Palm Methyl Ester Research Articles

Physical Characterization of Modified Palm Oil with Hybrid Additives Nanofluids

The common use of petroleum-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) in industry harms the environment and human beings. The biggest disadvantage of RBD palm oil is its low thermal-oxidative stability. As a result, the goal of this research is to create an innovation for palm oil based MWFs. The new creation of modified palm oils (MPOs) has been produced by a transesterification process with palm methyl ester to trimethylolpropane molar ratios of 3.5:1. Later, at a concentration of 0.025wt.%, the MPOs were mixed with single and hybrid additives such as activated carbon (AC) (MPOa), tungsten disulphide (WS2) (MPOw) and hybrid AC with WS2 (MPOaw). The physicochemical parameters of MPOs were studied, including viscosity, and acid value. The physicochemical properties were evaluated as per ASTM standards over a period of 4 weeks to check the state of lubricant and observable changes in the properties during this period According to the findings, MPOaw shows enhanced thermal (high viscosity index 365-387) and oxidative stability (lubricant storage). Moreover, MPOaw recorded has higher antioxidant properties that can help prevent or slow down the oxidation process, reducing the production of acids and subsequently lowering the acid value (0.14 -0.19 mg NaOH/g). In conclusion, it has been proven that MPOaw has the best performance and the potential to have a positive effect on the industry as a sustainable MWF for machining processes.

Mathematical modelling of evaporation rate and heating of biodiesel blends of a single-component droplets

Biodiesel serve as promising fuel and optimal alternative for mitigating the present issues of fuel scarcity and emission control in compression ignition engines. Several Researches have concluded that engine performance and it’s emission characteristics heavily depends on pa-rameters like fuel droplet spray formation, atomization, evaporation and combustion which in turn depend on thermophysical properties of biodiesel fuel. In this study, the thermophysical properties like normal boiling, critical properties, vapor pressure, latent heat of vaporization, liquid density, liquid viscosity, liquid thermal conductivity, gas diffusion coefficients of two biodiesel fuels sample: Madhuca Indica and Radish oil are determined using standard correla-tion. Accurate mathematical model for estimation of evaporation rate and combustion of sin-gle component biodiesel droplet is framed and validated with single droplet setup experiment result for Jatropa Methyl Ester (JME), Karanjan Methyl Ester (KME), Mahua Methyl Ester (MME), Neem Methyl Ester (NME), Palm Methyl Ester (PME) oil and this model is further extrapolated to predict the evaporation and combustion behaviour of two unexperimented oil, Madhuca and Radish. It is found that Madhuca oil has the higher evaporation constant value of 0.1466 mm2/s and thus lowest lifetime in among the biodiesel fuel studied. This value is attributed to lower mo-lecular weight and higher molecular diffusivity. On the other hand reverse trend is observed in Radish with lower evaporation constant and higher lifetime. This study behaves as compre-hensive methodology for estimating the behaviour of biodiesel based on their composition and chemical structure and also as firm framework for combustion modelling in enhancing engine performance.

ANALYSING THE LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY-PRESSURE RELATION FOR BIODIESEL DERIVED WASTE PALM COOKING OIL (WPCO)

Given that its primary energy sources are reported to be dwindling daily, the pursuit for new alternatives to fossil fuel is essential. Biodiesel is perceived as a viable option for achieving sustainable and renewable energy in response to this challenge. The present study demonstrates the potential of Waste Palm Cooking Oil, Raw Palm Cooking Oil, Waste Palm Methyl Ester, and Raw Palm Methyl Ester as lubricants. This study's objective is to analyze the rheological behaviour of produce biodiesel lubricant from two distinct feedstocks, namely WPCO and Raw PCO at increasing temperature from 25°C to 100°C. Both WPCO and Raw PCO are subjected to a transesterification reaction, which is facilitated by potassium as a catalyst, in order to remove the free fatty acid (FFA) present. This study discovered that the biodiesel production efficiency for waste palm methyl ester (WPME) was 82.5%, whereas the yield for raw palm methyl ester (RPME) was 96.4%. A qualitative analysis was carried out by Gas Chromatography Analysis to identify the presence of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) in the biodiesel produced from Waste Palm cooking oil (WPCO) and Raw Palm Cooking Oil (RPCO). The physicochemical properties of all four varieties of oils were evaluate. WPCO, WPME, Raw PCO, and Raw PME had densities of 895 kg/, 865 kg/, 898 kg/, and 867 kg/ at 40 °C, respectively. The density that was acquired was subsequently employed to calculate the kinematic viscosity of the lubricants. At a temperature of 40 °C, a comparison was made between the kinematic viscosity of the lubricants and the standard kinematic viscosity of motor oil as specified by the SAE. The evaluation of WPCO, WPME, Raw PCO, and Raw PME in comparison to SAE motor oils standard reveals that none of the aforementioned oil types exhibit the necessary properties to function as a pourable engine lubricant.

