Palm Oil Clinker Aggregates Research Articles

Optimising concrete containing palm oil clinker and palm oil fuel ash using response surface method

Cement production led to the consumption of high energy and generated harmful gases, such as CO2. Therefore, the use of alternative materials becomes necessary. The research attempts to use palm oil clinker (POC) and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA) as a full replacement of coarse aggregate and partial cement replacement, respectively. This study aims to use the response surface method (RSM) to optimise the properties of concrete, namely, density and water absorption. The study investigated the density and water absorption of concrete using RSM. Results showed that the density reduced sharply owing to the full replacement coarse aggregate by POC aggregate. Meanwhile, water absorption increased significantly due to the rise in the POC aggregate replacement. However, water absorption decreased because of the use of UPOFA as cement replacement. The study recommended the use of more UPOFA as cement replacement because of its high pozzolanic property.

Assessment of sustainable eco-processed pozzolan (EPP) from palm oil industry as a fly ash replacement in geopolymer concrete

This research focusses on the feasibility of using eco-processed pozzolan (EPP), a palm oil industrial by-product, as partial replacement for fly ash (FA) in the geopolymer concrete (GPC); in addition, the effect of another palm oil industrial by-product, palm oil clinker (POC) as the lightweight coarse aggregate in the EPP-based GPC was also investigated. The ratios of alkaline activator to binder and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide were kept constant, and the specimens were cured at 60 °C for 24 h. The mechanical properties, namely compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were investigated; further, microstructural analyses such as SEM, XRD and EDX were conducted. The test results show that the utilisation of 10–30% of EPP as FA replacement produced the compressive strengths in the range of 28–39 MPa. The splitting tensile strength of both the lightweight (LW) and normal weight (NW) GPC, except for M6 containing 30% of EPP substitution, fulfilled the minimum requirement of 2.0 MPa. In addition, the flexural strength of GPC produced about 12% of the respective compressive strength. The lower MOE of LW GPC compared to the NW GPC is attributed to the lower stiffness and specific gravity of POC aggregates. The XRD analysis shows the evidence of geopolymerization products of quartz, sillimanite, magnetite, and almandine.

Optimizing the concrete strength of lightweight concrete containing nano palm oil fuel ash and palm oil clinker using response surface method

Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) has gradually gained popularity as a significant material in the concrete industry worldwide. One of the important lightweight aggregates is palm oil clinker (POC). Moreover, palm oil fuel ash (POFA) can be used as a partial cement replacement in concrete. This paper presents a study in which POFA of Nano-particle size was used to enhance the lower performance of LWAC made with POC aggregate. The Nano-POFA (NPOFA) was used as cement replacement of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% and POC aggregate was used as coarse aggregate at replacement levels of 0%, 50%, and 100%. Flexural and split tensile strengths and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were investigated for different concrete mixtures. For optimizing the parameters of the mix design, the response surface method (RSM) was adopted, and within it, a central composite design (CCD) approach was used. The results show that the interaction of POC and NPOFA affects the responses (UPV, flexural and tensile strengths). However, the POC tends to decrease all the responses. Whereas, the NPOFA tends to increase it especially at later ages. The highest UPV, flexural and split tensile strengths were observed for mixture (M7) that were 4375 m/s, 8.53 MPa, and 5.38 MPa, respectively. It can be concluded that the optimization method by RSM is an active way to enhance the mix design of LWAC.

Torsional Crack Localization in Palm Oil Clinker Concrete Using Acoustic Emission Method.

