Pakistani Women Research Articles

The Linkage of Grand Multiparity with Associated Risks During Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Cross-Sectional Study at Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To investigate the risk factors associated with grand multiparityn during pregnancy and childbirth. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Dec 2022 to Oct 2023. Methodology: Three hundred twenty-two (n=322) women from the Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital, labor ward, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, gynecology and obstetrics department participated in this research. Primiparous, Multiparous, and grand multiparous females were included in the study for various demographic, maternal, and neonatal factors. Results: Primiparous women were higher in number than multiparous and GMP women [202(62.7%), 109(33.8%), and 11(3.4%), respectively). Among the risk factors associated with GMP, there was a greater incidence of miscarriage, i.e., 59.1% in GMP, and Gestational diabetes (27.2% in GMP) and spontaneous preterm delivery (45.4% in GMP) were the two most common problems linked with pregnancy in GMP women. The primary neonatal consequence observed was low birth weight (32.1% in PM), with a prevalence of 32.1%. However, the percentage of infants with an APGAR score below 7 at 5 minutes was higher in the GMP (36.3%). Conclusion: When compared to other parity groups, grand multiparous Pakistani women face the same risks of maternal and newborn problems. In GMP, advanced age may have a significant impact on pregnancy outcomes. Nonetheless, grand multiparty may not be outlawed, given that women receive adequate prenatal care.

Class and Ethno-Gender Differences in Education and Labour Market Position—An Intersectional Analysis of Ethnic Integration in the UK

This paper analyses the socio-economic disadvantages of women from different ethnic minority heritages in the UK. Using data from the Labour Force Survey (2014–2023), which contains detailed information on parental class and respondents’ socio-economic conditions, we examine four domains of life chances which are crucial for ethnic integration: educational attainment at the degree level, risks of unemployment, access to professional-managerial (salariat) position and earning power. We proceeded with the gross differences and then examined the differences by ethno-gender status and parental class combinations, controlling for many confounding factors. We also examined the net ethno-gender differences over the life course and the trends of social fluidity over the period covered and across the ethno-gender groups. We found that women from all ethnic origins were doing well in education but faced multiple disadvantages in the labour market, especially in access to the salariat and in earning power. Women of Pakistani/Bangladeshi heritages faced pronounced unemployment risks, especially at the earlier life stages. There is a significant increase in fluidity over the period covered, but this is marked by considerable ethnic and class differences, with Black Caribbean, Black African, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women from more advantaged class origins being unable to secure advantaged class positions and those from working-class families unable to make long-range upward mobility as effectively as White men. Overall, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Black African and Black Caribbean women are found to be considerably disadvantaged, but there are also signs of social progress.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF HYSTERECTOMY IN THE GYNECOLOGY UNIT OF AYUB TEACHING HOSPITAL, ABBOTTABAD

Hysterectomy is one of the most common obstetric surgery performed on women. It provides symptomatic relief, reduces morbidity and enhances the quality of life but can also lead to complications like mental stress, infertility, fractures and cardiovascular insults. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have provided information regarding the prevalence and risk factors of hysterectomies in Pakistani females. Objective: The goal of this study is to investigate the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of hysterectomy in a teaching hospital in Pakistan, Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the Gynecology C unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from 25th July 2024 to 10th Oct, 2024 after taking approval from ethical committee. 246 patients who underwent major gynaecological procedures were included in this study. Basic demographics, type of procedure and indication for hysterectomy were noted after obtaining consent from the patient. Results: The overall prevalence of hysterectomy was around 36.9% in our study. Heavy menstrual bleeding (43.95%) was found to be the leading cause of hysterectomy followed by fibroid uterus and adenomyosis in 25.27% and 16.48% cases respectively. Additionally, age group 45-49 (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.5-2.1), urban residence (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.64-1.8), more gravida (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 0.88-4.92) and higher socioeconomic levels (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.62-2.64) were found to increase odds of hysterectomy, whereas having a job (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.47-1.44) and getting college education (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.4- 1.7) were found to decrease the risk of hysterectomy. Conclusion: The prevalence of hysterectomy was found to be higher than in other countries. Urban residence, multigravida, higher socioeconomic levels and older age groups tend to increase the odds of hysterectomy.

Assessing the Factors Leading to Missed Breast Cancer Diagnoses in Mammography Among Pakistani Women: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective To determine the frequency of false-negative mammograms, and identify the factors contributing to missed breast cancer diagnoses in Pakistani women. Materials and methods This descriptive, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from December 15, 2020, to December 10, 2023, including 150 women aged 30 to 60 who underwent bilateral mammography and concurrent breast ultrasound. The study analyzed the frequency and causes of false negatives, categorizing them into patient-related, tumor-related, technical-related, and provider-related factors. Stratification was performed based on age groups and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) scores, and statistical significance was assessed using Chi-square tests. Results The study found a 5.1% frequency of false-negative mammograms. Lesion-related factors were seen in 59 (39.7%) patients; patient-related factors were seen in 40 (26.7%) patients; provider-related factors were seen in 29 (19.3%) patients; and technical-related factors were seen in 22 (26.7%) patients. Conclusion Dense breast tissue significantly contributes to missed breast cancer diagnoses in Pakistani women. While lesion-related, provider-related, and technical-related factors uniformly affect mammography outcomes, addressing patient-specific challenges - particularly in younger women with dense breasts - is crucial. The study suggests incorporating supplementary imaging modalities, like ultrasound, in routine screening for better detection, potentially informing national breast cancer screening guidelines in Pakistan.

