Palatal Rugae Patterns Research Articles

Exploring sexual dimorphism through palatal rugae analysis in the Javanese population of Surabaya, Indonesia

This study investigates the potential of palatal rugae patterns as a tool for sex estimation in the Javanese population of Surabaya, Indonesia. Palatal rugae on the anterior part of the maxillary mucosa exhibit unique characteristics that make them valuable for forensic identification. Through a cross-sectional study involving 60 Javanese individuals, the research examines the prevalence of various palatal rugae patterns and their correlation with sex. Results indicate significant distinctions in rugae patterns between males and females, particularly in diverging, converging, and circular patterns. A discriminant function analysis is employed to establish an equation for sex estimation using palatal rugae patterns specific to the Javanese population. Overall, the study suggests that palatal rugae patterns hold promise as a supplementary method for sex estimation in forensic science, though further research with larger sample sizes is recommended for conclusive results.

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Palatal Rugae Patterns in Bhopal Division: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: The goal of this investigation is to assess the palatal rugae patterns in male and female participants from the Bhopal Division population. Material and Methods: A randomly selected cohort of 104 individuals, consisting of 47 males and 57 females, was included in the study. Both metric and non-metric characteristics of the palatal rugae were documented and analyzed using two-sample t-tests and chi-square tests, with a significance threshold set at 5%. Results: No significant difference was observed in the total number of rugae between genders. However, the mean number of primary rugae was significantly higher in males (P = 0.038). In contrast, females exhibited a higher mean number of vertical (P < 0.001) and fragmentary rugae (P = 0.004), with these differences achieving statistical significance. Conclusion: The rugae pattern demonstrates potential as a gender-differentiating characteristic, serving as a supplementary method to traditional techniques such as cranial anthropometry and dental analysis.

Rugoscopic Evaluation of Periodontal Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Rugoscopy, which is the study of the ridges on the roof of the mouth, or rugae palatinae, is frequently employed to identify individuals. Since these ridges maintain their shape throughout a person's life, their unique patterns are used as a diagnostic aid for periodontal diseases. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the connection between palatal rugae patterns and periodontal diseases. Methodology A study group of 120 patients aged between 18 and 60 was meticulously grouped according to the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) 1999 classification of periodontal diseases: Group A comprised healthy individuals, Group B had patients diagnosed with gingivitis, Group C included patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, and Group D had patients diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis. Maxillary impressions from each group were cast in dental stone and analyzed in detail for rugae patterns. Results Patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis predominantly showed a sinuous rugae pattern, while those with aggressive periodontitis exhibited an angular rugae pattern. Using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) to perform statistical analysis confirmed a significant association between rugae patterns and diagnosis, thus supporting the hypothesis of a nuanced relationship between palatal rugae patterns and specific periodontal conditions. Conclusion In summary, palatal rugoscopy provides a sophisticated and precise method for identifying and understanding various periodontal conditions, offering a potential breakthrough in diagnosing and prognosticating these conditions.

ASSOCIATION OF CHEILOSCOPY, DACTYLOSCOPY, AND PALATAL RUGOSCOPY WITH PERMANENT MOLAR RELATIONSHIP IN CHILDREN

Background: To record and study the correlation of the predominance of recorded cheiloscopic, dactyloscopic and palatal rugoscopic patterns with molar relationship in 8-15 years of children in order to determine if there exists any association between them. Material and Methods: 505 children of age group 8-15 years of old with completely erupted 2nd permanent molars upto occlusal table were recruited and angles molar relation was recorded in the proforma. Lip prints of these subjects were recorded with lipstick-cellophane method and middle 10mm of lower lip was analysed for the lip print pattern as suggested by Sivapathasundharam et al. The patterns were classified based on Tsuchihashi and Suzuki classification. The patent prints of finger were recorded in the performa and analysed according to Michael Kucknas method. The palatal rugae was obtained by photographs and alginate impression of the upper arch for each patient and were defined using a sharp graphite pencil under adequate light and magnification and were recorded according to the classification given by Thomas and Kotze classification. Results: In cheiloscopic patterns: Type I pattern was found to be the most predominant cheiloscopic pattern in class I and class III molar relation whereas Type II pattern in class II molar relation. The composite patterns showed the most prominent dactyloscopic patterns in class I and class II molar relation and loop patterns were found as the most prominent in class III molar relation. In case of rugoscopic pattern in class 1 and class 3 molar relation group, the curve pattern showed the most prominent and wavy pattern in class 2 molar relation. No statistical significance was found in all the three parameters. Conclusions:co -relation of the lip, finger and palatal rugae patterns with molar relation might aid in the early diagnosis and interception of malocclusion among paediatric patients as it is easily accessible, economical and non-invasive marker for the aforementioned conditions.Further investigations, may be required on the relationship between cheiloscopic, dactyloscopy and rugoscopic patterns with malocclusion in order to substantiate the findings presented herein.

