were counted. The N treatment increased shoot N concentration in both cultivars. The N treatment increased the base diameter of AD in Akenohoshi at the PI stage, but not in Nipponbare. The ADs in Akenohoshi had a base diameter about 6.2% larger on average than that in Nipponbare. The N treatment did not affect AD height. In Akenohoshi, the plants with a larger AD base diameter differentiated more PBs per panicle and then differentiated more SBs and spikelets than did those plants with a smaller AD diameter. However, in Nipponbare, the N treatments did not affect the number of differentiated PBs per panicle. These results suggest that the AD size at the PI stage, which is enlarged by higher N nutrition in the vegetative stage, is a determinant of the number of differentiated PBs and spikelets and that a larger AD size is responsible for a higher number of PBs and spikelets in Akenohoshi.

Relationship between the Size of the Apical Dome at the Panicle Initiation and the Panicle Components in Rice

Breeding for high-yielding rice has been directed toward those types that have a larger number of spikelets per panicle. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship within a cultivar between the size of the apical dome (AD) and the morphological characters of the panicle components such as the number of primary rachis-branches (PBs), secondary rachis-branches (SBs), and spikelets per panicle. Rice plants (cv. Akenohoshi) were subjected to four short-day (lOh photoperiod) treatments at various developmental stages to change the duration of the vegetative stage and the AD size at panicle initiation (PI). Shoot apices having ADs were sampled at two-day intervals from the late vegetative stage to the early reproductive stage. The sections of the shoot apices were embedded in paraffin and stained with toluidine blue O. The base diameter and height of the ADs were measured with an ocular micrometer, and at heading, the numbers of PBs, SBs, and spikelets were counted. A delay in the start of the short-day treatment increased the total number of leaves on the main culm, extending the vegetative stage. Extension of the vegetative stage increased the AD diameter at PI. However, the effect of the short-day treatments on the AD height was unclear. Enlargement of ADs was accompanied by the increase in the number of differentiated PBs, but not always by that in the number of SBs and spikelets. The results suggested that spikelet number is influenced by plant nutritional conditions as well as by the AD size at PI.