Palm Oil Wastewater Research Articles

Uji Padatan Tersuspensi Total (TSS) Pada Sampel Air Limbah Sawit Secara Gravimetri

Palm oil liquid waste is a pollutant that has the potential to cause negative effects on the environment. This industrial waste is known to cause pollution, especially in water bodies. Through analysis of the chemical composition of TSS, the type of solid material dissolved in liquid waste can be identified. Gravimetry is an examination of the amount of a substance by weighing the results of the precipitation reaction. This research aims to determine the amount of suspended solids in palm oil wastewater using the gravimetric method. Based on the analysis that has been carried out, the highest Total Suspended Solid (TSS) value was obtained for sample A, namely 15.274 mg/L, sample B, namely 58.2 mg/L and sample C 57.1 mg/L. So the results can be stated that the Total Suspended Solid (TSS) value in palm oil wastewater is still below the quality standards contained in the Minister of Environment Regulation No. 05 of 2014.

Effectiveness of aquatic plants as phytoremediation in palm oil processing factory wastewater

The research aims to see the effect of using kale (Ipomoea Aquatica), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and apu-apu (Pistia statiotes) in the phytoremediation process on water quality in palm oil mill waste. The design used in this research is an experimental design using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments in the study used 4 treatments and three replications, namely P1: 20 liters of palm oil waste + 600 grams of water spinach, P2: 20 liters of palm oil waste + 600 grams of water hyacinth, P3: 20 liters of palm oil waste + 600 grams of apu-apu, P4: 20 liters of palm oil waste. The observation parameters in this study include pH, DO, Temperature, Nitrate and Phosphate. The results showed that the best aquatic plants in phytoremediation of palm oil wastewater were in treatment B (water hyacinth) and the lowest in treatment D (control). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that water hyacinth is suitable for use as a plant in phytoremediation and is able to improve the quality of palm oil wastewater.

The diversity of indigenous and potential bacteria as bioremediator of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by metagenomics assessment

Abstract. Karno R, Arisoesilaningsih E, Mustafa I, Siswanto D. 2024. The diversity of indigenous and potential bacteria as bioremediator of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by metagenomics assessment. Biodiversitas 25: 1194-1200. This study aimed to identify the indigenous bacteria for potential bioremediation agents of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). Samples were obtained from the secondary pond of palm oil mill treatment. The bacterial diversity on the POMSE water samples was revealed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed that the high abundance of bacteria phylum was Pseudomonadota or Proteobacteria (50%), Bacillota (31%), Bacteroidota (5%), and Thermotogae (3%). A photosynthetic sulfur bacterium, Allochromatium humboldtianum, was the most abundant species detected in the POMSE, with more than 8% of the total Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) detected. It was followed by Allochromatium phaeobacterium (6%), Allochromatium sp. (6%), and Macromonas bipunctata (6%). Meanwhile, the level of physicochemical parameters in POMSE were relatively high for several main parameters of the quality standard of palm oil industry waste, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). In contrast, oil and fat are low and meet the quality standards. The value of POMSE physicochemical parameters, including COD, BOD, and oil and fat, were 2,492.46, 852.96, and 6.20 mg/L, respectively. Metagenomic analysis showed that the bacterial community at POMSE was highly diverse. Nine dominant and codominant species found are Allochromatium humboldtianum, Allochromatium phaeobacterium, Allochromatium sp., Allochromatium vinosum, Macromonas bipunctata, Tepidibaculum saccharolyticum, Rhodocyclus purpureus, Comamonas nitrativorans, and Fervidobacterium riparium. Several indigenous bacterial species found in this research were bacteria that have potential as bioremediation agents for palm oil wastewater.

Potency of Biocoagulant from Cationic Modified Starch of Balbis Banana Blossom Waste for Palm Oil Wastewater Treatment: Literature Study

Lampung is one of the provinces producing Indonesia's second-largest banana crop. Operational activities at the Palm Oil Mill produce a by-product of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which can potentially be the most enormous environmental pollution. Communities often use chemicals to treat liquid waste, which causes health problems, cannot be decomposed, and can damage the environment. Therefore, treating liquid waste using organic materials that are more environmentally friendly, safe for health and easily degraded is necessary. By modifying cationic starch, natural polymers found in banana blossom waste may be utilized for producing natural biocoagulant that are more effective. This paper aims to review the potential of cationic-modified balbis banana blossom waste starch as a natural biocoagulant for processing palm oil waste. Starch was first modified into cationic starch by etherification method with the help of HMMAHC cationic reagents. The mechanism of cationic starch as a biocoagulant is the exchange of starch cation ions and waste anions to form bridges between colloidal particles and then form flocs that can precipitate. The implementation technique of this idea is by collaborating with several parties to ensure the successful use of banana hump starch as a biocoagulant material, providing support and facilities for the industry and promoting the use of biocoagulant, conducting literature studies related to the use of banana hump starch as a natural biocoagulant, testing the effectiveness of biocoagulant, implemented in the palm oil processing industry.

