Results Of Panel Models Research Articles

How does local context matter? Assessing the heterogeneous impact of electric vehicle incentive policies in China

This study reassesses the effectiveness of electric vehicle (EV) incentive policies in China and explores potential disparities in policy impact across different local contexts. Initially, employing panel data analysis, it evaluates policy effectiveness using data from 80 Chinese pilot cities spanning 2010 to 2022. Subsequently, cities are stratified based on varying income levels, traffic conditions, population density, and administrative hierarchy to facilitate an in-depth examination of the heterogeneous impacts of EV policies. Additionally, the Difference-in-Differences (DID) estimation method is employed to scrutinize the dynamic effects of these policies over time, enhancing the credibility of the panel model results. The findings reveal that purchase subsidies, parking benefits, driving privileges, and charging infrastructure have significant positive impacts on EV market share. Specifically, financial incentives are more effective in low-income, low-traffic, low-density cities, as well as in provincial capital cities while driving privileges are more suitable for high-income, high-traffic, and high-density areas. This study also finds that usage-phase policies increasingly drive EV adoption over time, offsetting the negative impact of subsidy reductions. The results of this study hold substantial implications for policymakers, providing insights to design context-based EV policies tailored to specific local conditions.

Spatial Analysis of High-Tech Export Performance of the Eastern European Member States of the EU

Some Central and East European countries have integrated into the European Union after 2004 and followed free market economy principles. This paper studies the spatial spillovers effects of high-tech export, Gross Domestic Product per capita, research and development expenditure, number of research and development full time equivalent, and technology accumulation among European Union member Central and East European countries over the period 2007-2020 by using spatial panel estimation models. The main purpose of the paper is to investigate whether high-tech export of European Union member Central and East European countries has a dependency and interaction with each other after EU membership. The estimation results of spatial panel model results reveal that an increment in high-tech exports of adjacent countries increases the high-tech exports of other regional countries. Our results also provide evidence on Gross Domestic Product per capita, and research and development expenditure of European Union member transition economies have positive and significant impacts on high-tech exports of those countries.

Going it alone: Examining interpersonal sensitivity and hostility as mediators of the link between perfectionism and social disconnection.

Perfectionism is linked to a variety of mental health conditions in university students. The Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model posits that perfectionistic individuals exhibit off-putting interpersonal behaviors (i.e., rejection sensitivity and hostility), which lead to social disconnection, and in turn contribute to psychological distress. Although several longitudinal studies have found that social disconnection mediates the link between perfectionistic traits and psychological distress, less is known about how perfectionism leads to social disconnection. The present study aimed to address this gap. A sample of 877 university students completed one survey a month for three consecutive months. Our random-intercept cross-lagged panel model results showed significant positive associations between the random intercepts of socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism with rejection sensitivity, hostility, and loneliness, with stronger associations for socially prescribed perfectionism. In addition, the random intercept of other-oriented perfectionism showed positive associations with hostility but not rejection sensitivity or loneliness. Moreover, almost all cross-lagged paths were nonsignificant. Collectively, these findings indicate that although perfectionistic traits may be associated with rejection sensitivity and hostility to varying degrees at the between-person level, these behaviors may not cause social disconnection at the within-person level.

The effect of polycentric urban spatial structure on PM2.5: An empirical study of China

Environmental pollution causes widespread concern due to rapid urbanization and the ongoing expansion of the urban scale. Although the polycentric spatial structure is an important idea for regional environmental governance, the actual impact of optimizing the spatial structure differs significantly depending on socioeconomic variations. Existing studies lack an analysis of the effect of spatial structure on PM2.5 pollution. In this study, population centers from 2001 to 2018 in 369 Chinese cities were chosen to calculate the polycentricity. Then, the two-way fixed effects model and the threshold model were constructed to investigate the effect of spatial structure on PM2.5. The results indicate that cities in China have a tendency for polycentric spatial structure, with the most prominent in the east. According to the panel model results of polycentricity and PM2.5 concentration, polycentricity significantly increases PM2.5 pollution. Moreover, there is a significant single threshold effect for the population with a threshold value of 1.75 million. When the population exceeds 1.75 million, the effect of polycentricity on PM2.5 pollution becomes weaker. These findings can help provide valuable empirical analysis from the urban planning standpoint for preventing and managing PM2.5 pollution.