A Study on Gender Identification using Palatal Rugoscopy

Palatal rugae are distinct to every single person, and no two patterns are alike concerning traits, encompassing orientation, length, form, and location. The current study was conducted to identify and determine the association between gender and characteristics of palatal rugae in Kerala and Karnataka population. Analysis of palatal rugae might offer a significant contribution to forensic dentistry, given their unwavering maintenance of shape, arrangement, orientation, and unity throughout an individual's lifespan, except for alterations in size as the palate grows. Sixty maxillary casts (30 from each group including males and females) in Kerala and Karnataka Population were taken and examined in the age group ranging from 18 to 30 years. Palatal rugae pattern were analysed on the right and left sides of the palate for total number, length, shape, direction, and unification according to the Thomas and Kotze’s Classification. Using Graphite pencil the rugae were drawn and compared. Vernier Caliper was used for measuring the length of the Rugae. Total 60 maxillary casts were taken and compared. The total number of rugae was found to be more among females than males. Forward rugae was more in male while backward and perpendicular were more among females. Another significant difference seen would be straight shaped rugae was seen higher in male and curved shape rugae was more among females. And in the unification convergent rugae was seen higher in females and divergent in males. No two palates were seen to be having similar patterns. Palatal rugoscopy can be a better aspect for identification. It can be applied in forensic identification . More researches on palatal rugae would help for a better perspective and to use it in practice.

Digital matching of palatal rugae patterns for forensic identification in edentulous denture wearers.

Identifying edentulous victims in forensic contexts poses a significant challenge. It has been reported that having a denture to reproduce and compare Palatal Rugae (PR) patterns is crucial for identifying edentulous individuals, yet there are no validated protocols for conducting this procedure. In this study, a new method was developed and validated for plaster molding of the internal surface of upper dentures, along with a protocol involving focus-stacked photographs and reference scales. Thirty-eight edentulous subjects participated in the study, obtaining plaster models of the patients (PM), and their dentures (AM) were standardized. The AM/PM model was highlighted and photographed with ten shots in different z-focuses for each model, using standard lighting and aligning the position of the PR perpendicular to the photographic axis using tubular spirit levels and modeling clay. The images were processed using the stacking technique and analyzed by three observers through the proposed protocol using Adobe® Photoshop®. The results were analyzed based on the intra-observer and inter-observer agreement levels, with a 95% confidence interval. This study demonstrated high-precision intra-observer and inter-observer agreement (k = 1) in the matching of Palatal Rugae (PR) and maxillary morphology obtained from participants and their dentures. The protocol is simple, cost-effective, and precise. It enables standardization of the technique for obtaining plaster models, and the exposure of PR and photographic protocol minimizes the presence of artifacts in the images, thereby reducing the likelihood of errors and promoting the reproducibility of both the recording technique and the comparison of the PR.

Palatoscopy and Palatal Rugae Pattern among Adolescents of Southeastern Kosovo

Background: Palatal rugae are elevations found on the anterior part of the hard palate and are the most stable features in the mouth. Our study aimed to analyze the palatal rugae pattern among an adolescent sample of the Albanian population in southeastern Kosovo. Methods and Results: A total of 100 adolescents (50 females and 50 males) aged from 12 to 18 were selected from schools in southeastern Kosovo. Palatal impressions were taken with elastomers, and models of the upper jaw were poured into stone casts for further examination. The rugae patterns were classified according to the Thomas and Kotze classification. The current study indicates that the predominant rugae pattern among the young population in southeastern Kosovo is the straight rugae. The predominant rugae pattern among female subjects is straight rugae and among males, wavy rugae; the frequency of various rugae patterns differed significantly between men and women. The total number of palatal rugae in men was significantly higher than in women. At the same time, there is no significant difference in the number of palatal rugae on the left and right sides between male and female subjects.

