Palm Width Research Articles

Assessment of the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion Using Palm Width and Finger Length.

Background and Objectives: The vertical dimension of occlusion's (VDO) assessment is a highly important issue in the everyday dentist's practice. Patients with unstable occlusion, lost occlusal stops, extensive tooth loss in the lateral area, or complete edentulism need a proper assessment of the VDO before the prosthetic restoration is carried out. Subjective and objective methods were used over time for the restoration of VDO. The study aimed to investigate the possible correlation between finger length, palm width and the vertical dimension of occlusion. Materials and Methods: Assessment of the VDO for 236 subjects, Romanian and French dental students, was performed using the Willis Bite Gauge. The left hand of the subjects was scanned using a flat-bed scanner, and then measurements of palm width and finger length were carried out for each subject. Comparison between VDO values and finger length/palm width was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Student t-Test. Results: Higher VDO average values were found in French subjects compared with Romanian students. The same results were found according to gender; in both female and male subjects, lower values of VDO were found in the Romanian group. Higher values were obtained for women within each group when comparing to men. Statistically significant correlations of the analyzed parameters and VDO values were found. Higher statistical correlations of the studied variables were found for men compared to women in both groups. The highest statistical correlation was obtained between the VDO and the palm width measured at the fingerbase, followed by the middle finger length. Conclusions: The results showed the highest statistical correlation between the vertical dimension of occlusion and the palm width measured at the fingers' base. Statistical correlations were also found between the VDO and the middle finger length. Simple formulas using finger length/palm width can be used for a rapid VDO determination.

Redesign of Rice Planting Tools Using an Ergonomics Approach

Farmers' work in planting rice is always with a bent posture, causing complaints of musculoskeletal disorders, this is a problem in research. The aim of the research is to identify farmers' complaints of musculoskeletal disorders when planting rice and determine the size of ergonomic tools. The method used is standard Nordic questionnaires to determine the point of complaint among farmers, anthropometry and percentiles are used to design the tool. Statistical tests are used to see valid, uniform, and normal data. Results and discussion, in the standard Nordiq questionnaire, it was found that farmers experienced more than 50% complaints of severe pain in the waist, left calf, right calf, left ankle, right ankle, left foot, and right foot. The design uses eight anthropometric dimensions: standing elbow height, palm length, palm width, middle finger length, shoulder width, body thickness, upper arm length, and hand length. All anthropometric dimensions were declared uniform, in the data adequacy test they were declared valid, and in the normality test, all data were declared normally distributed. The 5th percentile is used for the dimensions of shoulder width, standing elbow height, and palm length, and the 95th percentile is used for the dimensions of palm width, middle finger length, body thickness, upper arm length, and hand length.In conclusion, complaints of musculoskeletal disorders were identified as very painful, located at the point of complaint of the waist. The rice planting tool has ergonomic dimensions, the height of the tool is 88.1 cm, the diameter of the tool handle is 8.13 cm, the length of the handle is 11.4 cm, and the distance between the handle and the brake is 9.32 cm. The dimensions of the rice seed bag are 33.70 cm wide, the distance between the front and back of the bag is 23.19 cm, the bag height is 35.64 cm, and the bag length is 20.5 cm.

The study of correlation between palm length, palm width and hand length with stature in the students

To determine sex, age, race, stature and nutritional status of an individual, the hand dimensions, which are different in various races and ethnic groups are used, also they are used in the mass disaster for an identification of sex, age, race and stature.The present study was designed to determine and correlate of the hand dimensions such as hand length, palm length, palm width with stature of student and to observe the standard deviation in the estimation of stature.This was descriptive cross sectional study conducted atDepartment of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vedantaa Institute of Medical Sciences, Town Dahanu, Dist- Palghar, Maharashtra State, India. from 1 Dec 2022 to 30 June 2023. After ethical permission; total 101 male and 98 female between age group of 20-23 years were enrolled in the study by simple random method. In a group of 10 number the height of participants was measured with a stature meter whereas, measuring tape and Vernier caliper were used to measure palm length, palm width, height of hand respectively and all the data was recorded and analysed by SPSS; S/W version 21. Linear regression coefficient was calculated.The person correction for statistic. The mean length of right hand was recorded to be 170.8mm while mean breadth was 76.7mm. The highest correlation was observed to be exhibited by right hand length (r=0.5) and the lowest by right-hand breadthThe study conclude that, if only the hand length or width measurement is available stature could be successfully estimated. This study also reveals the strong positive relation between palm length, palm width,hand length with stature.

