Palmy Days Research Articles

Источники о социально-политических настроениях крестьянства Ишимского округа Уральской области в 1925-1927 гг. По материалам сводок окружного отдела ОГПУ

The article uses previously unstudied reports of the Ishim district OGPU department to describe social and political attitudes of various groups of peasantry in the palmy days of the New Economic Policy (1925–27). The study is to consider the influence of social rural stratification on peasants’ mindsets and the relationship between the authorities and the peasantry; to assess the political resources of the Ishim peasantry through the lens of the OGPU reports; and to show the intransigence in social interests of the rural poor and the kulaks. The authors assess political moods of peasant population as a whole and those of particular social groups: poor, middle peasants, and kulaks. Political moods of the peasantry differentiated with respect to the following criteria: attitude to the Soviet government and various groups and strata, attitude to agricultural tax, attitude to religion, and church, and also according to the degree of political consciousness. On the basis of this analysis, we put forward an idea of multidirectional, heterogeneous participation of peasant population in the political life of the second half of the 1920s and of its significant social differentiation. In general, in the rural areas, the Soviet government was unequivocally supported by the poor, who were to some degree influenced by the kulaks. The middle peasants were characterized by their changing attitude; they symptomatically juxtaposed Soviet government and communists. The rich peasants took an extremely negative position to the Soviet government and tried to exert pressure on the local authorities (i.e. village soviets). However, discontent with the New Economic Policy encompassed all strata of the peasantry. Persistent confrontation between peasants fighting each other in the Ishim anti-communist peasant uprising of 1921 did not weaken for quite a long time. In conclusion, it is noted that protests, social deviations, and negative stance on the New Economic Policy gradually intensified in the political behavior of the Ishim district peasantry. The OGPU reports are a representative source that permits to reconstruct the social and political attitudes of the Ishim region peasantry.

Color Coded

Marowitz continuedfrom previous page and the examples (drawn sometimes from obscure sources) emerge relevant to the issues under discussion . It is something of a miracle to have been lodged for many years in both Yale and Harvard and still emerge sounding like a "mensch"—i.e., pertinent and accessible. In 1965, Brustein was approached by the New York Times to become its lead drama critic. "Flattered as I was by the proposal," writes Brustein, "daily reviewing was clearly not in my future. In those days, theatre notices had to be completed between the falling of the curtain and the rising of the sun, and I was technically unable to write a review in two hours." Stanley Kaufman was given the job, and Brustein went off to greener fields. I often conjecture what kind of American theatre we might have had if, in those palmy days of the swinging 60s, Brustein had become the omnipotentNew York Times theatre critic. What glories were trampled, innovations squelched, opportunities squandered because he took a pass? Charles Marowitz is a stage-director, playwright, and critic whose latestplay Silent Partners, based on Eric Bentley's The Brecht Memoir (1985), recently premiered in Washington, D. C. in 2006. His latest book is How to Stage a Play, Make a Fortune, Win a Tony, & Become a Theatrical Icon (Amadeus, 2005). Color Coded Fred Muratori reoyclopedia: Trimmings, S*PeRM**K*T, and Muse & Drudge Harryette Mullen Graywolf Press http://www.graywolfpress.org 176 pages; paper, $15.00 In the introduction to Blue Studios (2006), her collection ofessays on the cultural work undertaken by experimental women poets and by feminist readings of their poetry, Rachel Blau DuPlessis argues for the practice of sociopoesis, which she defines as "the analysis ofpoetry by helixed social and aesthetic concerns." Grounded in the writings of Theodor Adorno, particularly the thesis of his seminal essay "On Lyric Poetry and Society," DuPlessis recognizes poetry as "a theorizing practice, a practice of thinking, and as a commitment to the thought that emerges in the subtle concreteness of segmented, saturated language." Given her emphasis on poetry's symbiotic (ifsometimes unconscious) relationship to social dynamics—its binary function as vehicle for theory and praxis—and her concern for feminism in particular, it comes as a surprise that one will not find "Mullen, Harryette" listed among the names referenced in the book's index. The three collections gathered in Mullen's Recyclopedia—Trimmings (1991), S*PeRM**K*T (1992), and Muse & Drudge (1995)—directly engage , in Adorno's words, "the social nature of lyric poetry" by triggering the transformative effects of "saturated" language within the public contexts of gender, race, consumerism, and popular media. They channel vocabularies from multiple cultural streams, histories, economies, and wisdoms: synthesizing , catalyzing, even skewing once-familiar expressions into new propositions for reassessing what we're reading almost simultaneously with the reading of it. Having acknowledged the problematic nature of subjectivity in an interview conducted after the publication ofMuse & Drudge (Callaloo, 19.3), Mullen seems to heed Adorno's admonition in "Subject and Object" that the subject too easily forgets "how much it is an object itself." Her poems for the most part allow language to assemble a lyric "I," which, though diffused through a dense, associative range oflinguistic possibilities, is reconstituted in the readers 's recognition ofthe singularhuman consciousness (Adorno's "precisely specifying cast of thought") governing their meticulous construction. Trimmings and S*PeRM**K*T were intended as reactions to (or "interactions" with) the first two sections of Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons (1914) ("Objects" and "Food"), and as Mullen wrote in her original afterword to Trimmings (not reprinted in Recyclopedia), "I thought about language as clothing and clothing as language." "Trimmings" might apply to objects that are added to a whole, or else pruned from it, and even abstract elements—such as color—may be extracted and reified, as Mullen's prose poem on a red dress demonstrates: When a dress is red, is there a happy ending. Is there murmur and satisfaction. Silence or a warning. It talks the talk, but who can walk the walk. Distress is red. It sells, shouts, an urge turned inside out. Sight for sore eyes, the...

