Dimension Of Palpebral Fissure Research Articles

Comparative analysis of ocular biometry, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dog breeds.

This study compared skull morphology and ocular parameters in brachycephalic (BC, n=16) and nonbrachycephalic (NB, n=16) dogs using head CT scans. The results of a Schirmer tear test I (STT I), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular biometry, external structure, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions were evaluated and compared between BC and NB dogs. There were no statistically significant differences in the STT I results, IOP, globe dimensions, globe volume, internal structure, and external structure between BC and NB dogs (P>.05). Brachycephalic dogs exhibited significantly greater ocular protrusion and significantly larger palpebral fissure dimensions compared with NB dogs. For all dogs, we found a strong positive correlation between globe volume and body weight (r=0.836, P=.0000). The globe volumes, external structure parameters, and ocular protrusion were normalized by body weight and were also significantly larger in BC dogs compared with NB dogs (P<.001). The ocular protrusion (r=0.521, P<.0000) and horizontal palpebral fissure (r=0.372, P=.0024) showed a moderate positive correlation with the cephalic index (CI). Additionally, normalized globe volume (r=0.435, P=.0003), normalized orbital depth (r=0.419, P=.0005), and normalized retrobulbar depth (r=0.444, P=.0002) had a moderate positive correlation with the CI. The study emphasizes how the distinctive skull structure of BC dogs, with shortened facial bones and thickened retrobulbar soft tissue, influences their ocular appearance and raises the risk of eye problems.

Evaluation of normal distribution of palpebral fissure among the medical and paramedical students of Eastern Nepal

Background: The palpebral fissure (PF) is the space between the upper and lower eyelids when the eye is open. The bilateral orbital region which is located in the face acts as one of the important determinants in the perception of facial attractiveness, youthfulness, and health conditions of the individuals. The PF dimensions may get altered in cases of facial deformities and road traffic traumas. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the mode of distribution of PF dimensions in medical and paramedical students in correlation with gender. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted in the duration of August 2021–November 2021 including the sample of 300 medical and paramedical students in an equal number of male and female of age group 16–22 years from Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. We measured the dimensions of PF during the normal gaze. The data analysis was done using the SPSS version 16. Results: The mean length of PF (LPF) in males and females was 23.24 mm and 22.72 mm, respectively. The mean height of PF (HPF) in male and female was 8.52 mm and 8.60 mm, respectively. The difference between males and females LPF and HPF was significant(&lt;0.05). The mean PF index (PFI) in male and female subjects was, respectively, 37.20 and 38.68 which were statistically significant. Conclusion: It was found that the LPF and HPF were more in males and PFI was slightly more in females than the male which confirmsthe sexual dimorphism. The data obtained will be helpful in the esthetic consideration of the student’spersonality as well.

The effect of lower eyelid malposition repair on palpebral fissure size changes

Objectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of changes in the horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure dimensions on surgical success performed due to entropion and ectropion of the lower eyelid.Methods:The present research was conducted as a retrospective and interventional case series who had undergone involutional lower eyelid malposition repair with a lateral tarsal strip (LTS) alone, LTS with a medial spindle, and LTS with the advancement of the lower eyelid retractors. The subjects’ medical records, including demographic and clinic characteristics, pre-operative assessment of horizontal eyelid laxity, and surgical outcomes, were reviewed. The distance between the pupillary light reflex and the lower-eyelid margin marginal reflex distance 2 (MRD-2) and the horizontal palpebral aperture (HPA) width were measured using the Image J program in the pre-operative and post-operative 6-month follow-up. The correlation between surgical success, changes in pre-operative and post-operative MRD-2, and HPA width was assessed by the Spearman rank correlation test.Results:A total of 66 eyelids of 48 patients were included in the study. This cohort comprised of 41 males (86.4%) and 7 females (13.6%), 18 of whom underwent bilateral surgery. The pre-operative mean MRD-2 was 7.13 ± 1.98 mm, and the post-operative 6-month mean MRD-2 was 6.21±1.19 mm (p<0.01). The mean post-operative HPA width was statistically significantly higher in comparison with the mean pre-operative HPA width (27.35±2.41, 26.89±2.39, p=0.02, respectively). There was no correlation between success rate and changes in horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure dimensions.Conclusion:LTS surgery is a method that turns the shortened HPA width to normal and enables the successful correction of the lower eyelid malpositions.

Measurement of the Exposed Eyeball Area and Vertical Dimension of Palpebral Fissure after Double Eyelidplasty.

Measurement of the Exposed Eyeball Area and Vertical Dimension of Palpebral Fissure after Double Eyelidplasty.

Chen's Double Eyelid Fold Ratio.