Morphological and radiological features of congenital muscular hypertrophy of the upper limb: experience from a tertiary institution.

Congenital muscular hypertrophy is a rare overgrowth disorder in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase related spectrum. In the past 3 years, ten patients with 11 limbs involved were treated in our centre. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and radiological deformities of these patients. We documented the characteristic clinical morphological changes, such as hypertrophy, loss of wrist flexion, thumb hyperabduction, finger deviation and skin crease changes in the palm. Radiologically, the mean first metacarpal radial deviation angle of the affected side measured 55° (range 34 to 67) compared to the normal contralateral side 42° (range 32 to 53). The mean intermetacarpal space ratio was 1.2 (range 1.1 to 1.4) and the mean palm width ratio was 1.2 (range 1.1 to 1.3). In this study, we were able to further characterize the radiological and morphological changes of congenital muscular hypertrophy of upper limbs, which would be helpful for establishing the diagnosis and monitor treatment of this rare condition.Level of evidence: IV.

EFFECT OF HAND ANTHROPOMETRY INDICES ON THE MEASUREMENT OF HAND GRIP STRENGTH USING A HANDHELD DYNAMOMETER IN YOUNG ASIAN MALES

Hand grip strength is a measure of one’s muscle strength of the hand and forearm. It also indicates one’s general physical fitness. Hand grip strength is measured using a handheld dynamometer and this procedure can be affected by one’s hand anthropometry. Hand size and shape can be affected by one’s race and ethnicity and thus identifying the specific hand anthropometric measurement that would be related to hand grip strength for a particular ethnicity is important. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between different hand anthropometric measurements with hand grip strength using a handheld dynamometer in South Asian healthy young male adults. Full hand length, middle finger length, palm width and wrist thickness in 52 young male participants aged 18-25 years old were measured. Hand grip strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship of each anthropometric variable with hand grip strength. Our data showed, palm width significantly correlates with hand grip strength (r=0.461; p=0.00059). Middle finger length has a weak positive correlation (r=0.260; p=0.063), while full hand length and wrist thickness has no correlation with hand grip strength (r=0.048; p=0.734) and (r=0.094; p=0.509) respectively. Our results show that of the four anthropometry measurements of the hand used in this study, palm width has a strong association with hand grip strength, and it is a statistically significant determinant of hand grip strength in South Asian healthy male young adults. It can also be concluded that middle finger length and wrist thickness do not play a role in affecting hand grip strength.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0028/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

PROSES PEMBANGUNAN BALE DAJA STUDI KASUS BALE DAJA DI DESA KESIMAN DENPASAR

Balinese architecture is a spatial structure and form whose development is based on values and norms, both written and unwritten. Bale Daja is a bale that follows the placement according to the direction of the wind in the mention of the local community. Kaja or daja is a higher area (read: mountain); for Bali, the interior design facilities are 2 bales located on the left and right of the room. The Bale Daja building shape is rectangular, can use saka/poles made of wood, totaling 8 (sakutus) and 12 (saka roras). The function of the Bale Daja is for the parents' or Head of the Family's bed on the left side of the bale, while on the right it is used for the sacred space, a place of prayer and a place to store ceremonial tools. After the building design is formed, the preparation of materials can be done. The materials prepared include bricks, sand, cement, wood, tiles, etc. The basics of Bale Daja development use the rules contained in Asta kosala kosali and asta bumi. The unit of measurement used is the Bali Traditional Architecture unit of measurement which is based on the size of the elbow of the oldest person in the house, namely the basic reference size in the form of: hands with various leg sizes, knuckles, palm width and others. The ceremony before the construction of the building consists of: the Nyukat and Ngeruak ceremonies are carried out sequentially, namely the process of cleaning the site and making stakes and dimensions of the building to be built accompanied by the basic return ceremony first. mulang basis and in the assembly process the ngaug sunduk procession is carried out, namely the waters between the saka and the sunduk in the direction of kaja kangin first then proceed to the saka and sunduk assembly. The final cleansing ceremony, namely the melaspas ceremony, can then be used for bale daja.