Kinetic study on the production of biodegradable lubricant by enzymatic transesterification of high oleic palm oil

Kinetic studies are necessary to identify inhibitors of lipase enzyme deactivation in reaction systems because varying substrate concentrations can affect the enzyme's catalytic activity. The present study aimed to analyze the reaction kinetics of palm-based polyol ester production catalyzed by commercial lipase Novozyme 435 (N435). The enzymatic transesterification reaction was performed in a solvent-free medium. The effect of substrates concentration, specifically high oleic palm methyl ester (HO-PME) and trimethylolpropane (TMP), on the kinetic constant was studied at the initial reaction rate. The study was conducted based on the Ping-pong Bi-bi model, assuming that both substrates could inhibit the reaction. The reaction was carried out at 70 °C and 15.25 mbar with a 3 % (w/w) N435 enzyme load to investigate the effect of various HO-PME and TMP concentrations. The kinetic constants obtained are as follows: Km(HOPME) = 61.112 mol/L, Km(TMP) = 0.336 mol/L, Ki(HOPME)= 0.002 mol/L, Ki(TMP) = 2.415 mol/L and Vmax = 17.24 mol/L.hr. The results implied that N435 has higher affinity towards TMP than HO-PME. Inhibition constant indicated a lower inhibitory function of the TMP than HO-PME (Ki(TMP) >Ki(HOPME)). The reaction kinetics obtained in this study agreed well with the model used with TMP and HO-PME as competitive inhibitor during enzymatic transesterification.

Numerical Simulation of Palm Biodiesel Droplet Evaporation at Various Temperatures and Pressures

This study uses numerical simulations to determine the evaporation characteristics of palm biodiesel droplets under normal gravity at temperatures ranging from 473 to 873 K and pressures ranging from 0.2 to 5 bar. A transient, two-phase, axisymmetric volume of fluid (VOF) model is employed to model transport processes across phases. The palm methyl ester is modelled as a single-component fuel with temperature- and pressure-dependent thermophysical properties. The study compares the obtained evaporation rates with those available in the literature and presents the effects of external parameters in experimental setups. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of changing the oxygen/nitrogen composition of the environment at elevated temperatures. The results show that elevated temperatures enhance the evaporation rate at all pressures and oxygen contents due to significantly enhanced thermal conductivity and droplet surface temperatures, while elevated pressures decrease the evaporation rates. Across the pressure range, evaporation rates decrease by 219%, 213%, and 196% for temperatures of 473, 673, and 873 K, respectively. Furthermore, increasing oxygen concentration in the environment can also increase the evaporation rate; however, the effect is less noticeable with a 6.4% increase at 473 K and more significant with a 27.8% increase at 873 K across the selected oxygen composition range.

Properties Study of B20 Palm-Methyl Ester Biodiesel Added with Oxide Nanoparticle Towards Green Marine Fuels

Demand for low carbon emissions in the shipping sector has prompted alternative energy sources to reduce dependence on diesel petroleum for day-to-day operations. Biodiesel fuel has been identified as one of the alternative energy sources that can be used in marine engines. Biodiesel is a plant-based fuel, environmentally friendly, renewable, non-toxic and oxygenated. Despite having many advantages, it nevertheless contributes to a slight reduction in engine power due to its low energy content compared to diesel fuel. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of using different types of nanoparticle additives with different concentrations on the properties of biodiesel fuel. Nine test samples were prepared by blending B20 palm methyl ester biodiesel fuel with aluminium oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle by different concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Several series of fuel property tests were performed on the samples including density, viscosity, calorific value, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The test results showed that, the caloric value of B20 biodiesel fuel was increased from 44747 J/g to 45122 J/g, 45090 J/g and 45110 J/g with the addition of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticle, respectively. The viscosity and density properties have also improved with the highest values found on the SiO2 blend of 3.7792 mm2/s and 820.36 kg/m3. The morphology study revealed that the structure of nanoparticles is in an amorphous state which is expected to contribute a large contact area, good stability and catalytic with a high combustion rate of blend fuel. All of these advantages are expected to contribute as a good catalyst to biodiesel fuel in order to produce optimal combustion of marine diesel engines and further reduce harmful gas emissions

Characterization of homogenous acid catalyzed biodiesel production from palm oil: experimental investigation and numerical simulation.