Isolation and Identification of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria in An-aerobic Palm Oil Waste Pools at PT. Aek Loba Plantation

Biosurfactant-producing bacteria are bacteria that have alternative energy sources, namely surfactants which contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups based on their molecular structure so that they can survive between different polar and hydrogen bonding fluids. Palm oil mill liquid waste is waste in the form of water or liquid, oil and organic solids produced from the processing of palm oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the genera of biosurfactant-producing bacteria found in palm oil wastewater in the an-aerobic pond of PT. Aek Loba plantation and to find out the bacterial species with the highest emulsification index. This study used descriptive methods and identification of bacteria through morphological characterization, gram staining tests and biochemical tests. Bacteria were isolated from palm oil wastewater by dilution method 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6. Bacterial emulsification index is calculated by emulsification test. In this study, 8 biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolates were found, consisting of 2 Proteus genus isolates, 2 Enterobacter genus isolates, 2 Bacillus genus bacterial isolates and 2 Pluralibacter genus isolates. The bacteria that had the highest emulsification index was Pluralibacter gergoviae with an emulsion index of 43% which was identified by molecular testing.

Pengukuran Kualitas Air Limbah Sawit Berdasarkan Baku Mutu Air Limbah Menggunakan AAS

Palm oil industry waste is waste generated from the palm oil processing process. Palm oil liquid waste generally contains heavy metals, one of which is Cu and Zn. The presence of excessive Cu and Zn heavy metals can have a negative impact on living things and the surrounding environment. In this journal, the determination of the heavy metal content of Cu and Zn in palm oil wastewater was carried out using the AAS method with acetylene gas at a wavelength of 324.8 nm to determine the content of Cu metal content and at a wavelength of 213.9 nm to determine the Zn metal content. The results of determining the content of heavy metals Cu and Zn in sempel 1, 2 and 3 contained in palm oil wastewater which are still below the maximum limit of the quality standards obtained, namely less than 2 ppm for Cu metal and less than 5 ppm for Zn metal. utilized by living things and the surrounding environment.

Production of bioelectricity from palm oil mill effluent through a dual chamber-microbial fuel cell system with the addition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Palm oil liquid waste has been successfully developed to produce bio-electricity with a dual chamber-microbial fuel cell system. This study utilized the Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria as a support for the substrate samples prepared in the anode chamber. Meanwhile, in the cathode chamber, KMnO4 electrolyte solution is used as an electroactive species that can capture electrons well. In addition, salt bridges fabricated from agar have a role as ion-exchange media in microbial fuel cells. The test results showed that the best performance was obtained in samples of palm oil wastewater with the addition of 10% Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LS/B-10) bacteria with current, voltage, and power density values of 0.9640 mA, 0.6760 V, and 248.04 mW/m2, respectively. The MFC system has also been proven to be able to reduce COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) levels, with the results of a reduction percentage of 42.6% and 7.2%, respectively, in the LS/B-10 variable treatment. All test results show that palm oil wastewater with the addition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria is promising for producing bioelectricity with a microbial fuel cell system.

Book Review Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination: Fundamentals to Applications

Book Review Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination: Fundamentals to Applications

Applying Bioporic Liquid Palm Industry Waste and Effect on Palm Oil Plant Growth and Dystrudepts Soil Physical Properties

This study seeks to determine the impact of palm oil wastewater, the number of biopore holes, and their interaction on oil palm plant growth and Dystrudepts soil physical properties. This study was carried out between December 2019 and April 2019. This research was conducted using a 3x3 factorial experiment with a Randomized Block Design; each treatment was replicated three times, and each experimental unit contained three plants for 81 experimental plants. The first variable was the dosage of palm oil effluent, which consisted of 7.5 liter/plant/2 weeks, 10 liters/plant/2 weeks, and 12.5 liters/plant/2 weeks. The second factor had three levels: two biopore holes/plants, four biopore holes/plants, and six biopore holes/plants. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the data. If the treatment is markedly different, a second test is conducted using the 5% level of the Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) test. (1) Palm oil mill effluent at a concentration of 7.5 liters/plant increased the total pore space. The effluent from a palm oil mill at a rate of 12.5 liters per plant decreases BD and PD while increasing final plant height, midrib length, leaf length, and chlorophyll content. (2) Adding two biopores per plant increased plant height, midrib length, and leaf width. The presence of four biopores per plant decreased BD and PD and increased leaf length and chlorophyll content. Six openings per plant biopores have an effect on increasing the total pore space, and (3) The interaction between LCPKS doses of 12.5 liters/plant and the number of biopores of 6 holes/plant decreases BD and increases total pore space, plant height, frond length, leaf length, and leaf breadth.

