Palierne Emulsion Model Research Articles

Particle morphology of mineral filler and its effects on the asphalt binder-filler interfacial interaction

This paper focused on the particle morphology of mineral filler and its effects on asphalt binder-filler interfacial interaction. The limestone, basalt, and granite fillers with various particle sizes were selected to prepare asphalt mastics. The relationship between morphological characteristics of mineral filler and asphalt binder-filler interfacial interaction was established. The results show that the angularity index and fractal dimension decrease while the form factor increase with the decreasing particle size. The granite filler particles demonstrated the higher morphological index values than the limestone and basalt ones. The K-B-G* value based on Palierne emulsion model exhibits the least susceptibility but strongest stability to filler particle size among the evaluation parameters studied. Form factor is the determining influential factor for asphalt binder-filler interfacial interaction, regardless of filler lithology. Furthermore, the packing characteristics of filler particles and the associated mastic morphologies could provide insight to possible relationship between particle morphology and interfacial behavior. All the results contribute to the selection of appropriate mineral filler to improve the asphalt binder-filler interfacial interaction and then the performance of asphalt mix system.

Rheological and thermal properties of polypropylene blends based in a low molecular weight EVA

AbstractBlends of polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) having a PP/EVA viscosity ratio of 240 were prepared by melt mixing. EVA concentration varies from 2 to 26 wt%. All blends display two‐phase structure with quasi‐spherical EVA domains evenly distributed in the PP matrix. The diameter of the domains increases with EVA concentration from about 0.4 to 6 μm. Each component crystallizes separately. The melting temperature of PP phase is no noticeably affected by the presence of EVA while the crystallization one gradually increases by 4°C. The dynamic moduli of the blends are well predicted by the emulsion model of Palierne, revealing that the system PP/EVA has a very small interfacial tension. The thermal degradation behavior of the blends, determined by thermogravimetry, shows that the deacylation process in EVA is not affected by the presence of PP while the beginning of the degradation process of PP is increased by up to 20°C due to the presence of EVA. This effect goes along with an increment in the maximum degradation rate of PP.

Relationship between the interfacial tension and compatibility of polycarbonate and poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) blends with reactive compatibilizers

ABSTRACTWe studied the morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of polycarbonate (PC) and poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (PolyABS) blends with different types of compatibilizer. Styrene–acrylonitrile–maleic anhydride terpolymer (SAM) was used as a compatibilizer of the blends. For comparison, styrene–acrylonitrile–glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (SAG) was also used as a compatibilizer. For the PC–PolyABS (70/30 wt %) blends with SAM, the mechanical strength and complex viscosity reached a maximum when the SAM concentration was 5 phr. The mechanical and rheological results of the blend were consistent with the morphological result that the PolyABS domain size reached a minimum when the SAM content was 5 phr. The interfacial tension (α) of the blend was compared with the compatibilizer type and content, which were calculated by the Palierne emulsion model with the relaxation time of the PC–PolyABS blend. The α is consistent with the morphological and mechanical properties of the PC–PolyABS blend. The results of the morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of the blend suggest that SAM was a more effective compatibilizer than SAG, and the optimum compatibilizer content of SAM was 5 phr. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46418.

A combined experimental and theoretical approach to quantitative assessment of microstructure in PLA/PP/Organo-Clay nanocomposites; wide-angle x-ray scattering and rheological analysis

