Palpebral Dimensions Research Articles

The relationship between exophthalmometric values, palpebral dimensions, and height, body weight/mass index: The Ido eye study

Background: Age and sex are some of the documented factors that have impact on the exophthalmometric/palpebral values. However, little is known in our population on this relationship. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the effect of age and sex on exophthalmometric and palpebral values in our local population. Aims: To investigate the relationship between exophthalmometric values, palpebral fissure dimensions, and height, body weight/body mass index (BMI) in an African population. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross -sectional survey wherein participants were recruited using multi -stage random sampling technique in a population -based setting. Materials and Methods: Exophthalmometric values (EVs) and palpebral fissure dimensions (PD) were measured in 1020 eligible adults with their consent, using Hertel's exophthalmometer and non -stretchable plain plastic ruler, respectively. Weight and height of the subjects were measured using stadiometer and weighing scale, respectively, and the BMI was calculated. Summary statistical analysis was performed for EV and PD, and their relationship with height and body weight/BMI was tested with Pearson's correlation analysis. Variables significant on bivariate analysis were entered into a multiple linear regression model. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Correlation between exophthalmometric measurements, PD, and height, body weight/BMI was tested using Pearson's correlation analysis. Variables significant on bivariate analysis were entered into a multiple linear regression model where regression coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals were computed. Level of significance for all tests was at 5%. Results: The studied population comprised 1020 subjects including 515 females and 505 males. Exophthalmometric value had statistically significant positive associations with body weight/BMI ( r = 0.113, P r = 0.094, P = 0.003, respectively). For every 1 kg increase in weight, there was accompanying 0.639 mm (95% CI = 0.330 -0.945) increase in EV, while there was 0.05 mm increase in EV for every 1 kg/m 2 increase in BMI. Conclusion: Weight is an independent predictor of exophthalmometric value, palpebral fissure width, medial canthal distance, and lateral inter -canthal distance.

Association between gender, age and palpebral dimensions/exophthalmometric values among Nigerians of Ido local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria

Background: Knowledge of factors that could affect exophthalmometric and palpebral's measurement are important in clinical for the correct interpretation of these parameters. Among these factors are age and sex. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the relationship between gender, age and palpebral dimensions/exophthalmometric values (EV) among Nigerian. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross -sectional survey, EV and palpebral dimensions were measured in 1020 eligible and consented adults Nigerians using Hertel's exophthalmometer and non -stretchable plain plastic ruler respectively. Results: The studied population comprised of 1020 subjects including 515 females and 505 males. In the male subjects, the mean (mm) palpebral fissure width, palpebral fissure height, upper eyelid crease, margin reflex distance, lateral canthal distance, medial canthal distance, inter inner canthal distance and inter outer canthal distance were; 32.6 ± 2.8, 8.3 ± 1.4, 6.9 ± 1.6, 3.2 ± 1.2, 12.8 ± 2.0, 10.1 ± 0.9, 39.9 ± 3.2, 99.5 ± 5.6 respectively. Males had a significantly higher EV compared with females (15.5 ± 2.5 mm vs. 15.1 ± 2.4 mm, P = 0.0005). Conclusion: In this study, we described the relationship between gender, age and EV/palpebral dimension in African population. The knowledge of this relationship is valuable in the early diagnosis of the eyelid and orbital diseases, manufacturing of spectacles as well as achieving a satisfactory cosmetic eyelid surgery.

Oriental oculopalpebral dimensions: Quantitative comparison between Orientals from Japan and Brazil

Quantitative evaluation of palpebral dimensions of Japanese residents in Japan and Japanese descendant (Nikkeis) who live in Brazil, in order to define if environmental factors may influence these parameters. A prospective study evaluating 107 Nikkeis from Brazil and 114 Japanese residents in Japan, aged 20 years or older. Exclusion criteria were those with palpebral position alterations, prior palpebral surgery, and crossbreeding. Images were obtained with a digital camera, 30 cm from the frontal plane at pupil height, with the individual in a primary position and the eye trained on the camera lens. Images were transferred to computer and processed by the Scion Image program. Measurements were made of distance between medial canthi, distance between pupils (IPD), superior eyelid crease position, distance between the superior lid margin and corneal reflexes (MRD), horizontal width, height, area, and obliquity of the palpebral fissure. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance for a three factor model and respective multiple comparison tests. Japanese residents and Nikkeis living in Brazil have similar measurements. Statistical differences were found for some age groups concerning distance between pupils, horizontal, and vertical fissures, palpebral fissure area, and obliquity with native Japanese presenting discretely higher measurements than Nikkeis. Environmental factors do not affect palpebral dimensions of Nikkeis living in Brazil.

Palpebral Dimensions in Brazilian Children: Assessment Based on Digital Images

Purpose: To determine palpebral dimensions and development in Brazilian children using digital images. Methods: An observational study was performed measuring eyelid angles, palpebral fissure area and interpupillary distance in 220 children aged from 4 to 72 months. Digital images were obtained with a Sony Lithium movie camera (Sony DCR-TRV110, Brazil) in frontal view from awake children in primary ocular position; the object of observation was located at pupil height. The images were saved to tape, transferred to a Macintosh G4 (Apple Computer Inc., USA) computer and processed using NIH 1.58 software (NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161, USA). Data were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: All parameters studied increased with age. The outer palpebral angle was greater than the inner, and palpebral fissure and angles showed greater changes between 4 and 5 months old and at around 24 to 36 months. Conclusion: There are significant variations in palpebral dimensions in children under 72 months old, especially around 24 to 36 months.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE EYE AND SURROUNDING STRUCTURES OF THE BOWHEAD WHALE, BALAENA MYSTICETUS

AbstractObservations were made on eyes from 46 bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, taken in the subsistence harvest near Barrow, Point Hope, Savoonga, and Kaktovik, Alaska. Data reported here include palpebral, eyeball, corneal, scleral, pupillary, and lens dimensions. These quantitative data have allowed us to compare structures relative to one another and sometimes to compare them with similar structures in other species. We found, for example, that the cornea is almost three times as thick at its periphery as at its center; that when the ratio of scleral thickness and eyeball size are compared, the ratio, in the bowhead whale, is twice that of any other cetacean for which data were available; and that the corneal and pupillary width to height ratios indicate a less elongated cornea and pupil than has been reported in other cetaceans. We also found a strong correlation between body length and eyeball size indicating that within the species, unlike what is seen between species, larger animals have larger eyes. Novel observations include the presence of three periorbital fatty layers, 112 ciliary processes, the presence of scleral canals, the absence of an obvious fovea or macular region in the retina, a holangiotic pattern of fundic vessels, the presence of zonular fibers and a lens sheath, and the absence of an obvious pupillary operculum. Anatomical features like the wide angle of divergence and the palpebral dimensions suggest the absence of binocular vision while features like the size of the palpebral sac, abundant conjuctival fat, and the prominence of the retractor bulbi muscle suggest mechanisms for the protrusion and retraction of the eyeball.