Isolation and Celulolytic Activity Assay of Actinobacteria Isolated from Palm Oil Wastewater

Cellulose plays an important role in the carbon cycle in nature and is the largest compound. This study aimed to isolate, to characterize and to determine actinobacteria that capable of producing cellulases. The sampling method in this study was carried out by purposive sampling at the outlet point of aeration pond of the wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) from palm oil waste station of PT. Teupin Lada. Isolation of actinobacteria was carried out on Humic Acid Vitamin b Agar (HVA), morphological characterization was carried out on Yeast Malt Agar (YMA), Yeast Starch Agar (YSA), Oatmeal Agar (OA), and microscopic characterization of actinobacteria and measuring the diameter of the clear zone formed on Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) medium using the indicator Congo Red. Eight isolates were obtained from the isolation. Of the 8 isolates obtained, 7 of them were able to produce cellulase enzymes which were measured based on the clear zone formed in the test Congo Red on Carboxymethil Cellulose (CMC), and one isolate did not show any clear zones. The highest value of Cellulolytic Index (IS) was obtained from isolate ATLS-05, namely 8.38 mm. HIGHLIGHTS Cellulose plays an important role in the carbon cycle in nature and is the largest compound The high waste load especially palm oil mill effluent (Elaeis guineensis) or known as Palm Oil Mill Effluent(POME) could cause various problems for the environment and society. POME is wastewater from the palm oil industry, which is one of the most polluting agro-industrial wastes Actinobacteria are one of the soil microbes which have the greatest abundance and play an important role in the decomposition process. One of the roles of soil microbes is too degrading cellulose GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Pendegradasi Limbah Cair Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of degrading bacteria in the Simangalam river containing palm oil wastewater in Gunung Melayu Village, North Labuhanbatu Regency. This research was conducted using a survey method on the presence of bacteria and the characteristics of bacterial isolates degrading palm oil industrial wastewater and the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that only HB1ST1 and HB2ST2 were circular, while HB3ST2, HB4ST2, HB5ST2, and H62ST2 were irregular. After gram staining, three gram-positive bacterial isolates (HB1ST1, HB4ST2, and HB6ST2) and three gram-negative bacterial isolates (HB2ST2, HB3ST2, and HB5ST2) were obtained. The HB1ST1 isolate motility test showed negative results, while the other five isolates (HB2ST2, HB3ST2, HB4ST2, HB5ST2, and HB6ST2) showed positive results. The conclusion of this study is that there are 6 bacterial isolates that are able to degrade oil palm liquid waste in the Simangalam River from 2 samples of oil palm liquid waste.
 
 Keywords: Descriptive, Isolate, Palm Oil Effluent

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Lipolitik dari Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis quineensis Jacq.)

This study aims to determine the ability of lipolytic bacteria to degrade lipids by obtaining isolates of lipolytic bacteria in palm oil industrial wastewater. By testing the ability of the lipolytic index, the research method used is a description method with bacterial isolation techniques using NA media (Nutrient Agar) and selective media for lipolytic agar. The results showed that there were 10 isolates of lipolytic bacteria with morphological and biochemical characteristics indicating three bacterial genera, namely, the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. Data analysis showed that 10 isolates of lipolytic bacteria had the potential to degrade lipids; the highest lipolytic activity index value of the isolates was found in isolate BL1 at 0.48 mm, and the lowest lipolytic index was found in isolate BL9 at 0.16 mm. In conclusion, isolating and identifying lipolytic bacteria in palm oil wastewater is one way to reduce environmental pollution that damages existing ecosystems in the environment.
 Keywords: Lipolytic Bacteria, Isolation, Palm Oil Effluent, Lipid

Comparative study on membrane distillation application between raw POME and POMSE