Abstract A rheological study and morphological investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques were performed on the single step melt processed poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/polypropylene (PP)/organoclay counterpart blend nanocomposites prepared via a micro-compounder. Two types of organoclay, Cloisite 30B and 15A were used for the preparation of the nanocomposites. Using a thermodynamic approach and with the aid of experimental techniques, it was indicated that both types of organoclay tend to localize within the PLA phase. Accordingly, in PLA-rich blends, 30B organoclay was localized in the matrix while in the PP-rich system the organoclay (15A) was mainly concentrated within the dispersed phase and also at the interface. In analyzing the WAXS results, two quantities, derived from Bragg and Scherrer's equations, in order to quantify the extent of interaction of organoclay with the different media and also partitioning of clay within the blend components. By that means, it was indicated that WAXS technique owns a great potential to predict organoclay morphology within the blend nanocomposites. Using the weighted relaxation spectrum of blends and implementation of Palierne emulsion model the interfacial tension of PLA/PP counterpart blends was determined. Despite the weak interaction of organoclay with the PP and also the low content of PLA in the PP-rich blend, the 25/75 PLA/PP blend represented substantial enhancement in elasticity as a result of organoclay loading. This behavior was attributed to the created network-like structure of organoclay platelets around the dispersed particles of PLA. Moreover, the applicability of fractional Zener model, to get the best fit to the melt rheological material functions using the genetic algorithm approach, and dependency of the fitting parameter of that model to the blend ratio and organoclay content, were evaluated.

Coalescence in PLA-PBAT blends under shear flow: Effects of blend preparation and PLA molecular weight

Blends containing 75 wt. % of an amorphous polylactide (PLA) with two different molecular weights and 25 wt. % of a poly[(butylene adipate)-co-terephthalate] (PBAT) were prepared using either a Brabender batch mixer or a twin-screw extruder. These compounds were selected because blending PLA with PBAT can overcome various drawbacks of PLA such as its brittleness and processability limitations. In this study, we investigated the effects of varying the molecular weight of the PLA matrix and of two different mixing processes on the blend morphology and, further, on droplet coalescence during shearing. The rheological properties of these blends were investigated and the interfacial properties were analyzed using the Palierne emulsion model. Droplet coalescence was investigated by applying shear flows of 0.05 and 0.20 s−1 at a fixed strain of 60. Subsequently, small amplitude oscillatory shear tests were conducted to investigate changes in the viscoelastic properties. The morphology of the blends was also examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs. It was observed that the PBAT droplets were much smaller when twin-screw extrusion was used for the blend preparation. Shearing at 0.05 s−1 induced significant droplet coalescence in all blends, but coalescence and changes in the viscoelastic properties were much more pronounced for the PLA-PBAT blend based on a lower molecular weight PLA. The viscoelastic responses were also somehow affected by the thermal degradation of the PLA matrix during the experiments.

Effects of compatibilizer on the morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(N‐methyl methacrylimide) blends

ABSTRACTThe effects of compatibilizer on the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(N‐methyl methacrylimide) (PMMI) (70/30) blends were investigated. The compatibilizer used in this study was styrene–acrylonitrile–glycidyl methacrylate (SAN‐GMA) copolymer. Morphological characterization of the PMMA/PMMI (70/30) blend with SAN‐GMA showed a decrease in PMMI droplet size with an increase in SAN‐GMA. The glass‐transition temperature of the PMMA‐rich phase became higher when SAN‐GMA was added up to 5 parts per hundred resin by weight (phr). The flexural and tensile strengths of the PMMA/PMMI (70/30) blend increased with the addition of SAN‐GMA up to 5 phr. The complex viscosity of the PMMA/PMMI (70/30) blends increased when SAN‐GMA was added up to 5 phr, which implies an increase in compatibility between the PMMA and PMMI components. From the weighted relaxation spectrum, which was obtained from the storage modulus and loss modulus, the interfacial tension of the PMMA/PMMI (70/30) blend was calculated using the Palierne emulsion model and the Choi‐Schowalter model. The results of the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and rheological studies and the values of the interfacial tension of the PMMA/PMMI (70/30) blends suggest that the optimum compatibilizer concentration of SAN‐GMA is 5 phr. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43856.