Palm oil clinker (POC) aggregates is a viable alternative to the naturally occurring sand and gravel in the manufacturing of concrete. The usage of POC aggregates assists in the reduction of solid waste and preserves the consumption of natural resources. Although researchers investigated the mechanical response of POC-containing concrete, limited research is available for its torsional behavior. In general, the torsional strength depends on the tensile strength of concrete. This research investigates the compressive, tensile, and torsional response of concrete with various ratios of POC-aggregates. Five batches of concrete were casted with POC-aggregate replacing granite at ratios of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100%. The selection for the mixture proportions for the various batches was based on the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. The hard density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete with a 100% replacement of granite with POC-aggregates reduced by 8.80, 37.25, 30.94, and 14.31%, respectively. Furthermore, a reduction in initial and ultimate torque was observed. While cracks increased with the increase in POC-aggregates. Finally, the cracking of concrete subjected to torsional loads was monitored and characterized by acoustic emissions (AE). The results illustrate a sudden rise in AE activities during the initiation of cracks and as the ultimate cracks were developed. This was accompanied by a sudden drop in the torque/twist curve.

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USING PALM OIL CLINKER AGGREGATE

The palm oil industry generates a significant amount of wastes which their managing has been a major environmental concern in producing countries. The utilization of these wastes as an aggregate source for concrete production will help to sanitize the environment and provides a cheaper and renewable aggregates source for construction industries. This paper presents the results of the experimental program conducted on fly-ash based geopolymer concrete containing Palm Oil Clinker Aggregate (POCA). Several geopolymer concrete mixes were prepared in which POC was used as a replacement to both fine and coarse aggregates at different percentages starting from 25% to 100%. Mix proportioning was done in accordance with ACI 211.1-91. Geopolymer concrete specimens were cast, cured at ambient conditions and tested for the slump, density, water absorption and compressive, shear and flexural strengths. Overall, the use of fly ashbased geopolymer binder and POCA can enhance the sustainability aspects in concrete production as well as produce a high strength concrete. A concrete mixture containing 100% POCA can produce a structural lightweight concrete having a compressive strength of more than 30 MPa and a density of 1821 kg/m3. The use of a geopolymer binder promotes the workability and strength of POCA concrete and reduces its water absorbability. Incorporation of POCA up to 75% did not much change the structural efficiency of the produced concrete, while it was reduced by 32% when the POCA fully replaced the natural aggregate. Nevertheless, the benefits in terms of cost, energy, and environmental savings cannot be overlooked.

Fresh and hardened properties of palm oil clinker lightweight aggregate concrete incorporating Nano-palm oil fuel ash

The lack of alternative materials for cement has led to the emission of a huge quantity of CO2 and a high consumption of energy, both being the consequences of cement production. In this research, two types of solid agricultural wastes have been adopted, namely, palm oil clinker (POC) and Nano palm oil fuel ash (NPOFA) as coarse aggregate and cement replacement in various proportions, respectively. POC has been used as partial and full replacement of traditional coarse aggregate while NPOFA has been used as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) ranging between 0% and 30%. The aim of this study is to reduce the cement quantity in POC lightweight concrete as well as to show the effect of NPOFA on the POC concrete properties. The results show that the inclusion of NPOFA up to 30% improves the workability of concrete as well as the compressive strength and UPV gradually. In addition to that, NPOFA has a positive effect on the water absorption. Overall, the concrete containing NPOFA and POC aggregates can enhance the sustainability aspect in the concrete production as well as reduce the CO2 gas emission into the atmosphere.

PROPERTIES OF COARSE AND FINE PALM OIL CLINKER AGGREGATES

Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste from the incineration of palm oil shell and fibre. It can be easily obtained from palm oil mill and is abundant available resources. This paper focused on characterization of POC used as fine and coarse aggregates in concrete. The utilization of POC has been accepted to produce lightweight concrete, apart from overcoming the POC disposal problems. Moreover, the use of POC in concrete also could overcome the depletion of sand and granite which can cause nature imbalance. In this study, the characterization of aggregates covers the physical and strength properties. In order to obtain the physical properties, the specific gravity, water absorption, sieve analysis, fineness modulus and moisture content tests were conducted. For strength properties, Los Angeles abrasion value test was conducted. It was found that the coarse and fine POC aggregates have a density of 817.17 kg/m3 and 917.82 kg/m3 , respectively, which were lighter than normal granite and sand as much as 36.85%% and 29.45%. This is due to its porous nature of POC aggregates. This nature tends to absorb excessive water which contributes to higher moisture content and water absorption. This study concludes that POC aggregates have a potential in producing lightweight aggregate for concrete.

