Pancreas Of Cattle Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОГО РЫНКА В СЕГМЕНТЕ МЕСТНЫХ ПРОТЕОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ

The article presents the results of the seg-ments analysis of the Russian drugs and care products containing proteolytic en-zymes for topical use market. The analysis based on the data from the State Register of Pharmaceutical Products for Medical Pur-poses (GRPP), the Unified Register of certif-icates of state registration of the EAEU and the analytical company DSM Group (for the period 2019-2023). The data contains the sales volume in physical and monetary terms by medical institutions and sales by retail pharmacy organizations. It was found that the structure supply of drugs includes nine trade names (TN). The dominant drugs group is enzymes from the pancreas of cat-tle. The segment of the perfumery and cos-metics market is represented by four TN, the leaders are the brands Fermencol® and Imoferase®.

IDENTIFICATION OF EURYTREMA SPP. IN BRAHMAN CROSS CATTLE SLAUGHTERED IN BANDA ACEH SLAUGHTERHOUSE

Eurytrema spp. is a trematode worm that generally attacks the pancreas of livestock and humans which can cause chronic interstitial pancreatitis, weight loss that leads to decreased livestock productivity and ends in death. The purpose of this study is to identify the parasitic worm Eurytrema spp. and also to find out the prevalence rate in Brahman Cross cattle slaughtered in Banda Aceh slaughterhouse. This study used a sample of 20 pieces of Brahman Cross cattle pancreas from the Banda Aceh slaughterhouse. The worms were collected by taking the pancreas of Brahman Cross cattle that had been cut and stained with the Semicon Carmine staining method. The parameters of this study were the morphological differences in size of the body, oral sucker, ventral sucker and reproductive organs in each species of Eurytrema spp. The results showed that out of the 10 worms found, there was only 1 species, namely E. pancreaticum, which has the characteristics of a wide body with a length of 8-16 mm, the oral sucker is larger than the ventral sucker and lobed testes and ovaries. The prevalence rate of infection with E. pancreaticum is 15%. It was concluded that the worm that infects the Brahman Cross cattle slaughtered in Banda Aceh slaughterhouse is E. pancreaticum.

Pathological findings of bovine pancreatic lesions induced by Eurytrema pancreticum in Aceh cattle, Sumatra

Great losses of cattle and other ruminants due to Eurytrema pancreaticum have been recorded in Indonesia and other countries in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to examine histological alterations after E. pancreaticum infection in cattle. This study analysed the pathological changes of pancreas in 153 cattle sampled randomly at slaughterhouses in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Samples were obtained during one year as part of routine meat inspection. The samples of cattle pancreas were obtained from slaughterhouse in Banda Aceh and examined for eurytrematosis. The number of infected pancreases was 64 out of 153 (41.8%). The pancreases indicated some alterations including macroscopic colour changes of the pancreatic capsular surface, followed by the production of mucus on the surface. Some adult flukes were found in the capsular surface of the pancreas together with fluke eggs. The dissected pancreases were prepared for histopathological study for each segment, and then observed under microscope. The implications of findings from histopathologic analyses of the pancreas are discussed.

Destructive effect of RNаse a on the SARS-CoV-2 virus (in vitro research)

BACKGROUND: For today, the most important and discussed issue in the professional medical community is the problem of prevention and treatment of a new coronaviral infection (COVID-19). The main reason for the non-decreasing increase in morbidity and mortality is the absence of an etiotropic drug. In our study, it is proposed to use a previously available drug for the treatment of tick-borne encephalitis, ribonuclease A, obtained from the pancreas of cattle.
 AIM: The aim of investigation was to study the antiviral activity of RNаse A against SARS-CoV-2 in in vitro experiments.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiment used samples of 50 patients with a confirmed (by PCR) primary diagnosis of a new coronoviral infection COVID-19. The preparation for the study was served by ribonuclease A (neoFroxx GmbH, Germany) at a concentration of 0.5; 1; 5 and 10 mg/ml, incubated at 4 and 37C, the exposure was 20 minutes, 20 hours. A set of reagents OTT-PCR-RV-SARS-CoV-2 (Syntol, Russia) was used as test systems.
 RESULTS: of the current study is the revealed antiviral activity of ribonuclease A at a minmal concentration of 0.5 mg/ml during incubation from 20 minutes to 20 hours, in the temperature range of 437C.
 CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in the in vitro study confirmed the ability of ribonuclease A to destroy viral RNA, which suggests the possible use of the drug both for the treatment of patients and for the treatment of environmental objects.