One size does not fit all: Impact of hand size on ease of use of instruments for minimally invasive surgery

BackgroundConsideration of ergonomic factors is important for the practice of safe and efficient minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Surgeons with smaller glove sizes have previously been reported to have increased difficulties with some minimally invasive instruments. We aim to investigate hand anthropometrics and their relationship to surgeon comfort when using MIS instruments. MethodsMale and female surgeons from two centres were surveyed on their experience of handling MIS instruments and images obtained of the dorsal and palmar aspects of their dominant hand. Photographs of hands were transformed to calibrated coordinates to enable anthropometric measurements of finger length and width as well as palm width and hand span photogrammetrically. Surgeon-perceived discomfort, fatigue, pressure points and techniques to mitigate difficulty handling instruments were compared to hand measurements. ResultsQuestionnaires were completed by 58 surgeons; 20 (34%) were consultants, 17 (29%) were women. Glove size ranged from 6 to 8 (median 7.5). Male participants had significantly larger hands than females in all measured dimensions. Female surgeons and those with smaller finger and hand dimensions were significantly more likely to experience difficulty or discomfort across a range of variables when using MIS instruments. ConclusionsSurgeons with smaller hands reported increased problems handling MIS instruments. This represents an issue of equity in surgery, with women being more significantly affected than men. Hand size varies greatly between surgeons and anthropometric variability should be considered in design of MIS instruments.

The Impact of the Secular Trend of the Slovak Population on the Production of Wooden Beds and Seating Furniture

Every space used by a person should suit the anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics of the users. Poorly designed premises and types of equipment have a negative impact on human health. Furniture, as a device for daily use, can in the long term, with inadequate dimensions, significantly affect human health. In this work, we define the secular development of selected anthropometric dimensions of the Slovak population. Based on the positive development, we point out the dimensional and strength characteristics of bed and resting furniture and the dimensional and strength characteristics of seating furniture, which anthropometric dimensions influence. At the same time, we note the need to update the calculation formulas for pricing individual products, which will have an economic impact on wood furniture production. Based on the results, we can conclude that in most of the monitored characteristics of the Slovak population, such as height and bodyweight, the elbow height when sitting, palm width, hand length, length of the forearm to fingertip, buttock–knee length and knee height—sitting with shoes, affect the dimensions of the bed and seating furniture. This implies the need to update the current standards for the general Slovak population.

PERANCANGAN SIKAT PEMBERSIH BABAT SAPI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KENYAMANAN PEKERJA

In the daily food that we eat in addition to protein, vitamins, animal needs are also needed. Animal needs that we need is beef. Beef processing has several kinds of activities, including the process of cutting meat, cutting of beef tripe offal, boiling tripe dapi, cleaning beef tripe, weighing and then the last process is distribution to consumers. In interviews conducted with workers in beef processing, it was found that one of the most tiring processes and made hands hurt. In washing and cleaning dirt using this knife, it takes a long time so that workers' hands are sometimes injured and their hands feel tired or sore. The subjects measured to obtain anthropometric measurement data were 30 workers related to the processing and cleaning of beef tripe innards at the Wonodri market, Semarang. Anthropometric data used are Palm Thickness to Thumb, Palm Width, Palm Length. From the results of the Nordic Body Map questionnaire, all 30 workers felt pain in the right wrist and pain in the right hand. With the new beef tripe cleaning brush, it does not hurt the hands of workers and reduces pain and soreness in the right wrist and right hand. The cleaning time of beef tripe is faster and more efficient than the previous tool. Cow tripe traders in Wonodri market can reduce production time and increase the comfort of workers in cleaning beef tripe.