EFFECTS OF PALM OIL CLINKER AS COARSE AGGREGATES REPLACEMENT IN SELF CURING CONCRETE

Concrete, if properly design, can be one of the most durable material and widely used in construction due to its availability and good compressive strength. A good quality concrete can be produced not only through good design of concrete mix proportions but also good and proper curing process that ensure a complete hydration process of the cement. However, sometimes proper curing process was not provided during concreting on site due to various reasons. This study investigates the effects of 10 mm crushed Palm Oil Clinker (POC) as partial aggregates replacement to act as internal reservoirs in concrete to provide internal curing process of cement. This process or technique is also popularly known as self-curing process for concrete. The POC which has the density of 780 kg/m3 was used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregates. A water/cement ratio of 0.53 was used in the concrete mix design. Three different curing conditions were employed, namely, normal water curing, air curing and 7 days in water plus outside curing conditions. The workability of the POC and control concretes was determined through slump test. The concrete samples were tested for compression at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days while concrete prisms and cylindrical samples were tested at the age of 7 and 28 days. The experimental results show that the inclusion of POC was found to increase the workability of concrete by 27% but reduced the concrete compressive strength by about 6% compared with the control concrete. In addition, the flexural and tensile strengths of POC concrete were found to be less than the control concrete due to the properties of the POC which was lightweight and porous. The experimental results show that the porous structure of the POC aggregates can be utilised as water reservoir for the process of internal curing for the self-curing concrete.

FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF SELF-COMPACTING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE USING COARSE PALM OIL CLINKER

The utilisation of industrial waste from the palm oil industry offers benefit to the construction industry and environment. This paper presents the experimental investigation of the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLWC) using coarse palm oil clinker (POC). In this study, POC, a waste by-product of palm oil mill, was utilised at 100 % full replacement of coarse aggregates in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Fresh properties of the concrete mix were determined through tests of slump flow, V-funnel, J-ring, L box and sieve segregation. Meanwhile, the hardened concrete properties were evaluated by means of density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compression, tensile splitting and flexural tests. The fresh and hardened properties of SCLWC were compared to normal SCC using normal weight coarse aggregates. Test results indicated that the SCLWC exhibited accepted self-compacting characteristics as recommended by European Guidelines. The SCLWC can be classified as lightweight concrete since its hardened density at 28 days was 1985 kg/m3 and good in quality according to its UPV values. In addition, the substitution of POC reduced the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete due to its lightweight and porous nature. Based on the performance of SCLWC utilising coarse POC aggregates, the POC is potentially viable to replace natural aggregates and suitable to be used in SCLWC.

Characterization of lightweight concrete made of palm oil clinker aggregates

Lightweight concrete (LWC) has been identified as an innovative technique for construction purposes. Lightweight concrete can be categorized into three different types which are no-fine aggregate concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete and aerated concrete. This paper studied the characteristic of the lightweight concrete in term of mechanical properties utilizing the palm oil clinker (POC) as lightweight aggregates. Two mixes of lightweight concrete were developed, namely as POCC100 and POCC50 where each mix utilized 100% and 50% of total replacement to fine and coarse aggregates, respectively. The fresh and hardened POC concrete was tested and compared to the normal concrete (NC). The hardened state of the concrete was investigated through density test, ultrasonic pulse velocity, cube compressive, splitting tensile, flexural, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio. From density test results, POC falls into the category of lightweight concrete with a density of 1990.33 kg/m3, which are below than normal weight concrete density. The mechanical properties test results on POCC100 and POCC50 showed that the concrete compressive strength was comparable about 85.70% and 96% compared to NC specimen, respectively. For the flexural strength, POCC50 and POCC100 were comparable about 98% and 97% to NC specimen, respectively. While splitting tensile strength of POCC50 and POCC100 was only 0.6% and 4% lower than NC specimen, respectively. In terms of sustainability of solid waste management, the application of the POC in construction will reduce the redundant of by-products resulted from the palm oil industries. After undergoing various testing of concrete mechanical properties, it can be concluded that POC aggregates was compatible to be used in ligtweight concrete mix proportion.