IMPACT OF BUDGET DEFICIT ON MACROECONOMICS VARIABLES: DATA FROM EUROZONE COUNTRIES (1990-2016)

This study aims at examining the interactions between budget deficit and macroeconomic variables namely: budget deficit openness, GDP per capita growth, Gross fixed capital formation, and inflation rate. To test this analysis, we have used the generalized method of moments (GMM) system of macroeconomic data from 1990 to 2016 in six countries of the Eurozone such as France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland, and Cyprus. For this study, static and dynamic panel estimation techniques are used with the help of the OLS, GLS Fixed and Random effect for static panels, and the GMM to estimate our dynamic panel data model, which also considers the lag level of the budget deficit. The GMM panel model results indicate that openness has a significant negative impact on the budget deficit; the coefficient of gross fixed capital formation has a significant and positive impact on the budget deficit. The GDP per capita has a significant negative impact on the budget deficit and the INF has a significant and positive impact on the budget deficit.

Examining the Prospective Bidirectional Associations between Subjective and Objective Attractiveness and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and Life Satisfaction

Research has consistently shown that more physically attractive individuals are perceived by others to be happier and better psychologically adjusted than those perceived as less attractive. However, due to the lack of longitudinal research in adolescents, it is still unclear whether poor mental health predicts or is predicted by either objective or subjective attractiveness during this critical developmental period. The purpose of the current study was to examine prospective bidirectional associations between both subjective and objective ratings of attractiveness, life satisfaction and symptoms of social anxiety, depression and eating disorders (i.e., internalizing symptoms) from early to mid-adolescence. Participants (T1: N = 528, 49.9% girls; Mage = 11.19; SD = 0.55) were followed annually over four time points. The cross-lagged panel model results revealed evidence of prospective associations between both forms of attractiveness and life satisfaction and internalizing symptoms, which were driven more by changes in the mental health outcomes than by changes in the subjective and objective attractiveness ratings. The results also indicated that the pattern, strength, and direction of the associations tested were robust across boys and girls, and white and non-white ethnic groups. Overall, the findings suggest that it is important to find effective ways of educating adolescents who are unhappy with their appearance that making changes to improve their mental health, rather than focusing on their physical appearance, will have benefits not only for how they perceive themselves but also for how they are perceived by others.

Interaction Between Self-rated Health and Labour Force Participation: A Panel Data Probit Model with Survival Estimates

This study aimed to reveal the relationship between health and labour in Turkey under the intervention of demographic variables. Four waves of the TurkStat Income and Living Conditions Panel Survey (2008–2011) were used. Demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation indicators were used to examine different generalised linear model (GLM)-like panel binomial probit model specifications using self-assessed health (SAH) status and self-reported working status (SRWS) as dependent variables. Kaplan–Meier (KM) estimates for the probability of survival in SAH and SRWS were examined using the X2 values of the log-rank and Peto–Peto–Prentice tests for equality of survivor functions by study variables. Study results reveal that the hazard of assessing good health and currently working increases for individuals who are married ( p < 0.001), highly educated ( p < 0.001), do not have any chronic disease ( p < 0.001), do not have any health restrictions ( p < 0.001) and occupy high-qualification jobs ( p < 0.001). KM estimates support the panel model results. The present study reveals that demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation are the driving forces in the interaction of health and labour dynamics. Reducing income inequality, increasing the minimum wage and improving working conditions, while promoting gender equality, are essentials of better management of health and labour markets.

Academic procrastination precedes problematic mobile phone use in Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal mediation model of distraction cognitions

Cross-sectional studies have documented a positive association between academic procrastination and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). However, the specific predictive direction has remained controversial and the potential mechanisms underlying the association have not been rigorously evaluated. According to Davis’s cognitive-behavioral model, Brand et al.’s I-PACE model, and procrastination-related theories, academic procrastination and PMPU might have a reciprocal relationship and distraction cognitions might play a mediating role in this process. A total of 633 secondary school students completed three self-report questionnaires at three 6-month intervals over the course of 1.5 years. The cross-lagged panel model results showed that earlier academic procrastination positively predicted subsequent PMPU over time, but the reverse prediction was not stable. Furthermore, distraction cognitions played a mediating role in linking earlier academic procrastination and subsequent PMPU. These findings indicate that academic procrastination precedes PMPU with distraction cognitions as a potential mediator, which contributes to clarifying the controversial relationship and explicating the underlying mechanism. Overall, interventions for academic procrastination may be effective in reducing maladaptive cognitions associated with mobile phones and preventing adolescents from developing PMPU.