Background:Double eyelidplasty can construct palpebral folds and enhance beauty perception for Asians with single eyelids. A new palpebral parameter for the quantitative interpretation of surgical outcomes is proposed on the basis of a photometric study of the altered proportions of Asian eyes after double eyelid operation.Methods:A total of 100 Asian adults with single upper eyelids who were satisfied with the enlarged eyes by operation were included in the study. A retrospective measurement of palpebral parameters in the frontal profile both preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively was performed. The proportions of various parameters in the eyebrow–eye aesthetic unit were calculated and analyzed.Results:Double eyelidplasty can augment the vertical dimension of palpebral fissure by 27.9% increase on average. The vertical ratio of palpebral fissure to the eyebrow–eye unit is augmented by 34.4% increase. The vertical ratio of the subunit below double eyelid fold peak to the unit is augmented by 82.6% increase.Conclusions:Double eyelidplasty can substantially enlarge the vertical dimensions of the eyes of Asians with single eyelids. The eyes are perceived to be larger because of the visually assimilated illusion of the superimposed eyelid fold and the relative proportions of the eyebrow–eye unit. The authors propose using a vertical ratio of the subunit below double eyelid fold peak in the eyebrow–eye unit to measure the visually perceived proportion of the eye in the unit. This ratio can be applied clinically for a quantitative evaluation of the surgical outcome after double eyelidplasty.

Exophthalmometric value and palpebral fissure dimension in an African population

Background: Normative data for exophthalmometric values and palpebral fissure dimensions are important for earlier diagnosis of orbital and palpebral fissure pathologies. Objective: To describe the normal exophthalmometric values and palpebral fissure dimensions among healthy adults of Black race. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Population based (general community). Method: Population-based multistage random sampling was used to recruit 1020 subjects who had no orbital or eye lid diseases and were free from systemic disease like thyroid eye disease that may affect orbital volume. These healthy adult subjects had their exophthalmometric values and palpebral fissure dimensions (horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure, lateral and medial canthal distances, inter-outer canthal distance, inter-inner canthal distance, margin reflex distance, and lid crease) measured with a Hertel's exophthalmometer and a plain non-stretchable plastic ruler, respectively. Results: A total of 1020 subjects (515 females and 505 males) of age range 16-85 years were studied. The mean ± SD exophthalmometric values were 15.27 ± 2.5 and 15.31 ± 2.4 mm for the right and left eyes, respectively. In the right eye, the mean palpebral fissure height was 8.3 mm, mean palpebral fissure width was 32.1 mm, mean upper eyelid crease was 7.1 mm, mean margin reflex height was 3.2 mm, mean lateral canthal distance was 12.9 mm, and the mean medial canthal distance was 10 mm at primary position of gaze. Conclusions: Exophthalmometric values and palpebral fissure dimensions were obtained among healthy adult Nigerians. Knowledge of these normal parameters is valuable in the management of eyelids and orbital diseases, as well as in manufacturing spectacles.

Anthropometric Analysis of Palpebral Fissure Dimensions and its Position in South Indian Ethnic Adults

The morphology and anatomical relationship of periorbital features vary according to age, sex and ethnicity. Standard database regarding periorbital region is available for other ethnic groups. Since there is no data available in the literature, specifically for south Indian ethnic adults, the present study was carried out to determine the normal average values for South Indian ethnic population related to gender. Anthropometric measurements of both eyes were done on standardized frontal view photograph of 200 South Indian ethnic adults aged 18 to 26 years. Parameters included were palpebral fissure width (PFW), palpebral fissure height (PFH), palpebral fissure inclination (PFI), outercanthal distance (OCD), interpupillary distance (IPD), intercanthal distance (ICD) and comparisons were made between the genders using the independent t test. Significant sexual dimorphism was noted in the given parameters. Palpebral fissure width (male: 31.08 mm; female: 29.90 mm), palpebral fissure inclination (male: 5.053°; female: 6.102°), outercanthal distance (male: 95.55 mm; female: 92.44 mm) and interpupillary distance (male: 66.72 mm; female: 62.59 mm). The palpebral fissure height (male: 11.30 mm; female: 11.58 mm) and intercanthal distance (male: 34.27 mm; female: 33.41 mm) showed no significant sexual differences. Statistically significant differences were found between South Indian ethnic males and female in certain key parameters. The present study suggests that ethnicity and gender should be considered in orbital surgery. To individualize the treatment planning and diagnosis, it is important for the surgeons to have knowledge of these local norms.