Biodiesel is a biological renewable source produced from the conversion of triglycerides to alkyl esters. Palm oil is one of the most used lipid feedstocks for biodiesel production. It becomes necessary to optimize the transesterification reaction parameters to reduce the cost and enhance the quality of biodiesel. This study focuses on the use of homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm fatty acids to methyl esters in a batch-scale reactor. A novel examination of transesterification reaction input parameters using the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution optimization technique and the effect of these parameters on yield, viscosity, and density of palm biodiesel using 3D surface graphs is investigated in this research. The present optimization approach is implemented to find out the optimum ranking of biodiesel production. From the experimental and numerical simulation, optimum results were observed at the catalyst concentration of 6% (w/w), reaction temperature of 70°C, the reaction time of 120min, and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 at which yield of 95.35%, viscosity of 5.0 cSt, and density of 880kg/m3 of palm biodiesel were obtained. The different physicochemical properties of produced palm methyl esters are obtained within standards set by international authorities. Selected optimized process parameters can be used for commercial-scale biodiesel production.

Preparation and characterization of nanofiltration (NF) polyethersulfone and its preliminary studies on beta-carotene concentration from crude palm oil

The enrichment of beta-carotene concentration from crude palm oil (CPO) using nanofiltration polyethersulfone (NF-PES) membrane was studied. This work begins with preparing the NF-PES membrane via the phase inversion method as the first stage. PES polymer was used as base membrane material and N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. Then, the process concentration of beta-carotene was conducted by filtration of the red palm methyl ester as feed solution using dead-end mode filtration. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of separation pressure (3; 4; and 5 bar) on beta-carotene concentration from the feed solution. SEM results showed that the NF PES membrane had an asymmetric structure. It consisted of two layers: the thin top layer had a dense structure, while the support layer had a sponge-like structure. Besides, the pure water permeability of NF PES membrane was about 2-18 L/m2.h.bar was fitted within the range of NF membranes. The optimum operating pressure that gives the highest beta-carotene concentration was achieved at 3 bar. As a result, the beta-carotene concentration has improved about 1.14 times compared to the initial beta-carotene concentration in the feed solution.

Production of N‐methyldiethanolamine di‐ester via heterogeneous transesterification of palm methyl ester over modified calcium oxide catalyst by metal oxides

AbstractThe production cycle of the heterogeneous catalyzed‐transesterification of methyl ester and alkanolamine for the production of esterquats precursor can be considered as a cleaner and sustainable process. This process is an important alternative route as opposed to the conventional homogeneous catalysis as it can eliminates the formation of wastewater, consumes less toxic chemical and reduce the production cost through catalyst reuse. Calcium oxide (CaO)‐based catalysts which include pure CaO and modified CaO by other metal oxides were employed in this study for the production of alkanolamine ester, a precursor of esterquats. The basicity and textural properties of these catalysts were characterized using TPD‐CO2 and N2 physisorption, respectively. Transesterification activity of CaO‐based catalysts successfully showed a high di‐ester yield of more than 85% at 160°C, 80 mbar, 4 wt% of catalyst dosage, 6 h reaction time, methyl palmitate to N‐methyldiethanolamine mole ratio of 2:1 and agitation speed of 150 rpm. ZnO/CaO catalyst rendered the best durability characteristic as it exhibited constant activities for three subsequent runs with 85% di‐ester yield. ZnO/CaO showed high catalytic activity similar to pure CaO catalyst with low leaching of Ca active phase and better reusability than that of pure CaO catalyst, that shows loss of its activity after the first cycle.