Analysis of the spatial effect of outward foreign direct investment on air pollution: evidence from China.

Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) plays a pivotal role in the strategy to build a high-level and open economy. This research used spatial panel models and data from 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2017 to empirically analyse the relationship between OFDI and air pollution. The results revealed that, first, China's air pollution showed two spatial clustering areas: the eastern coastal area (e.g. Zhejiang) and the north-western area (e.g. Xinjiang). Second, with the increase in OFDI, the direct effect on the concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter (PM10) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) was negative, and the direct effect on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was positive; however, the total effect was negative. An increase of 1% in OFDI would directly decrease the concentrations of PM10 and SO2 by 0.024% and 0.096%, respectively, while NO2 would directly increase by 0.061%, but the total effect of OFDI on the three air pollutants was negative. Third, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis existed between economic growth and SO2 and NO2 but not between economic growth and PM10. The spatial panel model results revealed that the spatial spillover effects of air pollutants (i.e. PM10, SO2, and NO2) were 0.494, 0.447 and 0.314, respectively. Moreover, the impact of OFDI on air pollution had significant temporal heterogeneity. To make the results robust, this research conducted a robustness test by replacing the spatial weight matrix and dependent variables. Finally, the conclusion of this article demonstrates the importance of OFDI in improving air pollution, and we could benefit from OFDI. Our research conclusions provide an important reference for policymakers in implementing trade policies and improving air pollution.

Evaluating drivers of housing vacancy: a longitudinal analysis of large U.S. cities from 1960 to 2010.

Housing vacancies have become a major issue in depopulating, or shrinking, cities. All urban areas, however, are subject to some degree of vacant housing. A small percentage is necessary to allow mobility and sufficient space for growth, and is an indicator of healthy urbanization. Conversely, widespread housing vacancies may indicate structural crisis due to property abandonment. Land area and population changes, shifts in employment, demographic trends, development intensity, and economic conditions are primary drivers of housing vacancies. The degree to which these interrelated factors contribute can fluctuate by city. This paper explores relationships between factors contributing to housing vacancies over time to identify changes in underlying factors. The research examines U.S. cities of over 100,000 population over the period of 1960-2010, conducting multivariate regression analyses in 10-year periods and performing longitudinal panel analyses. The regressions examine changes in urban housing vacancy factors over time while the panel models assess which factors have remained consistent. The panel model results indicate that population change, percent nonwhite populations, unemployment and density are consistent, significant predictors of housing vacancies, The incremental regression models suggest that unemployment and regional location have also been strong indicators of housing vacancies. These results, while somewhat exploratory, provide insight into long-term data that cities should track over time to determine the optimal policy approaches to offset housing vacancies.

The effect of e-cigarette indoor vaping restrictions on adult prenatal smoking and birth outcomes

We estimate the effect of county-level e-cigarette indoor vaping restrictions on adult prenatal smoking and birth outcomes using United States birth record data for 7 million pregnant women living in places already comprehensively banning the indoor use of traditional cigarettes. We use both cross-sectional and panel data to estimate our difference-in-difference models. Our panel model results suggest that adoption of a comprehensive indoor vaping restriction increased prenatal smoking by 2.0 percentage points, which is double the estimate obtained from a cross-sectional model. We also document heterogeneity in effect sizes along lines of age, education, and type of insurance.

The Effect of E-Cigarette Indoor Vaping Restrictions on Adult Prenatal Smoking and Birth Outcomes

We estimate the effect of county-level e-cigarette indoor vaping restrictions on adult prenatal smoking and birth outcomes using United States birth record data for 7 million pregnant women living in places already comprehensively banning the indoor use of traditional cigarettes. We use both cross-sectional and panel data to estimate our difference-in-difference models. Our panel model results suggest that adoption of a comprehensive indoor vaping restriction increased prenatal smoking by 2.0 percentage points, which is double the estimate obtained from a cross-sectional model. We also document heterogeneity in effect sizes along lines of age, education, and type of insurance.

Effect of internal migration on the environment in China

We examine the effect of inter-provincial migration on air and water pollution for a panel of Chinese provinces over the period 2000–2013. To do so, we employ linear and non-linear panel data models in a Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) framework. Results from linear and non-linear models suggest that inter-provincial migration has contributed to pollution. Second-generation linear panel data model results suggest that for every additional 10,000 inter-provincial migrants, chemical oxygen demand (COD) increases 0.27–0.58%, sulphur dioxide (SO2) increases 0.08–0.25% and aggregate waste disposed (WST) increases 0.04–0.26%. Non-linear threshold panel model results suggest that for every additional 10,000 inter-provincial migrants, COD increases 0.2–0.5%, SO2 increases 0.10–0.20% and WST increases 3.1–4.2%.