Manufacturing technology of low-molecular-weight chitosan based on enzymatic hydrolysis

Chitosan is natural high molecular weight polymer of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl - D - glucosamine connected by 1,4 - b - glycoside bond with a molecular mass of 1000 kDa (and above), practical use is difficult because of high viscosity of its aqueous solutions even at low concentrations, and lack of solubility at neutral pH and, consequently, low biological activity. To reduce viscosity, improve the solubility and enhance biological activity of high molecular weight chitosan subjected to depolymerization. Chitosan, like other polysaccharides, is characterized by a hydrolysis reaction, which is due to the presence of glycoside bonds in the molecule that are lable to hydrolyzing agents, for example, aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, as well as to the effect of some hydrolases. During hydrolysis, glycoside bonds are broken and, as a result, the molecular weight of chitosan decreases. However, these processes are accompanied by the formation of significant amounts of toxic products and require very costly disposal of waste before it is discharged into the environment. Chitin and chitosan are natural biopolymers and their synthesis, modification and degradation are associated with enzymatic transformations. It is the biodegradability to the usual substances for the body that is one of the main advantages of chitosan. It is obvious that the most appropriate method is the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan. As enzyme preparations for the degradation of chitin and chitosan, enzyme complexes of various origins are used. These can be enzymes from crab or krill hepatopancreas complexes, as well as pancreatin from the pancreas of cattle. But more often for this purpose, enzymes complexes with chitinolytic activity of microbiological origin are used. In this study, low-molecular-weight chitosan was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using the extracellular chitinolytic complex of Streptomyces kurssanovii. The resulting chitosan had a medium-viscosity molecular weight of 25-40 kDa. Carrying out two stages of fractionation (stepwise acidification and separation on membranes) made it possible to obtain chitosan fractions with a narrow distribution by molecular weight.

Applications of enzymes in leather processing

The leather industry earns special attention because of its strong potential for foreign exchange earnings and employment generation prospects. This industry has developed enormously over the past decades; since, leather has become a material of choice in the world of fashion. However, this industry, like many others, is facing stringent environmental regulations worldwide, due to vast usage of toxic chemicals and generation of hazardous waste. Leather manufacturing involves conversion of raw skins and hides into leather through a series of mechanical and chemical operations. Processes like pre-tanning and tanning are known to contribute ~ 80–90% of the total pollution load in tanneries. In order to mitigate the hazards caused by toxic chemicals, enzymes have been identified as a practical alternative for use during processing and as well as for waste management. Even though the use of enzymes in the leather industry dates long back mainly because of their activity on proteins and fat, the complete replacement of chemicals by enzymes has yet to be realized. Earlier, enzymes were derived from animal excreta, and later on from the pancreas of cattle. However, currently, the enzymes are almost entirely produced by microbial fermentation. In light of this, the current review presents a holistic view on the effective utilization of enzymes in leather making, mainly during soaking, dehairing, bating and degreasing processes in order to minimize waste generation, and also in the recovery of valuable and saleable by-products. Globally, ~ 7 million tons of salted bovine hides are used every year for leather making. By using enzymes in bio-preparation, around 8 million gigajoules of energy saving and 0.7 million tons of CO2 savings is estimated to be achieved due to lower processing times and associated energy use. Nevertheless, the search for enzymes for their ultimate application in the leather industry as an eco-friendly alternative continues, since, this process is far safer and more pleasant than the traditional method. The progress made in this field during the past two decades are highlighted and will provide further insight on the scope for utilization of enzymes in this industry. In order to achieve sustainability, clean environment and prevent health hazards, the leather industry ought to adopt the use of eco-friendly alternatives which might primarily depend on research, development and implementation of the potential enzyme technology.

Histopathological changes in the pancreas of cattle with abdominal fat necrosis.

