Panaphis Juglandis Research Articles

Circadian pattern in attendance of aphid colonies by ants

Ant-attendance of aphids is one of the subjects of interest in ecological studies as a reciprocal service providing benefits to both groups involved. The behavioural patterns in this relation depend on many factors, e.g. biology of the species involved, aphid host plants, activity of natural enemies and abiotic factors. In this respect, the circadian pattern of ant-attendance was almost unknown. The paper presents the results of the pattern of such circadian activity of ants Lasius niger and L. emarginatus attending six aphid species (Panaphis juglandis, Aphis grossulariae, A. urticata, A. umbrella, Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae) feeding on various types of plants and having various dependence of trophobiosis. The highest number of ant workers in aphid colonies was observed at night and dawn, while the lowest was just after solar noon. The circadian pattern of ant activity strongly depends on the weather, especially temperature and relative humidity, with the highest abundance of ants during humid and cool weather. The possible interconnection between the temperature-dependent activity of ants and the water-dependent physiological condition of certain plants is discussed and indicated as an explanation. The issue of possible work division among ant workers attending aphids as an explanation of the observed pattern of activity remains open.

PHYTOSANITARY STATE OF WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA L.) IN THE GREEN PLANTINGS OF THE DNIPRO СITY

Walnut is a promising element of the greening system of the Ukraine urbanized landscapes due to its resistance to environmental pollution, durability, fast growth, fruit qualities, etc. The aesthetic value and health-improving functions of Juglans regia trees in the city can be significantly weakened due to the destruction of the leaves by arthropod phyllophages and diseases. In the presented work, an analysis of the phytosanitary status of J. regia trees in green areas of Dnipro was carried out, the main leaf diseases were determined, a complex of insects and mites – phyllobionts of walnut trees, was established, and the level of their harmfulness was assessed. The research was conducted during the growing season of 2021 once a decade on 12 experimental sites, which differed in the conditions growth of J. regia trees growth. The study object was the walnut leaves and unripe fruits. 75 J. regia trees were examined. On average the damage degree to J. regia trees leaves by diseases is 46.9 %. The damage level by brown spot is 8.3 times higher than the similar indicator for white mould. The influence of anthracnose causative agent (Marssonina juglandis) often extends to walnut green fruits. The overall level of leaf damage by arthropod phyllophagous is 79.6 %. Among the types of damage are dominate the change in the leaves color due to sucking insects feeding (58.5 %) and gall-formation (53.8 %) as a result of the gall mites (Aceria erinea, A. tristriata) vital activity. The walnut arthropod phyllobionts taxonomic composition in the green areas of Dnipro city was determined. 16 species in 11 families and 4 orders were identified. The share of Hemiptera is 62.5 %, Lepidoptera – 18.8 %, Trombidiformes – 12.5 %, Thysanoptera – 6.2 %. Six species of entomophages were also identified. Two especially dangerous invasive species – Metcalfa pruinosa and Halyomorpha halys, were found on J. regia trees in some plots of the Dnipro city right bank territory. The most common and harmful species are the following: Aceria erinea, A. tristriata, Panaphis juglandis, Caloptilia roscipennella; potentially threatening – Halyomorpha halys, Metcalfa pruinosa.

Fight and rescue or give up and flee? Behavioural responses of different ant species tending the mutualist walnut aphid Panaphis juglandis to native and exotic lady beetles - CORRIGENDUM.

Fight and rescue or give up and flee? Behavioural responses of different ant species tending the mutualist walnut aphid Panaphis juglandis to native and exotic lady beetles - CORRIGENDUM.

Fight and rescue or give up and flee? Behavioural responses of different ant species tending the mutualist walnut aphid Panaphis juglandis to native and exotic lady beetles.

Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans is a highly successful evolutionary innovation that attains the status of ecological keystone across many terrestrial ecosystems, involving a multitude of actors through direct or cascading effects. In these relationships, ants often protect their hemipteran partners against their arthropod natural enemies, sometimes interfering with the biological control of pest species. However, the dynamics of these interactions are highly variable based on the specific identity of all the actors involved, and baseline data remain scarce. We performed a field experiment exposing colonies of the walnut aphid Panaphis juglandis attended by five European ant species (Camponotus piceus, Ca. vagus, Crematogaster scutellaris, Dolichoderus quadripunctatus, Lasius emarginatus) to a native and an exotic lady beetle (Adalia bipunctata and Harmonia axyridis), documenting the behavioural interactions between these insects and the performance of ants in the protection of the aphids. Our results reveal a significant behavioural diversity among the ant species involved, with D. quadripunctatus and L. emarginatus being the most aggressive and having the best performance as aphid defenders, and Ca. piceus being least effective and often fleeing away. Cr. scutellaris displayed a rare rescue behaviour attempting to pull away the aphids that the lady beetles grabbed. On the other hand, behavioural responses to A. bipunctata and H. axyridis were similar. Further investigations are needed to understand the eco-ethological implications of these differences, while a better understanding of ant behavioural diversity may help refine biological control strategies.

Settling Preference of Two Coexisting Aphid Species on the Adaxial and Abaxial Surfaces of Walnut Leaves.

Walnut dusky-veined aphid Panaphis juglandis (Goeze) and walnut green aphid Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) cause economic losses and co-occur on walnut trees, but they have separate niche. Panaphis juglandis feeds on the upper (adaxial) surface of leaves while C. juglandicola feeds on the lower (abaxial) surface. Field surveys and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory were conducted to determine microhabitat selection by P. juglandis and C. juglandicola and the factors associated with this behavior. In the field, the two aphid species colonized a leaflet as follows: P. juglandis only, 16.5%; C. juglandicola only, 44.5%; and both species on same leaflet, 39%. C. juglandicola settled on the abaxial surface earlier than P. juglandis settled on the adaxial surface. P. juglandis showed the highest reproduction rate when they were in the erect position on the adaxial surface. C. juglandicola exhibited the highest reproduction rate when they were inverted and on the abaxial surface. Under a light intensity of 50,000 lux, 60.5% of C. juglandicola remained on the illuminated surface, while P. juglandis did not move from the illuminated surface. Through field and laboratory experiments, we found that P. juglandis preferred to settle on the adaxial surface and C. juglandicola preferred to settle on the abaxial surface. Leaf surface, gravity, and light were three physical factors affecting microhabitat selection by the two aphid species but light intensity was the key factor. This information will help to better understand the habitats of two aphid species, which may be helpful for walnut aphids management strategies such as the usage of insecticides option and spraying.

First Report on the Acrobat Ant Crematogaster scutellaris Storing Live Aphids in Its Oak-Gall Nests.

Simple SummaryGalls represent an amazing microcosm which contains a variety of multiple interactions among different actors, and therefore, offers the opportunity to observe and investigate phenomena belonging to different areas of biology: from the development process, connected to the interaction between the galligenous agent and the host plant, to the moment of their colonization by different species, since some ants may provide defense against pathogens, certain phytophagous insects or favor mutualists. In the present work we describe some aspects of oak-gall colonization by different ant species, highlighting how the gall’s height on the plant influences ant colonization and how different ant species produce different nest architectures. The most relevant aspect, however, is the discovery of a novel ant-aphid relationship: the transport of living aphids into oak-gall nests. We found no evidence of immediate predation of these aphids inside the galls, so they are likely stored to overwinter due to a mutualistic relationship and/or serve as food storage. This is not only an interesting report on the mutualisms involving ants and their insect partners, but it may also have important consequences on the aphids’ phenology with the host plants. Once more, ants show their relevant impact on multitrophic interactions and ecosystem dynamics.This study provides new data about the role of ants in mutualistic interactions with aphids mediated by galls. We focused our investigation on galls induced by the cynipid Andricus kollari by conducting a survey and a subsequent experiment in an Italian oak forest. The ants Crematogaster scutellaris, Colobopsis truncata and Temnothorax italicus frequently used the galls as nests: Crematogaster scutellaris occupied galls which were located higher on the oak trees, while C. truncata and T. italicus were located at lower positions. In addition, galls occupied by C. scutellaris showed varied internal architecture in relation to the colony composition. Importantly, field surveys revealed for the first time that C. scutellaris nest galls also contained live individuals of the non-galligenous aphid Panaphis juglandis. Field experiments suggested that the ants actively seek, collect and stock live aphids. No signs of predation and injuries were detected on the stored aphids, which were probably kept for safe overwintering, though we cannot exclude a possible occasional use as food. This report reveals a possible novel relationship which could have important consequences on the phenology and presence of aphids on the host plant.