Performance evaluation and some durability characteristics of environmental friendly palm oil clinker based geopolymer concrete

Huge demand for concrete due to industrialization and urbanization has resulted in the depletion of natural resources and led to an ecological imbalance. Hence, this research focuses on alternative materials, including the utilization of waste materials as a replacement for binders and conventional aggregates. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and metakaolin (MK) were used as binders; while palm oil clinker (POC) and oil palm shell (OPS) used as coarse aggregate in producing geopolymer concrete. Seven concrete mixtures were designed with varying coarse aggregate contents to develop eco-friendly geopolymer concrete while other parameters were kept constant. The mechanical properties and some durability characteristics of lightweight geopolymer concrete were investigated and reported. The highest compressive strength achieved was 41.5 MPa at 28 days where 100% POC (9–14 mm) was used as coarse aggregate. POC in geopolymer concrete improves the compressive toughness compared to OPS geopolymer concrete because the porous POC aggregate increased the stiffness and improved the bond with mortar in concrete as the infilling effect of mortar into the pores strengthens the bond and enhances the crack growth resistance. Geopolymer concrete has lower capillary sorptivity, the usage of magnesium sulphate solution for sulphate resistance test showed negligible impact on geopolymer concrete due to the intrinsic nature of alumino silicate gels in geopolymeric materials. The results show that by utilizing POC and OPS structural grade lightweight geopolymer concrete can be produced.

Strength and abrasion resistance of palm oil clinker pervious concrete under different curing method

This paper investigates the abrasion resistance and strength properties of pervious concrete (PC) containing palm oil clinker (POC) coarse aggregate under different curing method. Materials used include OPC Type I, 10mm nominal size POC coarse aggregate and granite. The palm oil clinker pervious concrete (POCPC) mixes were developed with a fixed water-cement ratio of 0.3 and was studied at various replacement levels of natural aggregate with POC aggregate (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% to 100%). Selected curing methods for the POCPC samples were full water curing, air curing and 3days water curing respectively. Based on results, compressive strength and abrasion resistance of the POCPC reduced, resulting from the incorporation of POC into the mix irrespective of the curing method. Given the selected curing method, POCPC cured in full water had superior performance in terms of compressive strength. However, the POCPC cured in air and 3days water curing recorded about 5% loss of its compressive strength with respect to full water curing due to uncontrolled temperature and humidity condition. Abrasion resistance of the concrete was improved when full water curing was adopted with about 5% loss due to curing method. Thus, it becomes evident that curing had marginal effect on the properties of the concrete rather it is dependent mainly on the properties of the aggregate. Furthermore, incorporating POC as an alternative concreting material can help to sustain the construction industry based on the sustainability efficiency evaluation conducted.

Influence of palm oil factory wastes as coarse aggregate species for green lightweight concrete

Due to environmental issues, the use of waste materials in concrete is gaining popularity. Waste materials, such as oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil clinker (POC) from the Malaysian palm oil industry are being used in various researches to produce lightweight concrete. Concrete containing only OPS shows more ductility and low compressive strength, while POC concrete shows less ductility but high compressive strength. The combination of OPS and POC may show improved compressive strength and ductility behavior. In this experimental study, the normal coarse aggregate is replaced by a mixture of OPS and POC aggregates in the lightweight concrete. The proportion of OPS and POC in the concrete mix varies from 40% to 70%. The results indicate that if a mixture of OPS and POC aggregate in producing lightweight concrete, better performance regarding compressive strength and ductility can be achieved. Furthermore, through the utilization of waste materials, the proposed lightweight concrete will help to mitigate the negative impact on the environment.