Danish economic history — Towards a new millenium1

Economic history is out for the count. One might get that impression from reading recent contributions in international journals,2 and since the mid-1980s quite unscientific observations at several of the great international conferences of The International Economic History Association have led me to the conclusion that the age distribution of the participants has been rather skewed with an annoying dominance of the same sex and age as myself, that is middle-aged or elderly men. It points towards an academic field having passed its palmy days — around a generation ago.

Toynbee and Ibn Khaldun

In the years before the First World War the Orient Express used to run a daily train de luxe between London and Vienna. From Vienna there were trains every Monday and Thursday (first class only) to Constantinople. The journey took 75 hours and cost ?22 and 11 shillings. In those palmy days the train travelled from empire to empire and British travellers customarily travelled without a passport. By 1921 everything had changed. British passports came in with the Defence of the Realm Act of 1915 and papers were frequently demanded on the route to Istanbul. The Orient Express passed through nation states with uncertain futures towards a Turkey which was fighting to become a nation. It was on the Orient Express, on the line between Nish and Adrianople in September 1921, that Arnold Toynbee, in a moment of creative vision, first sketched the plan of his massive A Study of History, the writing of which was to occupy him for the next 40 years.2 Arnold Toynbee was born in 1889 and educated at Winchester and Balliol. (As an undergraduate Toynbee became friendly with the Arabist D.S. Margoliouth. The latter told Toynbee that he made a custom of reading the Quran in Arabic once a year. This commanded Toynbee's admiration 'for the Quran is appreciably longer than the Bible'. This reminiscence suggests that Toynbee never actually looked at the Quran, for it is in fact shorter than the New Testament.)3 During the First World War Toynbee

The distribution of income in Copenhagen at the beginning of the nineteenth century

This article presents a comprehensive analysis ofincome distribution in Copenhagen around the beginning of the nineteenth century. In contrast to earlier studies the analysis takes advantage of all the surviving records from the tax collections of 1789 and from 1810 to 1814, in sum approximately 58,000 items. The period c. 1800 constitutes an extraordinary era in Danish history, with large changes occuring in the economic situation of the country. The Danish defeat in the Napoleonic Wars and the peace conditions drawn up at Kiel proved to be the irrevocable end to the palmy days of Danish overseas trade. This study’s main objective has been to illuminate the changes in income distribution during this politically and economically turbulent period for Denmark. The records indicate a very weak trend towards an equalisation of income distribution over the period 1789 to 1814 in Copenhagen.