Is Orius sauteri Poppius a Promising Biological Control Agent for Walnut Aphids? An Assessment from the Laboratory to Field.

Walnut aphids are major pests of walnut production with few commercially available natural enemies. We conducted laboratory and field experiments to evaluate the potential of Orius sauteri Poppius (Anthocoridae), a predatory bug, as a biological control agent against two walnut aphid species: the dusky-veined aphid (Panaphis juglandis Goeze) and the walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola Kaltenbach). Both species co-occur on walnut trees; P. juglandis is distributed on the upper surface (adaxial) of leaves while C. juglandicola is found on the lower surface (abaxial) of leaves. Based on functional response experiments, O sauteri had a strong capacity for consuming both aphid species. Biocontrol efficacy of O. sauteri for each species in the laboratory and field experiments was high, 77% for P. juglandis and 80% for C. juglandicola, regardless if one or two predators being present. However, biocontrol efficacy declined 15-25% for C. juglandicola and 20-50% for P. juglandis when both aphid species were present on the same leaf. The efficacy of O. sauteri under (semi)-field conditions gave similar findings based on the percentage reduction of aphids and change in population growth rates of aphids. The reduced biocontrol efficacy of the predatory bug against mixed species populations of aphids can be explained by competition between the aphid species and differences in their preferred location on leaves. Our experiments showed that O. sauteri is a promising biocontrol agent, but biocontrol efficacy may decline when both aphid species are present on walnut trees. This should be considered in the commercial release of O. sauteri in walnut orchards to promote economic and environmental benefits of walnuts production.

Effect of temperature on predation by Harmonia axyridis (Pall.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the walnut aphids Chromaphis juglandicola Kalt. and Panaphis juglandis (Goeze)

BackgroundThe walnut aphid species Chromaphis juglandicola Kalt. and Panaphis juglandis (Goeze) are destructive insect pests. Harmonia axyridis (Pall.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is the main predatory insect with a wide geographical distribution. The feeding behavior of the predator against the two different aphid species might influence bio-control efficacy in walnut orchards.Main bodyFunctional response of H. axyridis to various densities of the two aphid species was examined under temperatures ranging from 15 to 30 °C. The results showed that functional responses of H. axyridis towards C. juglandicola or P. juglandis fitted well with the Holling-II equation within the range of 15–30 °C. A greater biomass of aphids was consumed when the temperature increased from 15 to 30 °C. The predation efficacy of H. axyridis against C. juglandicola was greater than against P. juglandis, and the searching efficiency of H. axyridis against C. juglandicola was more effective than against P. juglandis. Moreover, predation rates against both aphid species decreased with increasing the H. axyridis density.ConclusionThis study showed that H. axyridis was an effective predator against the two walnut aphids. Increasing temperature (15–30 °C) increased prey consumption. Interference between individuals from increasing predator density had a negative impact on predation rate against the two aphid species.

Ceviz yaprakbitleri (Chromaphis juglandicola (Goeze) (Hemiptera: Callaphididae) ve Panaphis juglandis (Goeze) (Hemiptera:Callaphididae)) ile Beslenen Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)‘nın Popülasyon Parametrelerinin Belirlenmesi