An Investigation on Compatibilization Threshold in the Interface of Polypropylene/Polylactic Acid Blends Using Rheological Studies

This paper reports on the dynamic rheological behavior of polypropylene/(polylactic acid) (PP/PLA) uncompatibilized blends and those compatibilized with a terpolymer of ethylene, butylacrylate, and glycidylmethacrylate (PTW). The PP-rich (75/25) and PLA-rich (25/75) systems with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt% of PTW were examined. We show how the decrease in the domain size of dispersed droplets and the homogeneity of the systems strongly depend on the composition. Morphological studies revealed 100% reduction in the size of PLA domains in the compatibilized PP-rich system containing 5 wt% of PTW. Such rigorous domain size reduction was not observed for the PLA-rich system. The complex moduli of the blends predicted by the Palierne emulsion model were compared with those obtained from the experimentally estimated complex moduli. We found two different behaviors for the 75/25 and 25/75 blend systems. Although the predictions for the 75/25 blend showed some deviations from the experimental data at low-frequency region and fitted well at high-frequency region, the 25/75 blends exhibited an opposite behavior. Furthermore, we found that the compatibilization had no significant effect on the predicted complex moduli of the both systems. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:19–28, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

Ethylene–Propylene Segmented Copolymer as an in Situ Compatibilizer for Impact Polypropylene Copolymer: An Assessment of Rheology and Morphology

This work aims to probe the roles of ethylene–propylene segmented copolymer (EPS) in impact polypropylene copolymers (IPCs) by rheological and morphological investigations. A series of IPCs with different EPS contents and molecular structures are prepared by an atmosphere-switching polymerization process (ASPP). The Palierne emulsion model is used to describe the relationship between the rheological response to small amplitude oscillatory deformation and the morphology of IPC. It is found that this model describes well the linear viscoelastic responses of IPC, if the role of EPS is taken into account. An increase in the content of EPS and the length of its PP segments leads to a decrease in the size of the ethylene–propylene random copolymer (EPR) phase domains and the interfacial tension. These results strongly confirm the role of the EPS as a compatibilizer in the IPC system. The adhesion between the PP matrix and the EPR phase domains is enhanced by the presence of the EPS that is produced in situ duri...

Interfacial thickness and interaction between asphalt and mineral fillers

In order to improve the road performance of asphalt mixture, interfacial structure and interaction of asphalt mastic which is the most important component of asphalt mixture were studied. The interface thicknesses of asphalt mastics were calculated by the specific heat value changes in glass transition. The critical volume fractions of asphalt mastics were determined for each asphalt-filler combination using a simple two-point projection technique based on the reciprocal relative creep compliance. The interface interaction parameter was proposed based on modified Palierne emulsion model, and its effect factors were analyzed. The results show that the interface layer between asphalt and filler is nanoscale, which becomes thicker with the increasing of filler volume fraction, and granite filler has the thickest interface layer. The higher the temperature is, the smaller the critical volume fraction is. When the temperature is lower than 45 °C, the critical volume fractions ranking of asphalt mastics is as follows: limestone > andesite > granite. When the temperature is higher than 45 °C, the distinction of critical volume fraction is not obvious. B value can represent interaction between asphalt and filler exactly. The interface interaction ranking between asphalt and different fillers is as follows: granite > andesite > limestone. The higher the temperature is (or the more fine the filler is), the stronger the interface interaction is.

Polypropylene/polyethylene blends as models for high‐impact propylene–ethylene copolymers, part 1: Interaction between rheology and morphology

AbstractIn this work, composition effects on interfacial tension and morphology of binary polyolefin blends were studied using rheology and electron microscopy. The amount of dispersed phase (5–30 wt %) and its type [ethylene–octene copolymer, linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), and high‐density polyethylene] was varied, and the influence of different matrix materials was also studied by using a polypropylene homopolymer and a ethylene–propylene (EP) random copolymer. The particle size distribution of the blends was determined using micrographs from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A clear matrix effect on the flow behavior could be found from the viscosity curves of the blends. Analyzing the viscosity of the blends applying the logarithmic mixing rule indicated a partial miscibility of the EP random copolymer with low amounts of the LLDPE in the melt. Micrographs from TEM also showed a clear difference in morphology if the base polymer is changed, with PE lamellae growing out of the inclusions or being present directly embedded in the matrix. To verify these findings, the interfacial tension was determined. The applicability of Palierne's emulsion model was found to be limited for such complex systems, whereas Gramespacher–Meissner analysis led to interfacial tensions comparable with those already reported in the literature. The improved compatibility when changing the matrix polymer from the homopolymer to the random copolymer allows the development of multiphase materials with finer phase structure, which will also result in improved mechanical and optical performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Effect of a hybrid compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and interfacial tension of a ternary blend with polypropylene, poly(lactic acid), and a toughening modifier