The implementation of anthropometric measurement in designing the ergonomics work furniture

The productivity of an employee has a crucial role for the company. The higher the level of productivity, the higher the profit they can provide for the company. Ergonomic furniture is one of the supporting examples in increasing employee productivity. Designing ergonomic furniture is the effort taken by the company to boost the employee's productivity. The ergonomic furniture can provide comfort to the employee and minimize the occurrence of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The provided coziness will increase the level of concentration so that the performance of the employee will be increased too. The existence of ergonomic furniture will offer benefits to the company. Therefore, companies are required to provide adequate facilities and infrastructure to support employee activities. One of the company's facilities is a table and chairs. Tables and chairs must be designed ergonomically, considering that both facilities will continually be used within 8 hours per day. This research aims to utilize anthropometric measurement as a design tool for ergonomic work furniture. The anthropometric measurement was conducted on 85 employees and used 11 body dimensions as a parameter. These body dimensions consist of a supine hand, sitting, forward pinch-grip reach, elbow height, shoulder width, pelvic width, buttock-knee length, knee height, shoulder height, sitting, length of elbow to toe, thigh clearance, and palm width. The 5th percentile was used for four dimensions in this research, while the rest used 95th. The results of this research are expected to minimize the possibility of various health problems caused by the un-ergonomic working furniture so that the employee's performance will be improved too

Resistive Exercise versus Acupressure on Blood Glucose Level in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes has become a major global public health concern characterized by dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, and results from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance or a combination of both Abstract: Acupressure lowers the blood glucose level through a massage at the point of the meridian, which can trigger the calming and uplifting response in the body, Resistive exercise is often recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes to improve physical conditioning and glycemic control. Aim of Study: The current study was conducted to compare between: Effect of resistive exercise and Acupressure on blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes. Subjects and Methods: Sixty patients (34 male 26 female) with type 2 diabetes participated in this study their age ranging from 35 to 60 years. They were selected from outpatient clinic in Internal Medicine, Luxor General Hospital. Group A: Received acupressure therapy (AT on point (Sp-6) which found atone palm width above the tip of inner ankle bone on the back of the shinbone, 3 minutes and repeated 3 times per session on both legs for three times per week for 12 weeks, in addition to hypoglycemic drugs. Group B: Received resistive exercise using dumbbell and sandbag, intensity of exercise for each muscle group determined after assessment of ten repetition maximum (10RM) 40% to 60% of 1RM (1 set 10 repetitions) used for 30 minute 3 time per week for 12 week beside their medication. 10RM reevaluated every 2 week and after 2 week load increase to 2 set 10 repetitions. Method of evaluation was measurement of random blood glucose level measured before starting and after each session glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) fasting blood glucose level, 2 hour post prandial and glucose level and insulin level measured before starting and after end of program. Results: There was a significant decrease in randomized blood glucose, fasting blood glucose and increase in insulin level with no significant differences in HA 1 C and 2 hour post prandial in acupressure group when compared with resistive exercise group. Conclusion: Acupressure is more effective than resistive exercise as a complementary alternative medicine & can be helpful in reducing blood glucose level and increasing insulin levels in type 2 diabetic patients.