The association between pancreatic disorder and abdominal fat necrosis in cattle remains unclear. The pancreases of 29 slaughtered cattle with or without fat necrosis were collected to investigate pathological changes. Japanese Black (JB) cattle were classified into the FN group (with abdominal fat necrosis; n=9) and N group (without fat necrosis; n=5). The pancreases were also collected from 15 Holstein Friesian (HF) cows. All JB cattle showed high body condition scores. Regarding the pathological findings, fatty pancreas which involves adipocyte infiltration into the pancreas and fat necrosis (saponification) were observed in 25 and 27 cases, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-Iba-1 antibody showed large numbers of macrophages surrounding the saponified fat in the pancreas. CD3-positive T cells were significantly more common in the pancreas of both the FN and N groups compared with the HF group (P<0.05). Furthermore, fibrosis in the pancreas exhibited a correlative tendency with the formation of necrotic fat mass in the peritoneal cavity (P<0.1). These results indicate that obesity leads to increased severity of pancreatic disorder, including fatty pancreas and pancreatitis. The pathological lesions in the pancreas may play a key role in abdominal fat necrosis through the inflammatory process.

Cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum: Relation between adenosine deaminase activity and zinc levels

The enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is critical for modulating the immune system, and in the presence of zinc, its activity is catalyzed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ADA activity in pancreas of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum in relation to the results of zinc levels, pathological findings and parasite load. For this study 51 slaughtered cattle were used. The animals were divided into two groups: Group A consisting of animals naturally infected by E. coelomaticum (n=33) and Group B of uninfected animals (n=18). Blood and pancreas were collected of each animal for analysis of zinc and ADA, respectively. Infected cattle showed a reduction on seric levels of zinc, and decreased ADA activity in the pancreas (P>0.05). A positive correlation between zinc levels and ADA activity was observed. Thus, high parasite load and severity of histopathologic lesions affect the ADA activity in pancreas, as well as the zinc levels in serum of infected animals (negative correlation between these variables). Therefore, we can conclude that cattle infected by E. coelomaticum have low ADA activity in pancreas, which can be directly related to zinc reduction, responsible for ADA activation and catalyzes.

Oxidative stress associated with pathological changes in the pancreas of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum

Although Eurytrema coelomaticum is considered a parasite with low pathogenicity, it may be associated with mortality and loss of productive performance in animals due to chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by E. coelomaticum in naturally infected cattle, correlating the biochemical findings with the parasite load and histopathological changes. For this study, blood and pancreas samples from 51 cattle were collected, and levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in the serum and pancreas, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in total blood. Parasite burden was determined opening the pancreatic ducts, and then fragments of pancreas were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for histopathology. From the 51 collected pancreas, 33 (63.5%) were parasitized. The average parasite burden per pancreas was 532 (12–2,578). TBARS and FRAP showed higher levels in serum and pancreas of infected animals (p<0.05), with a positive correlation between the histopathological changes and the number of parasites. SOD level in blood was 42% higher in parasitized group compared with control group (p<0.05), as well as AOPP in serum. Based on these results, we concluded that in natural infection by E. coelomaticum in cattle, oxidative stress occurs, characterized by the occurrence of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant system.

The monocarboxylate transporters exist in the cattle endocrine pancreas.

Extensive studies are published concerning the distribution of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in various animal issues including ruminants; nonetheless, nothing is known about their cellular expression and localization in the ruminant pancreas. The present study was carried out to examine the expression and cellular localization of all the fourteen MCT isoforms in cattle pancreas. RT-PCR verified the existence of mRNA transcripts for eight MCT isoforms, namely, MCT1, MCT2, MCT3, MCT4, MCT5, MCT8, MCT13, and MCT14 in cattle pancreas. Western blotting analysis confirmed the protein expression of these eight MCTs in the cattle pancreatic tissue. Immunohistochemical study, within the whole pancreas, was conducted to localize the eight MCTs identified, and the results showed strong positive immunoreactive staining for MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, MCT5, MCT13, and MCT14 on nearly all the islet cells of Langerhans, while we could not detect immunopositive signals in the acinar cells with any of MCTs antibodies used. This study, for the first time, showed the cellular localization and expression of MCT1-MCT5, MCT8, MCT13, and MCT14 within the ruminant pancreas. The distribution and expression pattern of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, and CD147 in the cattle pancreas are different from that previously published on monogastric pancreas. Our study suggested that MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, MCT5, MCT13, and MCT14 may participate in the regulation of the pancreatic endocrine secretions in ruminants.