AbstractThis study examined the effect of three compatibilizers, namely, a hybrid compatibilizer composed of polypropylene‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) and polyethylene‐glycidyl methacrylate (PE‐g‐GMA), a single compatibilizer composed of PP‐g‐MAH, and a single compatibilizer composed of PE‐g‐GMA, on the mechanical, morphological, and rheological properties of a ternary blend of polypropylene (PP), poly(lactic acid; PLA), and a toughening modifier. The results of tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength tests for the ternary blends before and after hydrolysis, revealed that the ternary blend with a hybrid compatibilizer content of 3 phr exhibited better material properties than the blend containing a single compatibilizer. In the weighted relaxation spectra of the ternary blend using the Palierne emulsion model, the ternary blend containing the hybrid compatibilizer, exhibited only one relaxation spectrum peak at ∼ 0.16 s. This result suggests that the ternary blend with the hybrid compatibilizer exhibits uncharacteristic morphological properties, that is, a single‐phase microstructure. The above results suggest that the hybrid mixture is an effective compatibilizer for the ternary blend of PP, PLA, and a toughening modifier. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effects of compatibilizers and hydrolysis on the mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene/EPDM/poly(lactic acid) ternary blends

The effects of compatibilizers and hydrolysis on the mechanical, morphological and rheological properties of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were studied. The compatibilizers used were polypropylene-g-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-g-maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MAH) copolymers. Before hydrolysis, mixing the compatibilizers PP-g-MAH (5 phr) and SEBS-g-MAH (5 phr) effectively increased the impact strength of PP/EPDM/PLA (64/16/20) blends without any loss of tensile strength. This result is consistent with the morphological and rheological properties of the PP/EPDM/PLA blends. After hydrolysis, the tensile strength of the PP/EPDM/PLA blends for the PLArich compositions decreased sharply until the hydrolysis time was 3 days. This suggests that the mechanical strength of the PLA already lost its mechanical properties, mostly when the hydrolysis time was 3 days under such hydrolysis conditions. The increase in viscosity and decrease in interfacial tension of the compatibilized PP/EPDM/PLA (64/16/20) blends was interpreted with the qualitative picture of the Palierne emulsion model. The interfacial tension calculated from the emulsion model is consistent with the mechanical and morphological properties of the PP/EPDM/PLA (64/16/20) blends.

Compatibilizing effects for improving mechanical properties of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) and polycarbonate blends

Mechanical, morphological and rheological properties of polycarbonate (PC) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blends with compatibilizers have been investigated. Three types of compatibilizers were used: poly(styrene-g-acrylonitrile)-maleic anhydride (SAN-g-MAH), poly(ethylene-co-octene) rubber-maleic anhydride (EOR-MAH) and poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA). The maximum value of the mechanical properties such as impact and tensile strengths of the PC/PLA (70/30, wt%) blend before or after hydrolysis was observed when the SAN-g-MAH was used as a compatibilizer at the amount of 5 phr. From the interfacial tension between PC and PLA which was determined from the weighted relaxation spectra using Palierne emulsion model, minimum value of interfacial tension (0.08 mN/m) was observed when the SAN-g-MAH (5 phr) was used. From the morphological studies of the PC/PLA (70/30) blends, the PLA droplet size showed minimum (0.19 μm) at the 5.0 phr SAN-g-MAH. From the results of mechanical, morphological and rheological properties of the PC/PLA (70/30) blend, it is suggested that the SAN-g-MAH is the most effective compatibilizer to improve the mechanical strength of the PC/PLA (70/30) blends among the compatibilizers used in this study, especially at the amount of 5 phr.