Ceviz küçük yaprakbiti (Chromaphis juglandicola (Kalt.) (Hem.:Aphididae) ve ceviz yeşil yaprakbiti (Panaphis juglandis) (Goeze) (Hemiptera: Callaphididae) Van gölü havzasındaki önemli ceviz zararlılarıdır. Ceviz yaprağının alt ve üst kısmında ayrı kolonize olan yaprakbitleri, popülasyonlarının yoğun olması durumunda ceviz de kalite ve kantite kayıplarına neden olurlar. Bu çalışmada, zararlıların biyolojik mücadelesine yönelik, en önemli avcılarından biri olan Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)‘nın her iki yaprakbiti ile beslenmesine dayalı popülasyon büyüme oranı parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Denemeler 25±10°C, %65±5 nem ve 16:8 (L:D) h (5.000 lüks) ışıklanma süresi koşullarındaki iklim odalarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaşam çizelgesi parametreleri yaş ve döneme bağlı iki eşeyli yaşam çizelgesi yöntemine göre hesaplanmıştır. Chromaphis juglandicola ve Panaphis juglandis ile beslenen C. carnea‘nın kalıtsal üreme yeteneği (r), Üreme gücü sınırı (λ), net üreme gücü (R0) ve ortalama döl süresi (T) sırasıyla 0,082 gün-1, 1,082 gün-1, 59,47 yumurta/generasyon ve 49,76 gün, olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulguların C. carnea tarafından Panaphis juglandis ve Chromaphis juglandicola'nın biyo-kontrollerindeki olası etkileri tartışılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar yaprakbitleri için hazırlanacak mücadele programlarında kullanılabilecektir.

Sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) gene in aphids of the Belarussian fauna

Aim. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EF1α) are frequently used for a correct species diagnostics of aphids forms that are correct diagnosis of the species, studying of species genetic structure, assessment of intraspecies and interspecies genetic polymorphism assessment and construction of phylogenetic systems. Methods. Aphids samples were collected in Belarus. Genetic sequences of COI and EF1α genes were sequenced using primes LCO and EF3. Results. Sequences of COI and EF1α genes of 18 aphid species of Belarussian fauna including 6 aphid species of COI gene (Aphis fabae mordvilkoi Börn. & Janisch,, Aphis pomi Deg., Aphis spiraecola Patch, Colopha compressa Koch, Panaphis juglandis (Gz.) и Uroleucon hypochoeridis (F.)) and 15 species of EF1α gene (Anoecia corni (Fabr.), Aphis euphorbiae Kalt., C. compressa, Drepanosiphum platanoidis (Schr.), Gyphina jacutensis Mordv., Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffr.), Longicaudus trirhodus (Walk.), Monaphis antennata (Kalt.), P. juglandis, Periphyllus aceris (L.), Schizolachmus pineti (F.), Sipha maydis Pass., Therioaphis tenera Aiz., Trichosiphonaphis corticis (Aiz.), U. hypochoeridis) were obtained. Conclusions. COI gene and EF1α gene sequences were decoded and deposited to GenBank.
 Keywords: aphids, COI, EF1α, nucleotide sequence, GenBank, BOLD.

Alate gyne of the ant Dolichoderus quadripunctatus (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) follows foraging trail to aphids

The first observation of alate gyne of Dolichoderus quadripunctatus (L.) visiting aphids is described. A gyne walked along a foraging trail to the aphid Panaphis juglandis Goeze colony where it imbibed honeydew excreted on the leaf by the aphids, after which it returned to the trail. This recurred during two more days, always a single alate gyne at a time; hence the total number of gynes, one or more, remained open. The phenomenon, hitherto practically unknown in ants, is presented against the background of the biology of the species and discussed in the context of specific environmental circumstances and the colony dynamics.

A first record of three aphid pests (Aphididae: Calaphidinae) on walnut in Korea

In this study, we reported three walnut (Juglandaceae) aphid pests, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach, 1843), Monelliopsis caryae (Monell, 1879), and Panaphis juglandis (Goeze, 1778), based on the taxonomic study of aphids on walnut trees in Korea. Species diagnosis and illustrations are provided for the three species. Distributions and host plant association data are also given.