Short communication: Presence of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in rumen epithelium but not in the islets of Langerhans in cattle

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are the major products of microbial fermentation in the rumen. Besides serving as substrates for energy generation, VFA are known to stimulate rumen development, increase serum insulin and glucagon concentrations, and regulate gene expression in cattle and sheep. The mechanisms underlying these regulatory effects of VFA are unknown, but the recent discovery that VFA can bind to G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and 41 (GPR41) suggests that the regulatory effects of VFA may be mediated by these receptors. As a step toward testing this possibility, we determined whether GPR43 was expressed in bovine rumen wall and the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Polyclonal antibody against a bovine GPR43 peptide was generated. The specificity of the antibody for bovine GPR43 was confirmed by Western blot analysis of recombinant bovine GPR43 protein. Immunohistochemical analyses using this antibody revealed the presence of GPR43-immunoreactive cells in the epithelium, but not in the other layers of cattle rumen wall. The same immunohistochemical analyses did not reveal GPR43-immunoreactive cells in the islets of Langerhans or the surrounding exocrine tissue of cattle pancreas. These data support the possibility that the effect of VFA on rumen epithelial growth in cattle is directly mediated by GPR43 in the rumen epithelial cells and that the effect of VFA on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon in cattle is unlikely to be directly mediated by GPR43.

Immunohistochemical evidence of Orexin-A in the pancreatic beta cells of domestic animals

A large body of information proves that Orexin-A is present in the pancreatic endocrine cells of humans and laboratory animals; more detailed studies identify Orexin-A-immunopositive cells as beta cells. Because no data have been reported on the pancreas of domestic animals, we investigated the presence and the distribution of cells containing Orexin-A in the pancreas of cattle, sheep and pigs by means of immunohistochemical techniques. Using a polyclonal antibody against Orexin-A, the immunopositive reaction was identified in the cytoplasm of many insular cells in the three species studied. Double immunohistochemical staining, using a polyclonal anti-insulin antibody, showed that Orexin-A is co-expressed with insulin. Our results, besides showing the presence of Orexin-A in the endocrine pancreas of domestic animals, together with data present in the literature, could contribute to the understanding of complex mechanisms regulating the functionality of the endocrine pancreas in domestic animals.

Pancreatic mass, cellularity, and α-amylase and trypsin activity in feedlot steers fed diets differing in crude protein concentration1,2

Twenty-four yearling beef steers (initial BW = 510 +/- 4.9 kg) predominantly of Angus breeding were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the effect of dietary CP concentration on pancreatic cellularity, mass, and alpha-amylase and trypsin activities. Treatment diets were formulated to contain 8.8, 11.0, 13.2, and 15.4% CP. Soybean meal and Top Soy (ruminal bypass soybean meal) were used as supplemental protein sources to ensure that MP intake was increased with increasing dietary CP concentrations. Steers were penned in groups of 4 (1 steer per treatment) and individually fed at 2.5x the NE(m) requirement by using Calan gates for 28 d before tissue collection. Four steers (1 pen) were slaughtered per week. Pancreases were weighed, subsampled, frozen in liquid N(2), and stored at -80 degrees C until analyses for DNA, RNA, and protein concentrations, and alpha-amylase and trypsin activities. Pancreatic weight (g and g/kg of BW) did not differ among treatment groups. Pancreatic DNA concentration (mg/g) decreased linearly (P = 0.06) with increasing CP concentration. Pancreatic protein (g/pancreas) increased linearly (P = 0.08) with increasing dietary CP concentration. Pancreatic alpha-amylase activity (U/g, U/mg of DNA, U/g of protein, U/pancreas, and U/kg of BW) increased linearly (P < or = 0.04) with increasing dietary CP concentration. Pancreatic trypsin activity (U/g, U/g of DNA, U/g of protein, U/pancreas, and U/kg of BW) increased linearly (P < or = 0.09) with increasing dietary CP concentration. Pancreatic alpha-amylase and trypsin activities (U/mg of RNA) responded quadratically (P < or = 0.09), with the greatest alpha-amylase activity observed in the 13.2% CP treatment. These data indicate that increasing dietary CP concentration decreases pancreatic cell numbers and also increases the concentration and content of pancreatic alpha-amylase and trypsin activities. Changes in cell number and size may be important factors regulating digestive enzyme production in the pancreas of cattle.