Comparison of thermophysical properties and combustion characteristics of various biodiesels in a non-MILD ultra-low emission swirl burner

All global decarbonization strategies increase the importance of biodiesels in the future. Presently, three representative biodiesels: coconut, oil palm, and waste cooking oil, were studied. The coconut methyl ester is the most volatile, while palm methyl ester is among the least volatile biodiesels. The waste cooking oil-based biodiesel has a highlighted presence in the circular economy. Firstly, the thermophysical properties of the three neat biodiesels and blends with commercial diesel fuel are presented. Density, surface tension, and kinematic viscosity affect atomization, and the distillation curve characterizes fuel evaporation, while the flash point is critical for mixture ignition. The fuels behaved similarly up to 25 V/V% biodiesel-diesel mixture. Secondly, all fuels are tested in a Mixture Temperature-Controlled burner, featuring distributed combustion without any low-oxygen technique. The flame shape was highly affected by fuel volatility and governed pollutant emissions. NO emission was evaluated due to practically complete combustion in all cases, concluding that distributed combustion may lead to nearly a magnitude reduction of this pollutant. The maximum value was below 14 mg/Nm3, fulfilling the current European gas turbine standard with an 80% margin. Our goal is to introduce the Mixture Temperature-Controlled combustion concept in boilers and gas turbines.

Influence of fuel components, injection parameters and nano blends on CRDI engine characteristics fuelled with palm and jatropha methyl esters

The present study emphasises on the influence of fuel components and multiple injection parameters on engine characteristics of CRDI engines fuelled by B100 blends of jatropha, palm methyl esters and their nano-blends (MWCNT). At full load conditions, in regard to combustion characteristics, at 100 bTDC and 600 bar, POMWCNT exhibited a 4.5% and 2.4% decrease of NHRR, in the case of performance, JOMWCNT demonstrated a 2.4% BTE increase,1.5% decrease of BSFC at 100 bTDC 800 bar and subject to emissions, for POMWCNT there is a further decrease of 6.66% CO, 0.449% NOx and 9.4% smoke at 100 bTDC, 5.88% CO, 0.736% NOx at 700 bar, 3.27% smoke opacity at 800 bar. Therefore, the present study shows that the CRDI engine characteristics could be enhanced by varying injection parameters and nano blending. Additionally, it also reflects on the impact of fuel components on engine characteristics.

Effect of supercharging in neat biodiesel fuelled naturally aspirated diesel engine combustion, vibration and emission analysis

Diesel engines are the most efficient internal combustion engines widely used in automotive, agriculture and industry applications. However, their harmful exhaust emissions contribute to an increase in environmental air pollution. Therefore, different green fuels, often called biodiesels, have inspired researchers to examine. In this work, neat palm methyl ester (PME) is used as an alternative fuel to examine the combustion performance, engine cylinder vibration and exhaust emissions. The experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at naturally aspirated and supercharged modes. The combustion results at three-fourth and full loads reveal that maximum in-cylinder combustion pressures are attained for Supercharged PME (S-PME), which helps to produce high power with better torque conversion. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 33.06% and 32.87% at 0.45 and 0.54 equivalency ratios is attained for naturally operated PME (N-PME). The FFT vibrations measured vertically on the cylinder head reveal that the high-frequency vibrations are attenuated and better combustion with low-frequency vibrations (<50 dB) is achieved with the implementation of S-PME. Furthermore, low-level CO, NOx, UHC and smoke emissions are reported for S-PME. Supercharging is found to be beneficial by achieving low exhaust emissions and vibrations.

Enzymatic synthesis of palm oil-based trimethylolpropane ester as biolubricant base stock catalyzed by Lipozyme 435

The application of enzymes in the organic synthesis of polyol esters for biolubricants is one of the initiatives in the development of sustainable processes in the oil palm industry. In this study, trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester was synthesized from high oleic palm methyl ester (HO-PME) via enzymatic transesterification. Lipozyme 435, which is an immobilized form of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB), was investigated as a substitute for chemical catalyst in the production of palm oil-based lubricant. Response surface methodology (RSM) via Central Composite Rotatable Design was employed to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that only 3% (w/w) enzyme dosage was required to obtain the highest triester of 82% without purification. The optimum process conditions predicted by RSM were 3.45:1 M ratio of HO-PME: TMP, 15.25 mbar pressure, and 48 h reaction time. The TMP ester exhibited excellent lubricant properties. This study demonstrated a reduction in overall production cost including waste management due to the elimination of the product purification step. As compared to chemical catalyst, milder reaction conditions and no formation of side products were observed in this study. The physicochemical characteristics of the TMP ester synthesized via enzymatic transesterification complied satisfactorily with the requirements of biolubricant base stock. Our findings offer a greener and economical approach for producing high-performance biolubricant, which can be applied for scale-up production.

