Seeds Of Panax Ginseng Research Articles

Ceramide NPs derived from natural oils of Korean traditional plants enhance skin barrier functions and stimulate expressions of genes for epidermal homeostasis.

New ceramide (CER) NPs were prepared by linking fatty acids derived from oils of Korean traditional plants to phytosphingosine (PHS). The oils of Korean traditional plants were extracted from the seeds of Panax ginseng, Camellia sinensis, Glycine max napjakong, Glycine max seoritae, and Camellia japonica as sources of diverse fatty acids. The aim of this study was to investigate signaling bioactivities of HP-C.sinensis ceramide NP that was column purified to remove any residual PHS and to evaluate the skin barrier functions of the HP-C. sinensis ceramide NP in human skin. The expressions of genes related to epidermal differentiation were analyzed in vitro by qPCR. Human studies were also performed to determine the skin barrier functions with respect to TEWL and SC cohesion. The HP-C. sinensis CER NP significantly enhanced the expressions of FLG, CASP14, and INV indicates that the signaling biological activities of oil-derived ceramide NPs could be different depend on the natural oils. The control ceramide, C18-CER NP, had no effect on the expression of the three genes. HP-C. sinensis CER NP was selected for the in vivo human studies. Application of 0.5% HP-C. sinensis CER NP cream stimulated significantly faster recovery of a disrupted skin barrier than that of the control C18-CER NP. A significant enhancement of SC cohesion of the skin treated with 0.5% HP-C. sinensis CER NP was also observed. Taken all together, our results clearly demonstrate that HP-C. sinensis CER NP, P. ginseng CER NP, and other oil-derived CER NP could be a better choice for developing moisturizers to improve skin barrier function as they more closely mimic the endogenous CER composition of the actual human skin barrier.

The dehiscence process in Panax ginseng seeds and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway in terms of metabolomics

BackgroundGinseng, officially known as Panax ginseng Meyer, has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb, particularly in Asia. Ginseng is propagated from seeds; however, seed germination is challenging, especially in its natural environment on farms. The seeds typically exhibit morphophysiological dormancy and require release from both morphological and physiological dormancy before germination. Although some studies have proposed methods for increasing seed germination rates, the underlying mechanisms of its dormancy release process remain unclear. Here, we investigated metabolic alterations during dehiscence in P. ginseng to determine their potential roles in dormancy release. MethodsWe compared the ginseng seed metabolome before and after dehiscence and the ginsenoside and phytosterol compositions of the seeds in both periods in the presence of related enzymes. ResultsAfter seed dehiscence, the sugar, amino acid, and squalene concentrations were significantly altered, phytosterols associated with the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were increased, while ginsenoside and brassinosteroid levels were not significantly altered. In addition, squalene epoxidase, cycloartenol synthase, 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase, and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were activated. ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that morphological activities that facilitate ginseng seed growth are the primary phenomena occurring during the dehiscence process. This study improves the understanding of P. ginseng germination processes and promotes further research of its germination and cultivation.

Analysis of terpenoids and steroids in the seeds of Panax ginseng

Phytosterols have many benefits for human health. Phytosterols are abundant in many plant materials. We determined the amounts of lupeol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and squalene in seeds of Panax ginseng by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. We assayed the contents of these phytosterols in seeds from plants of different ages, seeds from different varieties, and seeds cultivated from different countries. The contents of lupeol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and squalene ranged from 14.15–38.88, 21.33–31.12, 0.00–95.41, to 0.01–0.31 mg g−1 dry weight (DW), respectively. The highest content of terpenoids and steroids was found in 3-year-old seeds (29.06 mg g−1 DW), seeds of the variety Chunpoong (25.20 mg g−1 DW), and seeds from China (34.17 mg g−1 DW). This result will be useful in the application of these terpenoids and steroids from seeds of P. ginseng in the development of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical materials.

Integrated metabolomics signature for assessing the longevity of Panax ginseng seeds.