The palm oil industry is considered the traditional pillar of Malaysian industry that plays a key role in the domestic economy. In addition to the high incomes generated by this industry, it generates large quantities of effluent. To solve this problem, the purpose of this work is to introduce membrane distillation (MD) technology for the effluent treatment system. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) -bentonite hollow fiber membranes were tested in an MD system using raw palm oil mill effluent (POME) and palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). Preliminary test was carried out using deionized water to evaluate the maximum permeate flux achievable in the absence of fouling problem before continuing with POME and POMSE as the feed solution. Membrane performance was evaluated in terms of permeate flux and rejection rate of several water quality parameters. The average permeate flux obtained while using raw POME is much lower than that obtained in the POMSE test which was recorded as 1.41 ± 0.62 kg/m2.hr and 3.45 ± 0.51 kg/m2.hr respectively. The membrane tested for POME experienced a significant decrease in flux relative to POMSE due to the excessive amounts of biological compounds blocking the membrane pores. In terms of removal efficiency of the PVDF-bentonite membrane, the membranes were able to achieve more than 95% removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand, nitrate nitrogen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, color and turbidity. The results proved that the DCMD system was able to eliminate almost all pollutants in the effluent from oil palm industry. However, raw POME without pre-treatment is not suitable to be used directly in the DCMD process because it will cause a serious fouling problem. In conclusion, it can be said that MD has shown excellent performance in the treatment of palm oil wastewater and can be applied to other types of oil industries.

Preliminary Investigation of Different Types of Inoculums and Substrate Preparation for Biohydrogen Production

A pre-culture stage is required to obtain robustly-dividing cells with high hydrogen (H2) production capabilities. However, a step-by-step process for biohydrogen production is scarcely reported, mainly from palm oil wastewater. Therefore, this study developed a guideline to find the best inoculum heat treatment conditions and implement the selected conditions for biohydrogen production using palm oil wastewater. This study used raw palm oil mill effluent (POME) and POME sludge as substrate and inoculum, respectively. Our findings reveal that 80 °C and 30 min were the best conditions for inoculum heat treatment. When testing the conditions on POME sludge and inoculating with raw POME (28 g COD/L) at 37 °C (reaction temperature), 24 h (reaction time), and pH 5.5, 34 mL H2/d was recorded. A slight increase (1.1-fold) was observed compared to 5 g COD/L POME co-digested with 5 g/L glucose (31 mL H2/d). This discovery indicates that raw POME is a potential source for biohydrogen production under anaerobic fermentation and can be directly used as substrate up to 30 g COD/L. The proposed guideline could also be implemented for different organic wastes for biohydrogen production study.

Phytotoxicity and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Palm Oil Wastewater Treated with Magnetic Cationic Starch Flocculant

Phytotoxicity and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Palm Oil Wastewater Treated with Magnetic Cationic Starch Flocculant

Performance optimization of CuO-ZnO ceramic electrode on the electrocoagulation of wastewater

Copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were used as a matrix and reinforcement in the compression molding technique to produce conductive ceramic electrodes. CuO-ZnO-based ceramic composites were fabricated through conventional pressing with CuO:ZnO ratios of 75 %:25 %, 80 %:20 %, 85 %:15 %, 90 %:10 %, and 95 %:5 %. CuO and ZnO powders were sieved, dried, mixed, and thencompressed at 300 MPa for 10 min to form a pellet before being burned for 3 h at 800, 900, and 1000 °C in a furnace. The sample's density, porosity, and electrical conductivity were measured. In addition, SEM, XRD analysis, and palm oil wastewater electrocoagulation were carried out. The optimal density value of CuO-ZnO-based ceramic composites ranged from 8.564 × 103 to 9.205 × 103 kg m−3. The optimal composition of the CuO:ZnO in the synthesized composites, namely 95 %:5 %, yielded the lowest porosity values (12.1 %-35.4 %), while the 75 %:25 % composition produced the highest porosity values (20.8 %–88.3 %). The optimum porosity value (12.1 %) was obtained by CuO:ZnO composite composition of 95 %:5 % with a sintering temperature of 1000 °C. This composite also generates a conductivity value of 1.019–16.897 S/m. The interaction of Zn2+ ions from ZnO crystals with CuO crystals increases the size of CuO and ZnO crystals, as determined by XRD analysis. Based on the findings of this study, CuO-ZnO ceramic electrodes could be utilized in industrial wastewater treatment as the water quality test result met the requirements of Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/MENLH/10/1995.