Effects of ethanol and methyl formate additions on characteristics of pre-vaporised palm methyl ester laminar diffusion flame

Motivated by the growing interest in the application of renewable fuels and combustion efficiency, gaining a detailed understanding of the effect of oxygenated additives on the structure and shape of the biodiesel laminar coflow diffusion flame is of fundamental and practical importance. In the experiment, the amount of ethanol and methyl formate in the nitrogen-diluted biodiesel mixtures was 10% vol. while maintaining a constant fuel mole fraction. The results showed that adding ethanol and methyl formate decreased the flame height regardless of the variation of the fuel jet velocities, with methyl formate demonstrating a greater reduction effect on the flame height. Besides that, the addition of these oxygenated additives has a significant influence on the flame stability, which was characterised by the parameters such as liftoff height, liftoff velocity, and blowout velocity. The oxygenated additives addition reduced the flame stability limit, with methyl formate showing a greater decrease in flame stability limit based on the observation of the blowout velocity. The dilution effect of the oxygenated additives was identified as the dominant effect on the flame structure and stabilisation through the decoupling analysis when compared to the thermal and chemical effects. Further analysis revealed that the difference in the influence of the oxygenated additives on the combustion characteristics was attributed to the physicochemical properties of the fuel mixtures, such as the molecular diffusivity, energy density, and fuel decomposition. These parameters can be fundamentally related to the difference in the molecular structures between ethanol and methyl formate. On the other hand, the addition of these oxygenated additives decreased both carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations; however, the differences in the pollutant concentrations between ethanol and methyl formate were insignificant.

Biofuel Adoption Pathways for Cargo Vessels under Carbon Tax

According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy, the shipping industry by 2050 aims to reduce by at least 50% of GHG emission level in 2008. Among various alternative energy sources, biofuels illustrate potential as a drop-in fuel using existing shipboard technologies, bunkering infrastructure, and a new fuel replacing conventional fossil-based fuels. However, the decision to adopt biofuel in vessels depends on various factors. Biofuels may be derived from different feedstock and production routes and thus demonstrate different economic and environmental performances. The compatible type of engines also differs across biofuels, implying differences in capital cost. In addition, a high carbon tax may push the usage of a more expensive biofuel, while a low carbon tax may not drive the switch from fossil fuel. This study aims to analyse biofuel adoption pathways under carbon tax to achieve a net 50% GHG emission reduction for cargo vessels, including bulk carriers, container vessels and tankers. The study focuses on the following types of fuels: low sulphur fuel oil (LSFO), marine gas oil (MGO), Liquefied natural gas (LNG), biodiesel in the form of palm methyl ester (PME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and bio-LNG.

Prediction of solidification behavior of biodiesel containing monoacylglycerols above the solubility limit

Monoacylglycerols (MAGs) are typical impurities in biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) and are often the cause of solid precipitation because of their high melting points. In this study, the liquidus temperature of biodiesel, below which solidification of biodiesel components can occur, was measured by differential scanning calorimetry or visual observation, and was predicted by thermodynamic models. First, the solubility limit of MAGs, defined as the total MAG content above which MAGs can solidify before FAMEs, was found to be about 0.25 wt% for coconut methyl esters and about 0.5 wt% for palm methyl esters and rapeseed methyl esters. For biodiesel containing MAGs above the solubility limit, the compound formation (CF) model showed good agreement with the experimentally determined liquidus temperatures. This thermodynamic model assumed different types of MAGs solidifying simultaneously while forming molecular compounds. However, within the range of the total MAG content of actual biodiesel (typically less than 0.7 wt%), the number of fitting parameters in the CF model was excessive. This led to the use of a simplified version of the CF model with only one parameter, which still fitted the experimental results well. One parameter value was determined for biodiesel from one feedstock, allowing the liquidus temperature of biodiesel from a known feedstock to be predicted based only on the total MAG content, even for biodiesel containing diacylglycerols in addition to MAGs.