Panax ginseng seeds have strong dormancy and a prolonged germination period in comparison to other seeds; thus, it is a great challenge to propagate ginseng. Seed longevity is closely associated with germination rate and viability, so we assumed that if a seed loses its viability, specific metabolic alterations regarding plant growth factors might occur. In this study, we divided ginseng seeds into normal and accelerated-aging groups. Both groups were treated with gibberellic acid, which is one of the most important plant-growth regulators. Afterward, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the samples, to identify the metabolic alterations between the two groups. Forty-four endogenous metabolites in normal and accelerated aging groups were putatively identified. To determine the differential significance of these metabolites, t-tests and fold-change analysis were conducted followed by principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis to determine the metabolites that showed distinct responses between the groups. Among the differentially expressed metabolites (P value < 0.05 and FDR < 0.1), nine metabolites were selected as potential biomarker candidates for the prediction of seed longevity. Nine metabolites related to ginseng seed longevity were identified by comparing metabolomes. Our findings suggest that ginseng propagation can be facilitated by the regulation of these distinctive metabolic features of the seeds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of a novel triterpene saponin from Panax ginseng seeds, pseudoginsenoside RT8, and its antiinflammatory activity

BackgroundPanax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) is a highly valued medicinal plant in Asian regions, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. Chemical and biological studies on P. ginseng have focused primarily on its roots, whereas the seeds remain poorly understood. This study explores the phytochemical and biological properties of compounds from P. ginseng seeds. MethodsP. ginseng seeds were extracted with methanol, and 16 compounds were isolated using various chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the isolates were determined by spectroscopic data. Antiinflammatory activities were evaluated for triterpene and steroidal saponins using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and THP-1 monocyte leukemia cells. ResultsPhytochemical investigation of P. ginseng seeds led to the isolation of a novel triterpene saponin, pseudoginsenoside RT8, along with 15 known compounds. Pseudoginsenoside RT8 exhibited more potent antiinflammatory activity than the other saponins, attenuating lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and suppressed reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generation in a dose-dependent manner. ConclusionThese findings indicate that pseudoginsenoside RT8 has a pharmaceutical potential as an antiinflammatory agent and that P. ginseng seeds are a good natural source for discovering novel bioactive molecules.

저장온도 및 종자 처리가 봄파종 인삼 출아와 생장에 미치는 영향

Background: In Korea, seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer need to be stored under cold temperature and high humidity condition for months to break physiological dormancy, making storage difficult until spring-sowing. This study was conducted to test the effects of seed storage conditions and seed treatment on the emergence of seedling after spring-sowing in a nursery greenhouse. BR Methods and Results: After dehiscence, endocarp dried seeds in mild or completely, and wet seeds were stored in 2℃ and -3.5℃ during winter. Storage at -3.5℃ resulted in a lower emergence rate (ER) than that at 2℃, and additional cold (2℃) treatment before or after storage at -3.5℃ increased the ER. Endocarp dehydration prevented pre-germination at 2℃ storage and increased the ER of seeds stored at -3.5℃. ER was also dependent on the batch of seeds. However, seed treatments before sowing had only limited effects on ER. Root loss was the main reason for damping-off; prolonged cold storage of seeds increased damping-off, as the detection of pathogens was not high.BR Conclusions: This study showed that storage conditions such as temperature and moisture content of seeds, affect the ER after spring-sowing and vitality of seedlings, suggesting further attention on seed control for secure seedling stands after spring-sowing.

인삼종자로부터 분리된 내생균의 동정과 식물생장 촉진 관련 활성의 평가

Endophytes are microorganisms that live in the internal tissues of plants without harming the host plants. In this symbiotic relationship, the host plants provide nutrients and shelter to the endophytes, in turn, endophytes can promote the growth of host plants and act as a biological control agents against plant pathogens. Plant-microbe interactions like this are noted for natural methods for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. However, in spite of the infinite potential, there are only a few reports on the endophytes present in ginseng. In this study, we isolated and identified the endophytes from Panax ginseng seeds and evaluated the biological activities (IAA production ability, nitrogen fixation ability, phosphate solubilization capacity, siderophore production ability, and antifungal activities) of the endophyte isolates. Eight different endophytes were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Most of the endophytes have antibiotic and plant growth promoting (PGP) activities. Particularly, PgSEB5-37E have the highest antibiotic activity, both PgSEB5-37B and PgSEB5-37H have high PGP traits such as an abilities to produce IAA, solubilize phosphate and fix nitrogen. These results indicated that the endophytes from P. ginseng seeds may have applicable value to many industries. In order to use the isolated endophytes, quantitative analysis and field tests are needed to be performed.