The relationship between exophthalmometric values, palpebral dimensions, and height, body weight/mass index: The Ido eye study

Background: Age and sex are some of the documented factors that have impact on the exophthalmometric/palpebral values. However, little is known in our population on this relationship. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the effect of age and sex on exophthalmometric and palpebral values in our local population. Aims: To investigate the relationship between exophthalmometric values, palpebral fissure dimensions, and height, body weight/body mass index (BMI) in an African population. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross -sectional survey wherein participants were recruited using multi -stage random sampling technique in a population -based setting. Materials and Methods: Exophthalmometric values (EVs) and palpebral fissure dimensions (PD) were measured in 1020 eligible adults with their consent, using Hertel's exophthalmometer and non -stretchable plain plastic ruler, respectively. Weight and height of the subjects were measured using stadiometer and weighing scale, respectively, and the BMI was calculated. Summary statistical analysis was performed for EV and PD, and their relationship with height and body weight/BMI was tested with Pearson's correlation analysis. Variables significant on bivariate analysis were entered into a multiple linear regression model. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Correlation between exophthalmometric measurements, PD, and height, body weight/BMI was tested using Pearson's correlation analysis. Variables significant on bivariate analysis were entered into a multiple linear regression model where regression coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals were computed. Level of significance for all tests was at 5%. Results: The studied population comprised 1020 subjects including 515 females and 505 males. Exophthalmometric value had statistically significant positive associations with body weight/BMI ( r = 0.113, P r = 0.094, P = 0.003, respectively). For every 1 kg increase in weight, there was accompanying 0.639 mm (95% CI = 0.330 -0.945) increase in EV, while there was 0.05 mm increase in EV for every 1 kg/m 2 increase in BMI. Conclusion: Weight is an independent predictor of exophthalmometric value, palpebral fissure width, medial canthal distance, and lateral inter -canthal distance.

Photogrammetric analysis of palpebral fissure dimensions and its position in Malaysian south Indian ethnic adults by gender

Background:Anthropometric data describing the palpebral fissure and its position is available for various populations. Unfortunately there is no data available for Malaysian South Indian.Aim:The present study was undertaken to determine the normative values for Malaysian South Indian according to gender.Materials and Methods:Anthropometric measurement was done on standardized photographs taken from 300 MSI aged 18-26 years. The parameters were measured using computerized software.Results:Significant sexual difference was observed in all parameters except canthal index, which includes palpebral fissure width (male, 30.9 mm; female, 29.62 mm), palpebral fissure height (male, 11.06 mm; female, 11.48 mm), palpebral fissure inclination (male, 4.72°; female, 7.04°), outercanthal distance (male, 97.15 mm; female, 91.78 mm), interpupillary distance (male, 68.09 mm; female, 63.6 mm), intercanthal distance (male, 34.1 mm; female, 32.77 mm), and canthal index (male, 35.22 mm; female, 35.86±4.44 mm).Conclusions:Sexual dimorphism was found in all parameters. Comparison of our results with other studies revealed the variation and similarities in key parameters. Establishing normative values and understanding the facial morphology of different ethnic groups is important in designing the treatment planning for an aesthetic oculoplastic procedure.

The Morphology of the Palpebral Fissure in Different Directions of Vertical Gaze

The purpose of this study is to investigate the normative morphology of the palpebral fissure by measuring a range of biometric eye dimensions for a population of young subjects through analysis of digital images in primary gaze and two typical angles of downward vertical gaze. Palpebral fissure characteristics are clinically important in areas such as contact lens practice. High-resolution digital images were taken of 76 young subjects with a range of refractive errors in primary gaze and 20 degrees and 40 degrees downward gaze. The digital images were analyzed to ascertain a range of biometric measures of the palpebral fissure for each subject in each angle of gaze. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to investigate changes occurring in the palpebral fissure dimensions with vertical angle of gaze. Highly significant changes were found to occur in the horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure dimensions, the palpebral fissure angle, and the eyelid contour as a function of angle of gaze. The palpebral fissure narrows in the vertical dimension (from an average vertical palpebral aperture width for white subjects in primary gaze of 9.7+/-1.2 mm to an average width of 6.4+/-1.1 mm in 40 degrees downgaze), shortens in the horizontal dimension (from average horizontal palpebral aperture width of 27.1+/-1.5 mm in primary gaze to an average of 25.6+/-1.8 mm in 40 degrees downgaze), and becomes more "down-slanted" with increasing downward gaze. Highly significant changes to the palpebral fissure dimensions occur in downward vertical gaze. These changes are important because many visual tasks are performed in downward gaze. These findings have implications for the management of lid anomalies and for contact lens fitting and design.

Growth of the Conjunctival Fornix and Orbital Margin in Term and Premature Infants

Knowledge of the growth of the neonatal conjunctival fornix and anterior orbit will aid development of neonatal prosthetic conformers and conjunctival sensors for oxygen determinations, as well as help define orbital malformation syndromes. These data are not available in any prospective series in the literature. The authors studied 55 premature and term neonates and determined horizontal and vertical dimensions of the conjunctival fornix and orbital margin and palpebral fissure width. Each of the ocular parameters had statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight and gestational age (P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed significant relationships which predict conjunctival fornix, orbital margin, and palpebral fissure dimensions from body weight (P < 0.05). Statistically significant correlation coefficients and linear regression relationships were found for horizontal, but not vertical, diameter measurements of the conjunctival fornix in relation to orbital margin and palpebral fissure dimensions (P < 0.01).