Investigation of flame structure and stabilisation characteristics of palm methyl esters diffusion flames

Experiment and numerical analysis were conducted to investigate the flame structure and stabilisation characteristics of palm methyl esters (PME) diffusion flame. In the experiment, nitrogen-diluted biodiesel mixtures with fuel mole fraction range from 0.02 to 0.03 were supplied to the nozzle through a pre-heated pipeline at a temperature of 550 K. The results showed that the stabilisation of the PME lifted flames was mainly controlled by the jet momentum, especially in the jet developed region, whereas the role of the buoyancy in the stabilisation of the lifted flame was not significant. In the simulation, biodiesel lifted flames were modelled using open-source tool, laminarSMOKE in OpenFOAM. Numerical analysis revealed that the stabilisation mechanism of the lifted flames at jet momentum dominated regime could be based on the factors that affect the edge flame propagation speed, such as mixture strength and fuel Lewis number. Additional numerical simulations were also carried out to investigate the role of each fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) component on the liftoff behaviour, and it was found that the unsaturated FAME, methyl oleate, has a lower liftoff height compared to the saturated FAME, methyl palmitate due to the higher reactivity of the methyl oleate.

Formulation of Biodegreaser Made from Palm Oil Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant with Oxalic Acid Additive

The development of bio degreaser made from palm oil surfactant aims to substitute bio degreaser made from petroleum surfactant which is less environmentally friendly. The development was carried out by formulating palm methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant with oxalic acid as metal or non-metal cleaning agent. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of oxalic acid in the bio degreaser formulation. The concentrations of oxalic acid tested were 7, 8, and 9%. The best concentration of oxalic acid was determined based on the results of characteristic tests and detergency tests, namely 7% oxalic acid concentration. The resulting bio degreaser product has a pH of 1.6; viscosity 1.39 cp; specific gravity of 1.012; surface tension 32 dyne/cm and detergency power 84%. Furthermore, the resulting bio degreaser was added with Diethanolamioda (DEA) surfactant. The purpose of adding DEA surfactant is to increase the pH and lower the surface tension. The formulation results showed an increase in pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and a decrease in surface tension from 31.97 dyne/cm to 28.70 dyne/cm. In addition, there was an increase in viscosity from 1.39 cp to 1.62 cp and specific gravity from 1.012 to 1.018.

Formulation of Biodegreaser Made from Palm Oil Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant with Oxalic Acid Additive

The development of bio degreaser made from palm oil surfactant aims to substitute bio degreaser made from petroleum surfactant which is less environmentally friendly. The development was carried out by formulating palm methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant with oxalic acid as metal or non-metal cleaning agent. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of oxalic acid in the bio degreaser formulation. The concentrations of oxalic acid tested were 7, 8, and 9%. The best concentration of oxalic acid was determined based on the results of characteristic tests and detergency tests, namely 7% oxalic acid concentration. The resulting bio degreaser product has a pH of 1.6; viscosity 1.39 cp; specific gravity of 1.012; surface tension 32 dyne/cm and detergency power 84%. Furthermore, the resulting bio degreaser was added with Diethanolamioda (DEA) surfactant. The purpose of adding DEA surfactant is to increase the pH and lower the surface tension. The formulation results showed an increase in pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and a decrease in surface tension from 31.97 dyne/cm to 28.70 dyne/cm. In addition, there was an increase in viscosity from 1.39 cp to 1.62 cp and specific gravity from 1.012 to 1.018.

Friction Analysis Of Waste Palm Methyl Ester (WPME) Under Stribeck Lubrication Regimes

This paper aims to investigate the tribological friction using the Stribeck curve lubrication regime using an alternative source of biodiesel. Replacement of current usage of fossil fuels is essential, therefore, it is important to develop a proper recycling, renewable and sustainable product that reduces global warming. Biodiesel also known as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME), is biodegradable, produced from a renewable source, non-toxic, and produces a minimum greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce raw material cost, waste cooking oil is one of the most suitable replacements of vegetable oil for biodiesel synthesis. Rheological behavior of Waste Palm Methyl Ester (WPME), such as kinematic viscosity, density, and acid value, was measured based on EN14214 and compared with Palm Methyl Ester (PME). The friction performance of WPME was evaluated using a pin on the disc tribometer machine. The influence of different operating conditions such as loads at 1kg, 2kg, 3kg and 4kg and sliding velocity range from 0.00625 m/s to 4 m/s were optimized in this study. The preliminary result shows significant changes on the Stribeck curve concerning the sliding speed and also loads. It is found that as for the same entrainment velocity and surface roughness, a higher load will initiate a higher temperature, thus lead to decreasing the viscosity and coefficient of friction. In summary, WPME is highly considered as a potential waste that can replace the current energy source.