Sterols isolated from seeds of Panax ginseng and their antiinflammatory activities

Background:Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, a perennial herb from the Araliaceae family, is a commonly used medicinal plant. Many studies have been conducted on the biologically active constituents of whole parts of P. ginseng (i.e., roots, leaves, flower buds, and fruits). However, the seeds of P. ginseng have not been intensively investigated. A new sterol glucoside,3-O-b-d-glucopyranosyl-5,22,24-stigmastatrienol (1), and a known sterol, 5,22-stigmastadienol (2), were isolated from seeds of P. ginseng and were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription in transfected HepG2 cells. The present work deals with the isolation, identification, and antiinflammatory activities of the two compounds.Materials and Methods:The compounds were isolated by a combination of silica gel and YMC R-18 column chromatography, and their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data (1D, 2D-NMR, and MS). The antiinflammatory activities of the isolated compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated by luciferase reporter gene assays.Results:Two sterols have been isolated from the seeds of P. ginseng. Compound 1 is a previously unreported glucosidyl sterol. Compounds 1 and 2 both inhibited NFκB-luciferase activity, with IC50 values of 8.1 and 4.8΅M, respectively. They also inhibited iNOS-luciferase activity in TNFα-induced HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 2.2 and 2.9΅M, respectively.Conclusion:The two isolatedsterols have inhibitory effects on inflammation-related factors in HepG2 cells, as determined by luciferase reporter gene assays. Thus, seeds of P. ginseng are worthy of consideration for the development and research of antiinflammatory agents.

A new lupane-type triterpene from the seeds of Panax ginseng with its inhibition of NF-κB

A new lupane-triterpene, 3β-cis-feruloyloxy-16β-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene (1) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Panax ginseng seeds along with the known compound, 3β-transferuloyloxy-16β-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene (2). Compound 2 was isolated from this plant for the first time. Their chemical structures were determined by mass spectroscopy and one-dimensional and two-dimensional magnetic resonance spectra. The bioactive effects of these compounds on TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcription were evaluated in transfected HepG2 cells. Effects on the expression of NF-κB target genes were also examined using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Both compounds 1 and 2 were inhibited NF-κB activity in HepG2 cells by decreasing the cellular concentrations of inflammatory factors iNOS and COX2.

Isoconiferoside, a New Phenolic Glucoside from Seeds of Panax ginseng

A new phenolic glucoside, isoconiferoside (1), was isolated from the seeds of Panax ginseng (Araliaceae). The structure was determined to be 9-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-trans-coniferyl alcohol based on spectroscopic analyses (1H- and 13C-NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) and acid hydrolysis.

ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Seeds of Panax ginseng: Structure of New Dammarane‐Type Triterpene Ketone, Panaxadione (I), and HPLC Comparisons of Seeds and Flesh.

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Chemical Constituents from Seeds of &lt;i&gt;Panax ginseng&lt;/i&gt;: Structure of New Dammarane-Type Triterpene Ketone, Panaxadione, and HPLC Comparisons of Seeds and Flesh

A new dammarane-type triterpene ketone, panaxadione, was isolated from the seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER (Araliaceae) together with two dammarane-type and lupane-type triterpenes, an aromatic oligoglycoside, three sterol glycosides, and three dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides (ginsenosides Rd, Re, and Rg(2)). The structure of a new compound was elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence. The relative contents of major ginsenosides in the seeds were compared with those of the flesh parts of young and mature fruits.

Rapid Establishment of Tissue Cultures from Seeds of Panax ginseng and Panax pseudoginseng

Summary Seeds from Panax ginseng S. A. Meyer and Panax pseudoginseng Wall . were used as starting material for tissue cultures. To achieve callus growth and shoot formation the seeds were surface sterilized and cut into 2–3 pieces. For Panax ginseng pretreatment with gibberellic acid was necessary to obtain growth. The pieces were placed on modified MS agar medium with different hormone combinations. Shoots and callus tissue were rapidly obtained. Fast growing suspension cultures were established from the calli.