A new approach to obtaining high-activity RNase, DNase, cholesterolesterase, and trypsin from cattle pancreas

A new approach to obtaining high-activity RNase, DNase, cholesterolesterase, and trypsin from cattle pancreas

Intensidade de parasitismo por Eurytrema sp em bovinos da mesorregião do Sudoeste Paulista

Após exames macroscópicos de 485 pâncreas de bovinos procedentes da mesorregião do Sudoeste Paulista, obtiveram-se 41 casos de parasitismo por Eurytrema sp e, a seguir, foram contados os espécimes albergados. Verificou-se que a intensidade de parasitismo é baixa e que a proporção de animais infectados, independentemente da carga parasitária, situa-se entre 7,2% e 9,8%.

Immunohistochemical study on the endocrine pancreas of cattle with special reference to coexistence of serotonin and glucagon or bovine pancreatic polypeptide.

Bovine pancreatic endocrine cells were investigated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells as well as insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pancreatic islets. Generally, insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the islet and the others took peripheral location. Since the distribution and shape of serotonin-immunoreactive cells were very similar to glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells, serial sections were restained by using the elution method. All glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells also showed serotonin immunoreactivity but glucagon and BPP immunoreactivities were never observed to be colocalized in the same cell. A small number of serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed that showed serotonin immunoreactivity only.

Observations on the pancreas of cattle deficient in copper

Lesions were found in the pancreas of clinically normal cattle of low copper status. In comparison with the pancreas of cattle with normal hepatic copper reserves, the abnormalities were an increase in the dry matter content and reduction in the concentrations of protein and copper in the wet tissue. Cytochrome oxidase activity and protein-to-RNA ratio were also reduced. Histologically, there were defects in acinar basement membranes, splitting and disorganization of acini, cellular atrophy and dissociation, and stromal proliferation. The pancreatic ductular system did not show atrophy or disorganization.

Experimental investigation of hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic drugs with different mechanism of action.

In the Soviet Union the following drugs are used to reduce the plasma level of cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with hyperlipidemias: miscleron (Clofibrate), nicotinic acid, β-sitosterol and the preparations containing unsaturated fatty acids. Amongst them there are arachiden and conlitol. Arachiden is a mixture of ethyl esters of arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic, pentaene and hexaene acids. It is prepared from the lipid fraction of cattle pancreas. Conlitol is a mixture of ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids isolated from linseed oil. Both preparations are used orally.

Histochemistry of Langerhans' islets in the pancreas of cattle (Bos Taurus L.).

A and B cells in the pancreatic islets of cattle are interlaced with one another. The histochemical characteristics of the islet cells is similar to that of some other mammals. Series of differences are however detected concerning: the positive reaction for glucose-6-phosphatase in the A cells and in the epithelium of the excretory ducts, the simultaneous presence of alkaline phosphatase in the A and B cells, a higher contents of phospholipids in the B cells and a lack of histochemically provable zinc. These differences in the histochemistry of the pancreatic islets of cattle are in authors, opinion an expression of peculiarity of the species.

Carbohydrase activities in the bovine digestive tract.

1. The carbohydrase activities of homogenates of mucosa from the abomasum, small intestine, caecum and colon, and of the pancreas of cattle were studied. 2. The disaccharidase activities were located mainly in the small intestine and showed a non-uniform pattern of distribution along the small intestine; trehalase activity was highest in the proximal part, lactase and cellobiase activities were highest in the proximal and middle parts and maltase activity was highest in the distal part. 3. The intestinal lactase and cellobiase activities were highest in the young calf and decreased with age, whereas the intestinal maltase and trehalase activities, which were very low compared with the lactase activity, did not change with age. 4. No intestinal sucrase or palatinase activity was detected in the calf or in the adult cow. 5. Homogenates of intestinal mucosa also exhibited amylase and dextranase activity. 6. Homogenates of the pancreas possessed a strong amylase activity and a weak maltase activity. The maltase activity did not change with age, whereas the amylase activity increased with age. 7. No marked differences were observed between the carbohydrase activities of calves fed solely on milk and those of calves given a concentrate-hay diet from 6 weeks of age.