Metabolic syndrome and anthropometric indices in CTS hands: an electrophysiological study.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and anthropometric indices on carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Forty-three healthy controls and 41 CTS patients were enrolled. Complaints of patients were assessed by Boston Questionnaire (BQ). MetS components were investigated. Wrist circumference, wrist depth, wrist width, palm width, and palm length were measured. Routine nerve conduction studies of median and ulnar nerves as well as the "sensitive" comparison tests were performed. Cutaneous silent period (CuSP) was studied by stimulating both second and fifth digital nerves while recording over thenar muscles. The vast majority of the participants were female and right-handed. CTS was bilateral in 61% of patients. Data of 109 hands were analyzed. MetS was more frequent in CTS patients. BQ scores were not related to MetS. Waist circumference, serum TG, and fasting glucose levels were higher in CTS patients. CTS hands with MetS had lower median CMAP amplitudes and increased sensory thresholds. Sensory thresholds were increased with both median and ulnar nerve stimulations suggesting a wider spread of peripheral nerve excitability changes in MetS presence. CuSPs were recorded from all 109 hands. CuSP latencies and durations were similar between controls and CTS patients. Wrist ratio was the only anthropometric index that was a statistically significant predictor for CTS development. MetS was more prevalent in CTS patients. Some clinical and electrophysiological features (mainly sensory thresholds) may worsen in presence of MetS, but not the wrist ratio.

An analysis on the effect of anthropomorphic varaibles on volleyball players at different positions

The objectives of the study were to analyse the effect of anthropometric variables on volleyball players playing in different position, to establish an anthropometric profile database for volleyball players at different positions (Attacker, Blocker, Universal, Setter and Libero) in volleyball and to develop a logistic regression model to predict the likelihood of volleyball player according to different playing positions on the basis of selected anthropometric variables. To achieve the purpose 50 male volleyball players were purposively selected for this study. Out of these, ten universal, six libero, ten setters, ten middle blocker, and fourteen attackers, within an age group of 19-33 years were selected from the top eight team of senior national volleyball championship. The study was delimited to only international and national male volleyball players. Anthropometric and physical variables were selected for the study namely Height (HT), Weight (WT), Arm Length (AL). Hand Length (HL), Palm Width (PW), Arm Girth Relax (AGR), Arm Girth Flexed (AGF), Fore Arm Circumference (FAC), Wrist Circumference (WC), Chest Circumference (CC). Thigh circumference (TC). Calf circumference (CF_C), Ankle Girth (AG), Leg Length (LL), Foot Length (FL).Descriptive statistics were used to describe the nature and characteristic of data. For finding out significant difference in different parameters among the selected positions, one way ANOVA was applied and the level of significance was chosen as 0.05. For finding out the contribution of different parameters towards different playing positions, Logistic regression was applied.

فعالیة مهارتى الضرب الهجومى وحائط الصد بدلالة بعض القیاسات الأنثروبومتریة لدى للاعبی الکرة الطائرة جلوس

يهدف البحث إلى التعرف على فعالية أداء مهارتى الضرب الهجومى وحائط الصد بدلالة بعض القياسات الأنثروبومترية للاعبى الکرة الطائرة جلوس، استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي ، تم اختيار عينة البحث بالطريقة العمدية من لاعبي المجموعة الأولى بالدوري الممتاز للکرة الطائرة جلوس والتي بلغت (25) لاعبا، واستخلص الباحث وجود علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائيا بين فعالية أداء مهارتى الضرب الهجومى وحائط الصد وبعض القياسات الأنثروبومترية لدي لاعبي الکرة الطائرة جلوس، کما استخلص الباحث التأثير الدال ومساهمة کل من طول الساعد بنسبة 77.2% وعرض الکف مضموم بنسبة 28.5% فى فعالية أداء الضرب الهجومى، أيضا التأثير الدال ومساهمة کل من عرض الکف مفتوح بنسبة 74.6% وطول الکف بنسبة 33.9%، فى فعالية أداء حائط الصد.The aim of this present study was to Identify the efficacy of the block and attack performance in relation to some anthropometric measurements on sitting volleyball players, Twenty five sitting volley ball players from the Premier league team, took part in this study. The results showed that a statistically significant correlation relationship between the efficacy of two skills: attack, block and some anthropometric measurements for sitting volleyball players. Our results showed that the a statistically significant effect and the contribution of forearm length by 77.2% and width of the palm by 28.5%on the efficacy of attack performance, also there was a statistically significant effect and contribution of each palm width by 74.6% and the Palm length, 33.9% on efficacy of the block performance.