Investigating palatal rugae diversity – a comparative analysis of Bilaspur and Nagpur regions

Forensic odontology plays a key role in person identification in case of mass disasters, criminal investigations, and ethnicity studies, and in identifying decomposed and disfigured bodies, fire victims, and victims of motor vehicle accidents. Rugoscopy is an important specialty, which has been an area of interest for many forensic odontologists. As palatal Rugae are present in all victims and resistant to change (aging, trauma, and so forth) so they act as an ideal for identification. Palatal Rugae are also named Plicae Palatinae transverse or Rugae Palatine. The Palatal Rugae are generally transverse ridges placed in the anterior part of the palatine mucosa. Palatal Rugae are resistant to thermal effects (heat and burn) and decomposition changes because of their internal position in the head. They are used in cases where dental identification is not possible and in patients where other body parts are burnt or decomposed.: Aim of the study is to identify and analyze different patterns of palatal rugae and gender differences in Bilaspur and Nagpur populations. : This study will include a total of 80 dental casts — 40 males and 40 females.: The analysis of palatal rugae concerning the number of rugae, shape, length, and unification will be done.

PEWARISAN RUGAE PALATINA ORANGTUA PADA ANAK SEBAGAI SARANA IDENTIFIKASI ODONTOLOGI FORENSIK PADA ETNIS BANJAR

Background: Rugae palatine is a forensic organ that can survive and not be altered by any trauma such as from burns. Rugae palatina is one of the organs in the oral cavity that is unique in that there is no same pattern between individuals. This pattern also has peculiarities between individuals and gender. Palatine rugae can also be inherited from parents to children. Purpose: To analyze the inheritance of palatine rugae from parents to children in Banjar Ethnicity. Method: The method used in this research is analytic research with cross sectional method. This study was conducted on 32 families or 96 people whose number of students was divided into 16 men and 16 women. This study was conducted with photographic techniques using fullframe cameras and lenses, occlusal mirrors, LED lights. The results of photography are carried out in the editing stage in the photoshop application with the pentool feature. The data obtained and analyzed using the contingency coefficient correlation test. Results: The results showed a correlation in palatal rugae patterns. The father-offspring and mother-offspring contingency coefficient scores (0.708, 0.760) respectively which indicated a strong correlation in shape patterns between offspring and their parents. These correlations were statistically significant (p value ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: There is a strong and significant inheritance of palatine rugae between father and mother in children. Fathers and mothers have an equal chance of inheriting palatine rugae.Keywords : Banjar Tribe, Forensics, Inheritance, Palatine Rugae, Personal Identification.

Palatal Rugae Pattern in Adolescents of Southeastern Kosovo with Class I, II, III Malocclusions According to Angle’s Classification

Background: Palatal rugae, or plicae palatinae, are uniquely designed structures, well-formed, asymmetric, irregular mucosal folds suited in the anterior part of the hard palate. Palatoscopy, or the analysis of the palatal rugae pattern, is a simple, low-cost, non-invasive, innovative, and highly sensitive technique that can be successfully used in stomatology. This study aimed to analyze the palatal rugae pattern among an adolescent sample of the Albanian population in Kosovo, to determine the most prevalent palatal rugae pattern in both genders in association with Class I, II, and III malocclusions according to Angle’s classification. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 100 adolescents (50 males and 50 females) aged from 12 to 18 were randomly selected from schools in southeastern Kosovo. All subjects were divided into classes of malocclusion according to Angle’s classification (Class I, Class II, and Class III). The rugae patterns were classified based on shape, unification, and length according to the Thomas and Kotze classification. In the present study, the palatal rugae pattern in Class I, II and III malocclusions show no significant difference between female and male subjects. In Class I malocclusion, the straight pattern was dominant in female subjects, and the wavy pattern was dominant in male subjects. The straight pattern was dominant in males and females with Class II malocclusion. In Class III malocclusion, the wavy pattern was dominant in female subjects, and the curved pattern was dominant in male subjects. The study showed that male subjects were at slightly higher risk for having Class I malocclusion and slightly lower risk for having Class II and Class III malocclusions than female subjects. Conclusion: This study provides essential information regarding the dominant palatal rugae pattern among Albanian adolescents of southeastern Kosovo with Class I, II, and III malocclusions according to Angle’s classification.