Rheological and morphological properties of PA6/ECO nanocomposites

Polyamide-6/poly(epichlorohydrin - co - ethylene oxide) (PA6/ECO) nanocomposites were prepared with 6 wt.% organoclay and different ECO content from 5 to 40 wt.%, via two-step melt blending process. The effects of organoclay and rubber content on the morphological and rheological properties of samples have been studied. Samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rheometry in small amplitude oscillatory shear. XRD results indicate that the nanoclay platelets are partially exfoliated in both PA6 and ECO phases. The higher rubber content of nanocomposite samples results in higher exfoliation degree of the nanoclay layers. SEM photomicrographs of samples show that the size of rubber droplets increases by the introducing of nanoclay. Oscillatory shear measurements show that the storage modulus of nanocomposite samples significantly increases in comparison with unfilled blends. The formation of physical network is the prime cause of such increase. Moreover, presence of nanoclay dramatically increases melt yield stress of the samples. Palierne emulsion model has been applied to predict the rheological behavior of unfilled blends. A quantitative agreement between Palierne model and those of experimental data is found for low ECO content samples.

Rheological and thermal properties of blends of a long-chain branched polypropylene and different linear polypropylenes

Abstract Blends of a long-chain branched polypropylene (LCB-PP) and four linear polypropylenes (L-PP) having different molecular weights were prepared using a twin screw extruder. The linear viscoelastic properties suggested the immiscibility of the high molecular weight L-PP based blends, and the miscibility of the low molecular weight L-PP based blends. In addition, the Palierne emulsion model showed good predictions of the linear viscoelastic properties for both miscible and immiscible PP blends. However, as expected, the low-frequency results showed a clear effect of the interfacial tension on the elastic modulus of the blends for the high molecular weight L-PP based blends. A successful application of time–temperature superposition (TTS) was found for the blends and neat components. Uniaxial elongational properties were obtained using a SER unit mounted on an ARES rheometer. A significant strain hardening was observed for the neat LCB-PP as well as for all the blends. The influence of adding LCB-PP on the crystallinity, crystallization temperature, melting point, and rate of crystallization were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the melting point and degree of crystallinity of the blends first increased by adding up to 20 wt% of the branched component but decreased by further addition. Adding a small amount of LCB-PP caused significant increase of the crystallization temperature while no dramatic changes were observed for blends containing 10 wt% LCB-PP and more. Furthermore, the crystalline morphology during and after crystallization of the various samples was monitored using polarized optical microscopy (POM). Compared to the neat linear polymers, finer and numerous spherulites were observed for the blends and LCB-PP. Dynamic mechanical (DMA) data of the blends and pure components were also analyzed and positive deviations from the Fox equation for the glass transition temperature, T g , were observed for the blends.

Ultrasonic Oscillations Effect on Extrusion Processing, Structure, and Properties of Blends of Propylene Based Plastomer and Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymer

The effects of ultrasonic oscillations on extrusion processing, phase morphology, and compatibility as well as mechanical properties for blends of propylene based plastomer (DP) and ethylene/1-octene copolymer (EOC) were examined. The results show that introduction of ultrasonic oscillations into polymer melts in extrusion can in situ improve their processability, including the reduction of die pressure and shear viscosity under a constant shear rate (flow rate) and the increase of throughput under the same shear stress (die pressure). Scanning electron microscopy observation reveals that with ultrasonic oscillations, morphology of reduced disperse phase (EOC) size and good interfacial adhesion between EOC and DP matrix are formed in DP/EOC blends. The interfacial tension between DP and EOC melts obtained from the Palierne emulsion model decreases with applying ultrasonic oscillations. FTIR and GPC analysis indicate that in situ copolymer formation between DP and EOC happens with ultrasonic oscillations and copolymer consequently acts as compatibilizer for the blends. Accordingly, it leads to an elevation of stress at break and elongation at break of the blends.