The Ecological Niche of Political Psychology

Jervis says, I think rightly, that science is a borrowing discipline, and that economics, rather than psychology, has become the leading discipline of choice in recent years. The early 1960s were perhaps the palmy days of psychology's influence in science. One thinks of the major contributions to the field of electoral behavior and public opinion made by A. Campbell, Converse, Lane, McClosky, M. B. Smith, Katz, and Lipset; to socialization by Hyman, Easton and Dennis, and Greenstein; to comparative politics by Almond and Verba, and Pye, and to a host of other problems by Georges, Kelman, Deutsch, Janis, and Lifton. I do not recall hearing the term political psychology used very widely in the 1950s. But in the last two decades it has emerged as an identifiable specialty in its own right. It is small, but doing well and even expanding somewhat, if the membership of ISPP and an increasing number of universitylevel courses with that title are any indication. Nevertheless, my impression is, like Jervis', that psychology's influence on science has been receding in recent years while that of econom-

Seventeenth-Century Poetry: The Social Context

Graham Parry, Soventeenth-Contury Poetry: The Social Context . Dover, New Hampshire: Hutchinson and Co., 1985. 256 pp.; cloth $22.50, paper $11.95. by Sidney Gottlieb Depending upon one'sexpectations, Graham Parry's Seventeenth -Century Poetry: The Social Context may strike the reader as either disappointing or possibly very useful. If one is looking for a fully detailed study of the major seventeenthcentury poets (from Jonson to Marvell) in their social settings, as the book's title and introduction prepare us for, it is difficult not to be somewhat let down by Parry's sketchy, often oddlyfocused analyses. Much of the material he surveys is either familiar to scholars (e.g., millenarianism in Marvell) or presented in broad, over-stated terms that confirm without critically qualifying the commonplace generalities used to describe each poet. A close examination of the full social background, paying attention to, among other subjects, local as well as national history, personal friendships and family relationships, and the almost inevitable tense complexity of seventeenthcentury verse, such that private poems often become public, and poems of praise often become subtly critical and defensive, would help restore these poets to three dimensions for modern readers. But Parry tends to flatten out these figures: for example, he presents a curiously amiable Jonson, without much of a satiric edge and unbelievably well-accommodated to a "rewarding . . . lifetime spent in the service of poetry" (p. 40); and in his discussion of Herbert he never quite gets beyond the picture of an untroubled parson living in the "palmy days of the 1620s and 1630s" (p. 12), a view that would not stand up well to a deeper study of Herbert's life and times. Parry's book suffers even further by comparison with the increasing number of recent books and articles that discuss the social context of seventeenth-century poetry in far greater detail and with much greater subtlety. His analysis of Jonson as a public poet contains some fine general observations but pales alongside Richard Helgerson's chapters on Jonson's 58 BOOK REVIEWS sense of his poetic role in Self-Crowned Laureates and Annabel Patterson's comments on Jonson's adjustments in his lyric voice while writing public poems in Censorship and Interpretation. Parry's stress on Donne's attempts to advertise and sell himself in his verses is important, but his argument lacks the solid grounding in the mechanics of the patronage system of early seventeenth-century England analyzed by Arthur Marotti and others in Patronage in the Renaissance (ed. Guy Fitch Lytle and Stephen Orgel). And the limitations of Parry's treatment of the history of this time period appear that much more pronounced when compared to the literary studies of seventeenth-century writers reprinted in Volume I of The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill. Hill's essays on Vaughan, Milton, Marvell, and Traherne (among others) show that any attempt to study the social context of a writer must be supported by voluminous historical investigation. My point in referring to these other studies is not to bludgeon Parry for not writing a detailed, specialized study: his aim lies elsewhere. But he misses many an opportunity to strengthen and refine his arguments by referring to the work of modern scholars investigating the same subject areas. His discussion of how Milton presents himself asa poet in his 1645 volume of poems, for example, is interesting but fails to build on Louis Martz's impressive essay "The Rising Poet," published as long ago as 1965. British scholars (Parry isa Lecturer at the University of York) often do not make as much of a fetish of secondary sources as American scholars do, and there is something to be said for this manner of escaping many of the pitfalls of pedantry. But in the very least Parry could have directed interested readers to some of these detailed studies in his bibliography, which as it stands now lists only a few general book-length works on each poet. But while this book may not provide scholars with a great deal of specialized information, it may be just the kind of introduction to these poets that will be extremely useful for students. It is accessible and...