The new association records on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Central Province of Çanakkale

Aphid and ant species have a mutualistic or an obligately mutualistic association in nature conditions. Many ant species protect soft-bodied aphids with a low level of defense against their natural enemies. This study was conducted to determine the associations between aphid and ant species from 2014 to 2015 in the Center of Çanakkale Province and 12 ant species belonging to 8 genera in Dolichoderinae, Formicinae and Myrmicinae subfamilies of Formicidae associated with 16 aphid species were determined. The most encountered ant species associated with different aphids were Lasius alienus (Foerster, 1850), Plagiolepis pygmaea (Latreille, 1798), Camponotus aethiops Latreille, 1798 and Plagiolepis taurica Santsci, 1920. The most encountered aphid species associated with different ant species, were; Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 and Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854. Moreover, Camponotus samius Forel, 1889, Camponotus sanctus Forel, 1904, Crematogaster ionia Forel, 1911 and Pheidole cf. pallidula (Nylander, 1849) associations with aphids were determined for the first time in Turkey. Furthermore, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841, Aphis punicae Passerini, 1863, Aphis umbrella (Börner, 1950), Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch, 1854, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach, 1843), Panaphis juglandis (Goeze, 1778), Prociphilus fraxini (Fabricius, 1777) and their associations with different ant species were determined for the first time in Turkey. Consequently, the recent studies indicated that aphid-ant associations should be further detailed investigated locally.

Contribution to the Knowledge of Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Fauna of ŠAkiai District, Lithuania

This study presents the list of aphid species (family Aphididae, 57 species of 29 genera altogether) collected in Sakiai district (Lithuania) in 2004–2005, accompanied by comments on their distribution. Aphis hederae, Uroleucon hypochoeridis and Volutaphis schusteri are reported from Lithuania for the first time. For the present, Lithuania is known as the northernmost sampling location of V. schusteri in Europe. Comments on morphological peculiarities and/or biological characters of local samples of Rhopalosiphum padi, Brachycaudus divaricatae, Macrosiphum knautiae, V. schusteri, Panaphis juglandis and those of the complex of Hyalopterus species are given.

Luta biotécnica contra as principais pragas da nogueira

The concerns and difficulties felt by the farmers to control the main pests of walnut, the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) and the leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina L.), together with the growing concern about food quality, increased the interest on and the development of, new control methods that constitute real alternatives to the systematic use, often irrational, of pesticides. The biotechnical control, namely the technique of mating disruption, appears as a viable alternative, since effective biological or cultural methods for the control of these pests are not available at this moment. This control method reduces gradually the population of the pests, doesn't cause deposit residues on the fruits, doesn't induce resistance and doesn't disturb the beneficial fauna, facilitating the protection of the crop against secondary pests as mites [Panony chus ulmi (Koch)] and aphids [Panaphis juglandis Goeze, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach)]. In this work, some results obtained with the use of the mating disruption method during the years 2002 to 2004 will be presented and discussed. These results point towards a high effectiveness of the method, mainly in the control of the leopard moth. However, concerning relatively to the codling moth, the infestation levels observed along the three years were relatively low. The decrease of the population levels of both pests along the three years was evident. The infestation levels were always lower in the plots under mating disruption than in the control plots. This decrease was noticed along the three years of experiments.

The Aphididae (Homoptera) species of Kastamonu Region.

In this study, in order to identify the species of Aphids which can be seen in the park, garden and forest trees of Kastamonu region. During the study, parts of the forest trees having the symptoms of aphids like Willow, Cedar, Poplar, Maple, Black pine, Scots pine, Linden, Walnut, Ash, Locust, Gallnut and Cypress have been examined and the found species have been identified. As a result of the study, 12 species, 9 genus connected to 5 subfamilies from Aphididae familia which is connected Aphidoidea superfamily have been identified. These are; Aphis craccivora Koch, A. farinosa Gmel, Drepanosiphum sp., Cinara cedri Mim., C. (Cupressobium) cupressi (Buck.), C. pinea (Mord.), Eulachnus rileyi (Will.), Schizolachus pineti (F.), Eucallipterus tiliae (L.), Panaphis juglandis (Goez.), Prociphilus fraxini (F.) and Pemghigus vesicarius Pass. Keywords: Kastamonu, Park, Garden and forest trees, Aphids

Recent Additions to the Aphid (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) Fauna of Belarus

Aphid species Panaphis juglandis (Goeze), Aphis nepetae Kalt., Dysaphis tulipae (B. de F.) and Myzus (Nectarosiphon) ascalonicus Donc. are recorded for the fauna of Lithuania for the first time with comments on their general distribution areas, life cycles, host specificity and potential harmfulness.