Assessment of Palatal Rugae to Aid in Gender Identification in Hazaribag Population—A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Background: This research paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of gender identification utilizing palatal rugae Materials and Methods: The size of the sample that was selected included 100 people. They were made up of 50 men and 50 women, all in between the ages of 18 and 25. To examine their palatal rugae patterns, casts were made after taking maxillary impressions. Based on the size and rugae amount found on the left as well as the right sides, the palatal rugae patterns were investigated. Rugae patterns have been recognized based on the categorization provided by Thomas and Kotze (1983). Statistical Analysis: Chi-square analysis has been used. Results: There were comparative variations in the shape of rugae patterns among male and female individuals. The study revealed that the circular pattern was higher in males (P &lt; 0.01) as compared to females and the unification pattern was comparatively greater in females (P &lt; 0.05) as compared to males. The most predominant pattern that was seen in both genders was the wavy pattern that was seen to be present in 57.17% of males and 53.42% of females. The rugae number on the right and left sides did not exhibit any significant variations. Conclusions: This research thus exhibits a relevant difference in patterns of rugae and also confirms the uniqueness of patterns in each individual. Hence, it could be utilized as an adjunct to other tools for identification in the forensic sciences.

Minor physical anomalies including palatal rugae pattern and palatal dimensions in children with sickle cell disease: A cross-sectional analytical study

BackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy, which delays growth leading to an altered skeleton and craniofacial pattern. Palatal rugae patterning has been considered the regulator of the development of the palate. The purpose of the research work was to study the morphology of the palate, rugae pattern, and its dimensions in SCD children and compare them with healthy normal children, and to evaluate its role as minor physical anomalies (MPAs). MethodsA cross-sectional case-control study was designed as per STROBE guidelines. The sample comprised 50 children diagnosed with sickle cell disease (Group SCD) and 50 normal healthy children as control (Group C) belonging to the same age group (10–18 years). Dental impressions were made, followed by the pouring of dental casts. The length of the palatal rugae was measured and categorized into primary (>5 mm), secondary (3 mm–5 mm), and fragmentary rugae (<3 mm). The shape of each primary palatal rugae was identified and categorized as curved, wavy, straight, circular and non-specific. Linear and angular measurements of the palatal rugae patterns and palatal dimensions (width, height, area) were measured and recorded. ResultsThe total number of palatal rugae and fragmentary rugae was lesser in Group SCD than in Group C (p < 0.05). The depth of the palate was significantly increased, whereas the area of the palate significantly decreased in Group SCD. ConclusionsThe children with SCD showed distinctive palatal rugae patterns and dimensions when compared with normal healthy children that can be attributed as potential MPAs for sickle cell disease. Children with SCD had an under-developed palatal rugae pattern with a deep, narrow and small palate when compared to healthy children.The dimensions of the palatal rugae pattern in SCD showed reduced distance between the incisive papilla and the first and last rugae, indicating a further decrease in the anteroposterior dimensions of the palate. These findings may aid in the early diagnosis and prevention of malocclusion in children with SCD by appropriate interceptive orthodontic treatment

The Determination of Heritability in palatal Rugae Pattern among Parents and their Off-Springs in Western India – A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background: Palatal rugae are asymmetrical elevations present on hard palate and are significant due to their uniqueness, stability and thus, aid in forensic identification. Objective: The objective is to determine palatal rugae morphology between parents and their offsprings and to determine their genetic inheritance. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled cross-sectional single-blinded study was conducted on 50 families (randomly selected) who visited Vyas Dental College and Hospital. A total of 150 maxillary study models were examined and rugae were delineated and shape, size, and pattern of rugae were recorded. Results: Weak but significant correlation was seen in the nonspecific and angular type of palatal rugae between child and mother and child and father as P &lt; 0.05. Matching with either or both of their parent was seen for curved, wavy, divergent, straight, horseshoe, angular, and nonspecific type of rugae with the higher % of wavy pattern matching (52% with mother and 54% with father). A considerable number of samples showed high heritability of primary and secondary rugae from both parents, but more predominantly to their mothers (branched, nonspecific, and straight). Conclusion: Both environmental and genetic factors can influence the rugae pattern. Further, studies should be conducted on a larger sample size to get more significant results.

Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns in Two Populations (Arabs - Asian and Indians)

Palatal rugae are anatomical structures present in the roof of oral cavity; there is a significant association between rugae forms &amp; ethnicity. The aim of this study is to compare rugae patterns in two different populations: Arabs (Asian) &amp; Indians. 80 female participants were included in this study: 40 Arabs &amp; 40 Indians. In the dental clinic / college of dentistry at university of Ajman in UAE. It has been found that the primary rugae lengths was significantly more in Arabs 8.325±1.3 compared to Indians 5.575±1.2, the Arabs population showed predominant wavy shaped rugae [58%], while the Indians had straight shaped rugae [40%]. These differences of the shape &amp; lengths of palatal rugae appear as a result of genetic &amp; environmental factors.

A Correlative Study to Assess the Relationship among Ameloglyphics, Cheiloscopy, Rugoscopy in Skeletal and Dental Malocclusions

Introduction: Benefits of preventive and interceptive orthodontic procedures can be availed by early prediction of malocclusion. Early diagnosis is achievable when parameters having similar embryological origin and development period, similar to that of the craniofacial structures are identified and studied. Few such parameters are the enamel rod end patterns, lip prints, and palatal rugae patterns. The intent of this study was to assess the correlation between ameloglyphics, cheiloscopy, rugoscopy and skeletal and dental malocclusions. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study with one hundred subjects were classified into 3 groups based on cephalometric analysis into skeletal class I, class II and class III malocclusion and were further divided into 4 dental malocclusion groups namely class I, class II division 1, class II division 2 and class III based on the Angle's classification of malocclusion. Ameloglyphics patterns, lip prints and palatal rugae patterns were recorded for each subject and statistically analyzed with chi-square test and Spearman correlation test. Result: Class I malocclusion subjects revealed a predominant curve palatal rugae pattern, type II lip print pattern and wavybranched ameloglyphics patterns were observed with statistically significant association. In class II malocclusion, the predominant palatal rugae pattern observed was straight pattern, type I lip print pattern and linear branched ameloglyphics patterns were statistically significant. Subjects in class III malocclusion group were associated significantly with the annular pattern of palatal rugae, type I lip print pattern, and stem pattern of ameloglyphics. Conclusion: A curve rugae pattern in class I malocclusion, a straight pattern in class II malocclusion, and an annular pattern in class III malocclusion were observed. For the Lip Prints, a highly statistically significant association was observed between class I malocclusion and type II lip print pattern. Ameloglyphics, revealed a statistically significant association between wavy branched pattern and class I malocclusion, linear branched pattern and class II malocclusion and stem pattern with class III malocclusion.

Is palatal rugae a specific marker of dysmorphogenesis in patients with schizophrenia?

Background and ObjectivesSupporting the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are markers of abnormalities in early fetal development. The mouth seems to be a common region for the occurrence of MPAs in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to compare the palatal rugae patterns, according to their length, shape, and orientation, between patients with schizophrenia and controls in a blinded fashion. The palatal rugae patterns were also evaluated by sex, as its effect on neurodevelopment was relevant. MethodsDental stone models were fabricated from maxilla impressions of patients with schizophrenia (N = 105) and controls (N = 105). Based on their lengths, three types of palatal rugae were classified; primary, secondary, and fragmentary. Primary rugae were further categorized according to their shape and direction. ResultsThe most detected palatal rugae were the primary ones in both groups. The primary, secondary, and fragmentary rugae numbers in both groups were no different. There were significant differences in the shape and orientation of the primary rugae between the two groups. Curved (OR:1.76, p = 0.006), island (OR:2.97, p = 0.001) and nonspecific (OR:5.44, p = 0.004) primary rugae shape were found to be significant predictive variables for schizophrenia. Randomly oriented rugae numbers were higher in schizophrenics than controls (p = 0.018). The two sexes had different preferences in primary rugae shapes and directions compared to same-sex controls in patients with schizophrenia. ConclusionIdentifying subtle changes in the primary rugae pattern, which appear to be sex-specific, is consistent with impaired neurodevelopment in schizophrenia.