From Republicanism to Liberalism: Ideological Change and the Crisis of the Old South

DISGUSTED BY THE VENALITY AND CORRUPTION HE FOUND PERVASIVE IN THE federal government, Congressman Abraham W. Venable of North Carolina rose to the floor of the House of Representatives in early 1852 and delivered a speech infused with ancient republican rhetoric. As he progressed, the congressman strayed further and further from his particular subject-government printing contracts-until he reached the underlying principles compelled his dismay. With a ringing invocation of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, Venable launched his final assault. We must return to simple unsophisticated republicanism of the pure and palmy days of our country, he declared, a distribution of fifty millions of our money, and whole empires of land gave the means of temptation and corruption, and placed in the hands of Congress the control of jobs by which opulence may be acquired in a few months a year. Moments later, Venable was abruptly called to order by the Honorable William H. Polk of Tennessee, who declared he simply did not know what Venable was talking about. He is laying about so loose, Polk asserted, that I cannot see what he is at myself.' With the chamber broke out into laughter. When quiet was restored, John W. Howe, also of North Carolina, threw the House into another fit of mirth by asking, with deliberate exasperation, whether Venable was for or against the bill under consideration. I The ridicule to which Abraham Venable was subjected conforms to a pattern is now being uncovered by historians of American republicanism. In its barest outlines, the pattern reveals a substantial ideological divide spanning the decades before and after 1800, a divide closely associated with the development of American capitalism and therefore most intense during the nineteenth

University Education in retailing:

For generations retailing has had to fight against its image as a second‐class occupation. Successive governments have tended to regard it as less important than manufacturing industry, and this view has been reinforced by careers officers who, in the palmy days when school‐leavers were in the privileged position of having an element of choice in their jobs, adopted a condescending if not dismissive attitude to “working in a shop”. If anything this attitude has been even more marked at graduate level; as our contributor writes, retailing has been generally neglected by universities, and even by many management centres and business schools. There are, of course, some exceptions. One of the most notable of these is the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; UMIST was one of the first in the UK to develop courses in retailing, and these are described here in some detail. The author is only too well aware that there are a number of universities and polytechnics whose retail courses have not been mentioned in this feature; equally that there are personnel officers who will justifiably feel that they are not guilty of the charges levelled against them in the section entitled “Graduate Retailers”. We welcome correspondence from educational organisations or individuals who desire to put the record straight.

Our British Cousins

In 1980, the British Sociological Association celebrated its 30th anniversary at its annual conference. The eleven papers reprinted in this volume are a selection from a larger number focused on various aspects of the discipline's fortunes and misfortunes since the formation of the BSA in 1950. It will come as no surprise to learn that on this occasion the dominant mood was one of pessimism. Neither the state of the world nor of the art itself could give members much encouragement to re-live the palmy days of the 1960s, when sociology was a swinging subject and such an event as the introduction of a sociological tripos at Cambridge was deemed worthy of the close attention of readers of the London Times. All the same, the anniversary itself might fairly have merited rather more in the way of thanksgiving and celebration. The Association had achieved a remarkable rate of growth (in the sixties membership was doubling every two or three years); it had successfully launched a new journal, Sociology, alongside the two established native publications which already enjoyed international standing; and its membership had regularly and energetically debated issues of professionalism without ever succumbing to the temptation to devise their own formal professional structure. Yet despite the evidence of solid progress, a sense of crisis and an air of intellectual uncertainty are manifest throughout this volume. The papers fall into three sections. The first deals with the institutional contexts within which the subject operates and is concerned with the role of the BSA in the matter of professionalism (Barnes), the parasitical relationship between sociology and other disciplines (Urry), the relation between the rise of sociology in Oxford and Cambridge and measures of academic excellence (Heath and Edmondson), and current risks of institutional erosion or collapse for sociology (Abrams). The second section consists of five papers addressed to questions of the nature of sociological knowledge and of the scope of sociological method. It begins with an argument that positivism lives (Platt) and continues with an assessment of the anti-quantitative basis said to be prevalent in British sociology (Husbands).