Effect of palm oil clinker incorporation on properties of pervious concrete

Palm oil clinker (POC), a by-product of palm oil mill, can be found in large quantity in Malaysia and it is considered as waste. POC is suitable as aggregate replacement in lightweight concrete and other engineering applications due to its physical properties. This study presents the use of POC as coarse aggregate in the production of pervious concrete (PC). Materials used include OPC Type I, coarse aggregate 10mm nominal size. Based on this, various mixes were developed with a fixed water-cement ratio of 0.3. The palm oil clinker pervious concrete (POCPC) were studied at various replacement levels of natural aggregate with POC aggregate ranging from 0% to 100%. Results indicated that substitution with POC reduced the compressive strength and density of the concrete. However, the coefficient of permeability and porosity rose. Compressive strength obtained was between 3.43MPa and 9.52MPa. Maximum loss in strength was about 65% at full replacement. However, replacement of POC at 25% exhibited a superior performance among others. As such, it has been identified as the best mix for optimum performance of the POCPC.

Characteristics of palm oil clinker as replacement for oil palm shell in lightweight concrete subjected to elevated temperature

This article reports the effects of elevated temperature resistance capacity of palm oil clinker (POC) at elevated temperatures; POC was used to replace oil palm shell (OPS) as coarse aggregate in oil palm shell concrete (OPSC). The replacement of OPS with POC was done to enhance the performance of concrete before and after exposure when subjected to evaluated temperature. A series of concrete mixes was prepared with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of OPS with POC as coarse aggregate in OPSC and the specimens were subjected to elevated temperature of up to 500°C for a period of 30min and 60min. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to check the elevated temperature resistance capacity of OPS and POC. In addition, weight loss, residual compressive strength, colour change in the concrete, cracking on the surface of concrete specimens and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of OPSC were evaluated at elevated temperatures. TGA analysis shows OPS aggregate loses about 63% of its weight when exposed to temperatures between 285°C and 478°C; however, POC aggregate showed excellent elevated temperature resistance as there was insignificant weight loss of less than 1%. The results of OPSC specimens subjected to 500°C for a period of 60min showed the number of cracks decreases with the increase of POC content and subsequently the crack width also decreases from 0.319mm to 0.122mm. The residual compressive strength loss of specimens with 100% OPS was found as 76% when exposed to 500°C for a period of 60min and this loss reduces gradually with the increase in POC content; hence at 100% OPS replacement with POC, the loss of compressive strength of only 9% indicates vast improvement of OPSC using POC. Moreover, with the increase in the duration from 30min to 60min exposure at 500°C, the loss of concrete compressive strength and UPV values was found higher.

Engineering and sustainability performance of self-compacting palm oil mill incinerated waste concrete

Abstract The different stages in the processing of palm oil generate various types of waste by-products, which have to be disposed of appropriately for a cleaner environment and to reduce pollution. In this study, palm oil clinker (POC), one of the by-products of the palm oil mill, was utilized in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). SCC has diverse types of structural application due to its own enhanced self-consolidating behaviour. The proportioning of the mixes was based on particle packing, which integrates both aggregate packing and void volume for a mix of aggregates. Combinations of POC and natural aggregate were studied at various substitution levels ranging from 0% to 100% for both fresh and hardened properties. In addition, a few of the results were integrated into sustainability components to evaluate the effectiveness of the concrete both economically and environmentally. It was found that POC aggregate require three times lower energy consumption for preparation compared to conventional aggregate. Overall, POC incorporation showed enhanced structural efficiency with a significant reduction in cost and energy usage. Furthermore, the sustainability of the construction industry can be conserved with the introduction of POC as an alternative source for concreting work.