Biometric identity Authentication System Using Hand Geometry Measurements

In recent years hand geometric dependent biometric system has shown to be the quite acceptable biometric trait and suitable for security applications. It has been recognized as an effective means of authenticating identity in a variety of commercial applications as a result of better hardware and improved algorithms. This paper purpose a hand recognition system that extract 21 features for the right hand to identify and authorize persons. The system has two main parts, the first contain the data collection, explains the basic pre-processing required and how hand geometry characteristics like fingers length, width, coordinates of the base of the fingers, and palm width are extracted to derive the features used for discrimination, While the second part include the training and testing of three artificial neural networks to perform the recognition. After features extraction, the system uses three kinds of artificial neural networks in performing the recognition process, which are feed forward back propagation NN, Elman NN, and the cascade forward neural network NN. The proposed system shows that the Recognition Rate RR for the neural networks after testing were 95%, 92%, 88% respectively.

Effect of grip size and grip strength on pistol marksmanship in police officers: A pilot study

Police officers may be required to use their firearms in self-defence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between hand grip size and strength with pistol shooting accuracy in police officers. Twelve (age = 38.08 ± 6.24 years; height = 174.42 ± 7.33 cm) police officers had their hand sizes (palm width and hand span) and hand grip strength measured. Handgrip dynamometer was set at a Glock 17 pistol's grip width (50 mm). The officers fired 10 rounds from their service pistols at a stationary target. Independent samples t-tests were performed to identify differences between the sexes. Correlations were used to investigate relationships between measures of hand size, strength, and marksmanship. Alpha levels were set at p < 0.05. Male officers were significantly stronger (p = 0.01) and had a bigger hand width (p = 0.03), but not hand span. There were no significant differences in marksmanship between the sexes. Neither hand size nor grip strength had a significant impact on marksmanship even though there were strong and significant relationships between hand size (span and MCP) and grip strength. A V-shaped curve appears to exist between grip strength and marksmanship and hand span and marksmanship, with a potential influencing factor being the standard sizing of the pistol grip.

Меч раннего железного века с территории Среднего Енисея

Purpose. The article is devoted to the characteristics of a double-edged iron sword, which can be attributed to the unique phenomena of the early Iron Age of the Minusinsk Basin. Results. According to its morphological characteristics, the sword is an increased technological modification of the traditional Tagar dagger. The total length of the sword is 59.5 cm; the width of the lenticular blade in cross-section is about 7 cm. The handle with a volute-like pommel is separated from the blade by a narrow butterfly-shaped crosshair. The length of the hilt is 8 cm, which corresponds to the size of the hilts of most Scythian swords. This is a very small size, since in men the average palm width is about 12 cm. Probably, the rounded outlines of the pommel and narrow crosshairs allow, due to their shape, to hold the short handle of a heavy sword more tightly. Conclusion. According to the classification of O. I. Kura, Scythian swords with a narrow butterfly-shaped crosshair and volute-like pommel are included in Group III, Type II A2 dating from the end of the 5th – 4th centuries BC, which corresponds to the boundary between the Podgorny and Saragashen stages of the Tagar culture. The earliest form of sword hilts with typologically similar forms of crosshairs (kidney-shaped, heart-shaped, butterfly-shaped) with bar-shaped pommels appeared in the North Caucasus in the first half of the 7th century BC. On the territory of the Minusinsk Basin, most morphologically similar daggers are usually dated to the 6th – 4th centuries BC. Before the discovery of the Krasnoyarsk sword, long-bladed iron weapons were not known there. At the same time, swords of the Scythian time were found in the nearest regions of Altai and Kazakhstan. The later appearance of the technology for processing iron in the Minusinsk Basin makes it possible to consider the Krasnoyarsk sword an import item. According to another hypothesis, it belongs to the period of the late 3rd – 2nd centuries BC, when local craftsmen mastered the processing of iron and began to make massive quantities of weapons and tools from low-carbon steel. In doing so, they copied traditional archaic forms.