Fallacies of hope?

Visiting universities in different parts of the United Kingdom in recent months, I was not surprised to encounter a mood of pessimism. I am thinking primarily of teachers and research workers although administrators toovice-chancellors, registrars, bursars and their assistants are now resigned to a kind of gloomy servitude. They have become servants of a lamp that no longer shines so brightly as in the palmy days of university expansion. I use the rather tired phrase "palmy days" since it does describe very accurately the beguiling years of easy growth: we basked in the bright sunshine of public esteem and quinquennial grants. Even then there were those who believed that universities were rather too much in the sun. They feared the consequences of exposure and saw dangers in too rapid growth, not perhaps of students' numbers but of new universities. But whatever the problems attached to expansion they were less forbidding than those of retrenchment. It is commonplace to observe that universities are poorly equipped to govern but marvellously arranged to obstruct, and the truth of that was nowhere more obvious than in the decisions taken to meet the financial crisis which arose in 1981. The difficulty was that of choice the central issue of all political questions-of deciding between alternatives and of judging the feasibility of particular policies, and it was on these critical issues that the universities faltered.

Emerging concepts of platelet function.

THESE are palmy days for those of us concerned with platelet research: recent developments have heightened interest in all aspects of platelet function. The recognition of the major role of the platelet in arterial thrombosis has emphasized the clinical importance of platelet aggregation reactions. The increasingly vigorous treatment of neoplasms has stressed the need to make large numbers of platelets available for transfusion. Platelet abnormalities that result in bleeding are also receiving more attention. Only a few years ago, hereditary disorders of platelet function were considered extremely rare and vaguely classified. We now recognize, however, that some forms of these . . .

What's happening to the GROCERY SYMBOL GROUPS ?

Back in the palmy days of midsummer 1970, the grocery voluntary groups scored a notable victory. Nielsen figures showed that, for the first time, symbol groups continued to gain ground while both multiples and Co‐ops marked time. By June/July 1970 the symbol share of the grocery trade had risen to 23.7 per cent, and had overtaken the share of the non‐affiliated independents, which dropped from 23 to 20 per cent. But things have never been the same since. Now the multiple share stands at 44 per cent, and the symbol groups have never exceeded that magic figure of 23.7 per cent. What's gone wrong with the high hopes of the 1960s, when the rescue operation for saving the small grocer from the depredations of the supermarkets turned into an aggressive force that had the multiples rather worried? Certainly the large groups are not declining — Mace, VG, Spar/Vivo all showed substantial improvements in 1972 over the previous year. But symbol group trade as a whole is stagnating, and it may turn out that only the larger groups are capable of competing with multiples in the struggle for favourable terms with manufacturers. Wholesalers have lost patience with the standard of retailer members' efficiency and co‐operation; much‐needed support is not always forthcoming. Cash‐and‐carry is tempting many retailers away from the path of loyalty to group wholesalers — which is fine again for the larger voluntary groups who have already diversified into cash‐and‐carry, but not so good for the smaller. What is the future for the voluntary group grocer? Last month a conference was held in Majorca which attempted to give some answers to this question; it was sponsored jointly by Mace wholesale distributor Hull Supply Company and the Grocers' Gazette. Some of the points made at the conference are summarised here.

From Covent Garden to the Bowery: Kemble and Hamblin Promptbooks for Henry VIII

John Philip Kemble, particularly during his palmy days at the rebuilt Covent Garden from 1809 to 1817, introduced a new style of production and management into English theatre. In producing Shakespeare's plays (twenty-seven in twenty-nine years) Kemble was determined “to bend every nerve to make them perfect, beyond all previous example.” His calculated “authenticity,” picturesque groupings, illusionistic scenery, and splendid processions revolutionized theatrical style. “Unquestionably all the truth, all the uniformity, all the splendour and the retinue of the stage came in, but did not die, with Mr. Kemble,” writes his biographer, James Boaden, with customary enthusiasm. “He transported us absolutely into the days of Henry VIII. or Coriolanus,” recalls one admirer.