PROFITABILITY DETERMINANTS OF INSURANCE MARKETS IN SELECTED CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

This paper analyses the influence of insurance company-specific, insurance industry-specific and macroeconomic variables on performance of insurance markets in selected Central and Eastern European countries. Specifically, the research covers insurance industry in Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary and Poland in the period 2010 ? 2014. Two performance variables were employed in the model, i.e. return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) while explanatory variables comprise of size measured on the basis of gross written premium, type dummy variable indicating life, non-life or composite insurance company, share of premium ceded to reinsurance, combined ratio, ownership variable indicating foreign or domestic ownership, age, organizational form dummy variable referring to joint stock companies or mutual and real GDP per capita growth. Employing static panel model results of the analysis reveal that variable age positively and significantly affect performance when measured with both ROA and ROE. Moreover, another variable that significantly influences performance in terms of ROE is real GDP per capita growth taking a positive sign.

Construction and analysis of common foreign trade cycle based on MS-VAR: An empirical study of global experience

This paper proves the co-movement of foreign trade in different countries or areas which belong to ten economic regions by MS-VAR model. The studies show that trade crisis lags behind economic crisis and spreads from the core of the economic crisis to its periphery which is closely-related with it. The trade crisis corresponding to the US subprime crisis spreads faster than before, which has struck worldwide foreign trade. In order to get the main factors affecting trade crisis, the authors construct composite indices which are proxies of economic growth and price levels of internal and external regions. The results of logistic and linear panel models show that economic growth affects more to trade cycle than price level. The results of panel models with dummy variable of trade crisis show that the outside economic growth do bad to the recovery of internal foreign trade during trade crisis corresponding to Mexican peso crisis, the Asian financial crisis and the Russian debt crisis, while the opposite is true during the internet bubble burst and the US subprime crisis.

Globalisation and Obesity

AbstractThe WHO has recently announced the global obesity epidemic. An economic model is developed in which globalisation factors generate health externalities and contribute to global obesity growth. The unbalanced panel data set contains the information for 79 countries over the period 1986–2008. Fixed‐effects panel data estimation and quantile regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The fixed‐effects panel model results indicate that the impact of trade openness and the globalisation social index (GSI) on global obesity rates is positive and significant, which is consistent with prior expectations, while surprisingly the foreign direct investments (FDI) has no impact on global obesity. While these results are interesting, they are hiding the effect of globalisation processes across the conditional distribution of the obesity variable. The use of quantile regression uncovered that the impact of the FDI and the GSI on low and average quantiles (low and average obesity rates in our sample) is positive and significant, while high quantiles are not affected. Since low and average quantiles (low and average obesity rates) are representative of the less‐ and medium‐developed countries, this result implies that social globalisation and FDI adversely impact obesity in less‐to‐medium developed countries. Trade openness generally has no impact on changes in obesity rates across quantiles.

Weather Risk and Cropping Intensity: A Non-Stationary and Dynamic Panel Modeling Approach

Climatic conditions and weather play an important role in production agriculture. Using district level panels for 42 years from India and dynamic panel estimation procedure we estimate the impact of weather risk on cropping intensity. Our non-stationary and dynamic panel model results suggest that the impact of weather risk on cropping intensity, in rural India, is negative on short run, while it is positive on long run. Additionally, we found a negative effect of education on cropping intensity. Finally, in the long run, our results indicate positive effects of high yielding variety production and share of irrigated land on cropping intensity.

World Economy, World Society, and Environmental Harms in Less‐Developed Countries*

World economy and world society theories are engaged to assess the extent to which environmental harms in less‐developed countries are tied to particular kinds of economic and social integration. Results of panel models indicate that world economy integration in the context of sector‐level foreign investment contributes to a variety of environmental harms. With the exception of deforestation, world society integration in the mode of environmental international non‐governmental organization presence has no direct effect. However, a stronger presence of such organizations in less‐developed countries mitigates the effect of foreign investment on all tested outcomes. The authors contend that comparative sociologists should adopt theoretically integrative approaches and pay closer attention to how and under what circumstances world economy and world society factors interact to partially shape social and environmental conditions.