Length–Weight and Morphological Relationships for Ecological Studies Involving Ringed Crayfish (Faxonius neglectus neglectus): An Extraregional Invader

Faxonius neglectus neglectus (Ringed Crayfish) have been characterized as an “extraregional” invader whose range expansion has threatened native crayfish. We determined length–weight and body part–length relationships for Ringed Crayfish using reference specimens collected from their native range in the Ozark Highlands. Analysis of covariance and estimated marginal means demonstrated males are heavier and possess larger chelae than females of equal size. In addition, males' maximum values of total length, dry weight, and chela length/width were all larger than those of females. Sexual dimorphism in this species necessitated sex-specific length–weight regressions in addition to a combined model. Length–weight relationships were all significant (P 3). Regression equations predicting Ringed Crayfish total length based on carapace length, abdomen length, chela length, and palm width were significant (P < 0.001) with R2 ≥ 0.925. Length–weight and body part–length equations will facilitate ecological studies of Ringed Crayfish and provide comparative data for studies investigating mechanisms of competitive interactions among sympatric crayfish species. These results contribute to the growing number of species-specific studies evaluating patterns of growth and sexual dimorphism in crayfish.

Age, gender and side-stratified grip strength norms and related socio-demographic factors for 20–80 years Iranian healthy population: Comparison with consolidated and international norms

As an index for many adverse health outcomes, normative values on handgrip strength are established for many populations. The aim of this study was to establish handgrip strength (HGS) norms for the Iranian population and to compare them with other existing norms. Related variables affecting HGS were also determined in order to provide appropriate prediction models. The sample consisted of 4282 Iranian 20–80 years adults; divided into 5-year intervals, male/female and dominant/non-dominant hand. Results were compared to consolidated data and those of some other countries. To ensure a valid and comparable dataset, HGS was measured using the JAMAR® hydraulic dynamometer following the standardized procedure. Hand length, palm length, palm width, forearm length, wrist circumference, forearm circumference, height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. HGS norms for Iranian adults were established. Inverted U-shaped lifespan profiles were found with mean maximum values of about 53 kg for males (35–39 years) and 31 kg for females (40–44 years). Two regression models (by hand dominance) were developed. The mean values of HGS in Iran were weaker than consolidated norms but greater than in some Asian countries. Applying normative data specific to each population is more accurate than international or multinational norms. It is recommended to investigate the causes of accelerated age-related decline in HGS of Iranian elders in future studies.

Relationship between Anthropometrical and Physiological Parameters with Jumping and Throwing Distance of Elite Girls

Background: The relationship between anthropometrical and physiological parameters with jumping and throwing distance is important. We aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometrical and physiological parameters with jumping and throwing distance of young elite female jumpers and throwers for talent identification and performance predicting. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, subjects were selected from 122 elite girl runners, 14-16 years old, who participated in the 2019 national championship selection of the country in Ardabil, Iran. All anthropometrical and physiological parameters were measured with appropriate and reliable tools. Limbs’ circumference, trunk flexibility and dynamic balance were measured using a China rubber band meter. Limbs’ length was measured with China VERINER caliper. Subcutaneous fat and hands and legs strength were measured with Iran Pouya Caliper (Reliability 99.32% and validity 99.8 %),and the dynamometer (the Grip Dynamometr-Blue model (0-130 Kg), American model), respectively. Static balance was measured with timer (KhosRo1 / 100SECSW50). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between variables. Results: There was a significant negative relationship between hand action and reaction time (r=-0.545, P=0.009) with high jump distance (n=22). There was a significant negative relationship between palm width (r=-0.011, P=0.002) and hand action and reaction time (r=-0.458, P=0.028) with javelin throw distance (n=23). In contrast, there was no significant relationship between anthropometrical and physiological parameters with triple jump distance, weight throw, and discus throw. Conclusion: Based on the results, there was a significant negative relationship between hand action and reaction time with high jump distance, between palm width and hand action and reaction time with javelin throw distance.