The linear viscoelastic behaviors of Nylon1212 blends toughened with elastomer

The linear viscoelastic behaviors of nylon1212 blends toughened with (styrene-[ethylene-(ethylene-propylene)]-styrene block copolymer) (SEEPS) elastomer were carried out. The results show that dynamic storage modulus (G′) curves of the blends are located between those of virgin nylon and SEEPS within the frequency (ω) tested, and the G′ of blends increases with increasing of the SEEPS content. Moreover, the predictive results of Palierne emulsion model show that it is unsuitable for describing the viscoelastic behaviors of the double phase systems toughened with elastomer, especially for the system with high content of elastomer. The positive deviation in the plots of G′ vs. blend composition demonstrates that the blends are immiscible. From the point of phase transition, the phase inversion region for these blends was predicted to be in the range of 30–50 wt % of SEEPS, which agrees with the morphology analysis of nylon1212/SEEPS blends. In addition, “Cole–Cole” plots of modulus at different temperatures show that the microstructures of blends are unstable in the phase transition region. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Characterization of phase morphology of polymer melts (PP/PE blends) via rheology

AbstractThe viscoelastic behavior of high impact polypropylene (PP) melts, a multiphase system with an isotactic PP matrix and inclusions consisting of mainly amorphous ethylene–propylene copolymer (EP), is strongly influenced by the size of small inclusions. The dynamic moduli of such two‐phase systems (reactor products) are well described by Palierne's emulsion model. For this analysis the reactor product is separated into matrix and dispersed phase via the different solubility in xylene. This analysis also provides information on the ratio interfacial tension to particle size of the dispersed phase. With morphology data (particle size) of the solidified heterophasic samples (Transmission Electron Microscopy), we estimate the interfacial tension between PP and EP copolymer via the emulsion model of Palierne and from the relaxation time spectra according to Gramespacher and Meissner. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

Morphologies and Rheological Properties of Ethylene-Propylene Block Copolymers

Ethylene-propylene block copolymer (EPBC) is mainly composed of two component polymers, polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR). The dependence of morphologies as well as dynamic moduli of EPBC on the molecular characteristics of the components were investigated for four EPBC samples. From the results of the temperature dependence of dynamic moduli and the morphologies, it was suggested that the samples have heterogeneous structure composed of a dispersed EPR phase and a PP matrix phase in which a part of the EPR component dissolves. The concentration of dissolved EPR in the matrix increases with increasing propylene content of the EPR component. For the melts of the EPBC samples containing the EPR component of higher than about 70 wt% propylene contents, a secondary plateau was observed in the long time region on the dynamic viscoelasticity curves. To clarify the origin of this slow relaxation, the dynamic viscoelasticity were compared with three theories: Palierne's emulsion model, the thermal diffusional model and the blending rule. The comparison suggested that the blending rule can well explain the secondary plateau behavior originated from the existence of the high molecular weight EPR dissolved in the PP matrix.

Relaxation behavior of polymer blends with complex morphologies: Palierne emulsion model for uncompatibilized and compatibilized PP/PA6 blends

This paper deals with the dynamic rheological behavior of polypropylene/polyamide6 (PP/PA6) uncompatibilized blends and those compatibilized with a maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP/PP-g-MAH/PA6). The terminal relaxation times of the blends predicted by the Palierne emulsion model were compared with those obtained from experimental relaxation time spectra. The Palierne model succeeded well in describing PP/PA6 uncompatibilized blends with relatively low dispersed phase contents (10wt%) and failed doing so for those of which the dispersed contents were high (30wt%). It also failed for the compatibilized ones, irrespective of the dispersed phase content (10 or 30wt%) and whether or not interface relaxation was taken into consideration. In the case of the uncompatibilized blend with high dispersed-phase content, interconnections among inclusions of the dispersed phase were responsible for the failure of the Palierne model. As for the compatiblized blends, in addition to particle interconnections, the existence of emulsion-in-emulsion (EE) structures was another factor responsible for the failure of Palierne model. A methodology was developed to use Palierne emulsion model upon taking into account the effects of the EE structure on the viscosity of the continuous phase and the effective volume fraction of the dispersed phase.