Establishing the reliability of incisive papilla and palatal rugae patterns in individual identification.

The study of palatal rugae forms an important basis of human identification, especially due to mass disasters where routinely used techniques may not be helpful. This study aimed at evaluating the palatal rugae and incisive papilla on the basis of shape. The study was conducted in 280 individuals (males and females) among dental students of Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. The study included 280 students from Dayananda Sagar College and out-patients from the orthodontics department. Pictures of rugae and the incisive papilla were taken from individuals aged 10-36 using a camera, mirror, and lighting. Two investigators analysed the shape of the rugae and incisive papilla using classification systems by Thomas and Kotze, and Ortman and Tsao, respectively. The data were statistically analysed using SPSS 20.0 software, and a significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was used. The results suggested that rugae showing a wavy shape were the most common pattern in both the genders. Significant differences were observed in the curved rugae type between males and females. In incisive papillae evaluation, the pear shape was the most common, with the triangular shape being the least common. It can be concluded that evaluation of palatal rugae along with the incisive papilla can be an important tool for identification of an individual and for evaluating various ethnic populations.

Assessment of Palatal Rugae Characteristics in Different Malocclusions- A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of malocclusion and intercepting the malocclusion at an earlier stage is inevitable in orthodontics. The morphological characteristics of palatal rugae are set up at an early age and are stable in their position and pattern throughout the life of an individual, hence they are used as a reference landmark for superimposition and evaluate the extent of tooth movement in orthodontics. This review aims to analyze the orthodontic literature regarding the association of palatal rugae pattern with different malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS To analyse the literature regarding the association of palatal rugae pattern with different malocclusion by using the keywords palatal rugae or plica palatine transversae or rugoscopy and malocclusion or sagittal malocclusion or class I or class II or class III or skeletal pattern and stability and orthodontics or orthodontia. The pubmed, Google scholar, Embase databases were searched till June 2022. RESULTS Wavy and Curved type of rugae was more common rugae pattern in all group of malocclusions. Many studies found there is no statistically significant difference in palatal rugae among malocclusion. However, few studies showing that largest number of rugae is present in class II malocclusion than class I and class III. CONCLUSION This review provides evidence of a distinct pattern of Palatal rugae in Class I and Class III malocclusion and largest number in Class II but to ascertain its statistical significance, further research is needed with a larger sample size.

ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUGOSCOPY AND CHEILOSCOPY IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN CENTRAL INDIA

Introduction: Rugoscopy is the examination of palatal rugae patterns, whereas cheiloscopy is the forensic investigation technique for examining lip impressions. The palatine rugae and lip impressions are distinguishing anatomical characteristics that are specific to every person and can be utilised effectively for human identification.&#x0D; Aim: The purpose of this investigation is to establish a relationship between rugoscopic and cheiloscopic patterns in minors.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A descriptive involving 100 subjects aged 5 to 15 years was conducted. Rugae patterns and lip impressions were analysed and recorded. The Lysell classification (1955) and the Thomas and Kotze classification (1983) evaluate rugoscopic patterns based on their length and their shape and cohesion, respectively. Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification was used to assess cheiloscopic patterns. The research was conducted for one month, and SPSS version 23.0 was used for analysis.&#x0D; Results: In both sexes, the predominant palatal rugae patterns were undulating, followed by curved, and then straight. Males had Type V dominant, followed by Type IV, while females had Type I' dominant, followed by Type I.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cheiloscopy is a more reliable tool than rugoscopy for human identification in the field of forensic science, as shown by our study's conclusion that rugoscopy yielded similar results but cheiloscopy yielded distinct results.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Analysis of Palatal Rugae Pattern between Male and Female Population in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study

Analysis of Palatal Rugae Pattern between Male and Female Population in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study