Carnie Talk from the West Coast

THE ARGOT OF the carnival-of the performers, hustlers, flatties, and roughies who are, in their own proud phrase, 'with it'-has not gone unregarded by students of American speechways. Valuable wordand phraselists drawn wholly or in part from the language of carnival workers appeared in the early files of this journal and found a place in the lively pages of the American Mercury during its high and palmy days under H. L. Mencken's editorial direction.' The subjoined glossary of carnie talk is offered here only as a recent sampling of an interesting occupational jargon in which, as one might expect, changes have taken place in the two decades or more since most of the earlier studies of it were published. In this list, as in previous ones, the language of the carnies shows a double nature. One one side it manifests a strong affiliation with circus jargon, and at a greater remove, with the language of theatrical troupers in general. The carnie is a performer, he is 'in show business,' and for him the declaration 'He's show folks!' is a seal of complete approval. In part, his language, like other occupational jargons, functions as a verbal shorthand, a necessary means of dealing efficienttly with the objects and activities which are peculiar to his hard, itinerant life. A large percentage of the terms glossed below have for referents the procedures involved in laying out and setting up the temporary structures of a carnival, the widely varied games, rides, and shows through which it attracts its clientele, and the characteristic acts and attitudes of both the carnies and the good, douce citizens who patronize their enterprises. Carnival language, on the other side, betrays a large admixture of under-

Dated Chinese Manuscripts in the Stein Collection

The dated documents belonging to this last half-century of the Stein Collection are more numerous than ever, but also for the most part scrappy and fragmentary. There are very few Buddhist canonical texts, but a considerable variety of miscellaneous prayers, eulogies, certificates, letters, contracts, calendars, inventories, and so forth. The general impression one obtains is of a period of gradually increasing poverty and political unrest, in which the civilization introduced by the Chinese is seriously threatened, and Buddhism, though still maintaining its position as the dominant religion, has greatly degenerated since the palmy days of the early T'ang dynasty.

The Progress of Science in India

IT is one hundred and three years since Macaulay wrote his famous minute on education in India, in which he stated that it was impossible, with the limited means available, to attempt to educate the body of the people. This century has seen an amazing development in all directions. Politically, self-government has been largely achieved and this has been rendered possible by the adoption, as advocated by Macaulay, of English as the medium of education. English has become the lingua franca of the Peninsula, and the mass of the discussions in the legislative councils is conducted in that language. But there has occurred another, if less dramatic, change. An educational ladder has been provided which has opened a clear road from the village primary school to the university. In the space of a century, India has passed from a social state with an aristocracy as strongly marked as in the Norman period, with a priestly hierarchy as dominant as in the palmy days of the monasteries and with the mass of the people in a state of serfdom equally reminiscent of those early English days, to a state with all the democratic institutions of modern England and with an industrial development of no mean proportion if, as yet, small when judged by the percentage of population so engaged.

In the Palmy Days of Boston: the Hospitallers of St. John, and the Men of St. Botulph, at Skirbeck

In the Palmy Days of Boston: the Hospitallers of St. John, and the Men of St. Botulph, at Skirbeck

A Course of Faraday

NATURE is no longer merely “a weekly journal of science” but now both looks after our literary p's and q's and often is full of humour. This is right and proper. We have only to think what science would be, if, for example, we took seriously imperious dismissals of the ether, such as we are favoured with by a high official of the Royal Society. The delightful way in which other guardians of cosmic theory agree to differ is worthy of the best traditions of the House of Commons, if not of the Geological Society in its most palmy disputatious days. We still need, however, to introduce some sense of the ridiculous into chemistry. The reviewer (“Our Bookshelf”, March 14) is hard on the author of “Practical Forestry”, who, after asking, “Why is coal put between species of stone or rock?” replies, “Because the Almighty put it there, and no expert or scientist breathing will ever make the writer believe otherwise”. “Scientific truth” is stranger than such fiction. Physical chemists, biologists too, speak in just the same way of the teutonic myths they administer to unquestioning would-be graduates in science. What, indeed, is the professor for but to profess? His not to reason why, his but to do or die, at the hands of the examiner.