Reduction of TSS, COD, Oil and Fat in Palm Oil Mill Waste Using Dissolved Air Flotation Method

This study aims to determine the effect of variations in pressure and contact time of wastewater with air to decrease the parameters of TSS, COD, and oils and fats contained in palm oil wastewater. This study uses a series of Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) process units with the addition of Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) coagulant. This research begins with the manufacture of a series of DAF tanks and flotation tanks. Waste flow is carried out in batches and the air is flowed upflow through the bottom hole of the DAF tank. The pressure variables used in decreasing the parameters of TSS, COD, and oil and fat are absolute 2; absolute 2.5; and absolute 3 atm. The contact time variables for decreasing TSS, COD, and oil and fat parameters were 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes. The results showed a decrease in each of the tested parameters. The effective pressure to reduce the value of the TSS parameter is the absolute pressure of 3 atm and the absolute pressure of oil and grease is 2.5 atm. While the effective pressure to reduce the value of the COD parameter is an absolute pressure of 3 atm. The best contact time between air and wastewater to set aside the values of the TSS, COD, and oil-fat parameters was 75 minutes.

Optimization of sonication-assisted synthesis of magnetic Moringa oleifera as an efficient coagulant for palm oil wastewater treatment

Optimization of the sonication-assisted synthesis of magnetic Moringa oleifera (MMO) was carried out, to produce an efficient coagulant for palm oil mill effluent treatment. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyse the effect of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) composition, sonication time and sonication temperature on coagulation performances to remove total suspended solid (TSS), colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sludge volume index (SVI)). The RSM analyses indicate 1.0 wt% of MNPs, 2.35 min and 50 °C as the optimal MNPs mass fraction, sonication time and sonication temperature, respectively in order to fabricate an efficient MMO coagulant. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), indicate that mass fraction of MNPs and sonication temperature are the most significant parameters. From the statistical analysis, the sonication time did not exert any influence on the fabrication of MMO as well as its coagulation performance. At the optimum conditions, 83.3%, 28.1%, 85.2% removal of TSS, colour, COD as well as 485 mL/g of SVI were respectively achieved. This paper also present the characterization studies on the synthesized MMO using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. • Magnetic Moringa Oleifera (MMO) coagulant was synthesized via ultrasonic-assisted technique. • Optimization study on synthesis conditions was carried out by response surface methodology. • Magnetic composition and sonication temperature were the significant synthesis factors. • The developed MMO coagulant exhibited ferromagnetic properties.

Industrial application of membrane distillation technology using palm oil mill effluent in Malaysia

The palm oil industry plays a vital role in the nation’s economy. Regardless of the high revenue generated, the main problem in the palm oil industry is its substantial amount of wastes including empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunks and in particular palm oil mill effluent (POME) which can be harmful to the environment if discharged without being treated. The objective of this work is to introduce advanced wastewater treatment technology, which is membrane distillation (MD) technology for the effluent treatment system. PVDF hollow fibre membranes were fabricated via wet spinning technique and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and contact angle goniometer. The fabricated membranes were then tested in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system using anaerobic POME as the feed solution. The effluent was analyzed before and after treatment with DCMD. The parameters included biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (AN), nitrate-nitrogen (NN), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), colour and turbidity. A preliminary test was carried out using distilled water before continuing with anaerobic POME as a feed solution. The average permeate flux obtained by the PVDF membrane is 2.509 kg/m2.hr with slight flux decline that is probably due to the attachment of biological compounds on the membrane pores. It was found that at least 90% rejection was obtained for almost all water quality parameters tested with the values were all lower than that of the standard set by the local authority. In a conclusion, it can be said that MD demonstrated excellent performance in treating palm oil wastewater to produce water of high quality.[copyright information to be updated in production process]

Strategies of Utilising Agriculture Wastewater for Microalgae Cultivation and Its Possible Applications: A Review

Microalgae have been found to have high prospects in wastewater treatment, particularly from agriculture. However, the uneconomical algal medium growth has become the major disadvantaged in algal industry. Multiple attempts includes the development of microalgae phycoremediation technology has been integrated into wastewater treatment to reduce the cost of expensive wastewater remediation. Utilising wastewater as a low-cost nutrient medium offers a synergistic effect of wastewater nutrient removal and co-production of valuable biomass simultaneously. This paper is mainly focused on potential, ability, strategy, application (i.e., palm oil wastewater), limitation and challenges of microalgae in agricultural wastewater treatment using phycoremediation. The understanding of cultivating microalgae using agriculture wastewater shall promote the utilisation of wastewater more sustainably in the future. The possible solutions in the application of microalgae for aquaculture and agriculture sector is also discussed in this review. Overall, the utilisation of wastewater in media cultivation for microalgae is restricted due to the expensive treatment and safety concern. However, this pitfall can be reduced in the future together with a further intensive scientific study, advanced technology, better management system and applying better standard protocol.