Genomic association of SNPs rs4077582 of CYP11A1 and rs700519 of CYP19A1 genes with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. Several candidate genes have been shown to be associated with PCOS. Previous studies have shown that variations in CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 genes are associated with hormonal dysregulation associated with PCOS in different ethnic populations. This study aims to investigate the genomic association between SNPs rs4077582 of CYP11A1 and rs700519 of CYP19A1 and the development of PCOS in Pakistani population. A total of 280 subjects were recruited for the study, including 142 PCOS cases diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria and 138 age-matched controls. The anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical parameters of all subjects were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyping of the selected SNPs was performed using Sanger sequencing. Further, we also examined the genotypic-phenotypic correlation analysis for various clinical and biochemical parameters for SNP rs4077582 of CYP11A1. We found significant differences in allele frequency (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.30-0.60, χ2 = 16.3693, p = 0.000052) and genotypic frequency (χ2 = 26.4376, p = 0.00001) between PCOS women and controls for SNP rs4077582 of CYP11A1. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis showed a significant difference in FAI (p = 0.005), testosterone (p = 0.001), androstenedione (p = 0.005) and urea (p = 0.049) levels between the three genotypes. No association between SNP rs700519 of CYP19A1 and PCOS was observed. Our results suggest the role of SNP rs4077582 of CYP11A1 gene in the clinical manifestation of PCOS in Pakistani women.

Development of a Revised Urdu Version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale

Abstract: Introduction: The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is the most widely used instrument to assess alexithymia and has recently been translated into Urdu. There are several shortcomings with this translation (e.g., removal of four items from the original instrument, grammatical errors, poor/complex item translation) that compromise the assessment of alexithymia for Urdu-speaking persons. In this study, we report the development of a revised Urdu translation of the TAS-20 (TAS-20-UR). Methods: All 20 items of the original TAS-20 were translated into Urdu using a back-translation method, administered to participants from Pakistan ( N = 524), and subjected to psychometric analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the factor structure of the TAS-20-UR. We also examined the measurement invariance of the scale across Pakistani men and women as well as Pakistani and Canadian community adults using multigroup CFA (MGCFA). Results: The internal reliability was adequate. The three-factor model, which has been recovered in most translations of the scale, produced an adequate-to-good fit. MGCFA supported strict invariance across Pakistani men and women, and partial scalar invariance across Pakistani and Canadian community adults. Limitations: Further research is required to confirm the validity of the TAS-20-UR. Also, the findings are only generalizable to literate individuals in Pakistan since data was not collected from non-Urdu readers. Discussion: The TAS-20-UR is reliable and captures the alexithymia construct; we recommend it for use in research settings in which Urdu is spoken.

Homicide-Suicide in Russia and Pakistan: Observations From Press Media Reports.

This study compares the features of homicide-suicide in Russia and Pakistan. To understand this, we conducted a content analysis of news reports about homicide-suicide published in Pakistani and Russian newspapers between March 2020 and May 2023. We identified 35 and 104 homicide-suicide cases in Pakistani and Russian media, respectively. Men were three to five times more likely to commit homicide-suicides than women (3.16: 1 in Russia; 4.83: 1 in Pakistan). Accounting for over 65.73% of all homicide-suicides, spousal homicide-suicides and filicide-suicide were the most common homicide-suicides in both regions. Filicide-suicides were more often done by Russian women and extra-family homicide-suicides by Pakistani women. Reasons for homicide-suicides in Pakistani women were divorce or separation and in Russian women - mental disorders. With the difference of homicide in the victims, Pakistani victims were aged 15-30years, while Russian were 31-45years and 46years and older. There were more similarities in homicide-suicides than differences.

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in uncomplicated UTI in Pakistani women.

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of lower urinary tract symptoms in uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. The cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to December 2021 after approval from the ethics review board of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and comprised data of women aged at least 16 years from 8 institutions across Pakistan. Data included menstruation status, symptoms, urinalysis and organisms found in urine samples. The association of urinalysis variables with symptoms among culture-positive patients was measured to assess the certainty of positive diagnosis. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 457 women with mean age 37.87±13.9 years, 182(39.8%) had a positive urine culture. Dysuria was the most significant symptom 120(65.9%), followed by daytime frequency 114(62.6%) amongst culture-positive patients. On urinalysis, 139(76.3%) had white blood cells, and 66(36.2%) had haematuria. Dysuria along with the presence of leucocyte esterase had the highest diagnostic utility (p=0.002). Urgency along with haematuria was strongly predictive of urinary tract infection (p=0.058). The diagnosis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women could be reliably made based on a combination of symptoms along with urine analysis without urine culture.

Exploring the role of women entrepreneurial startups in shaping a sustainable future

Women-led entrepreneurial startups play a crucial role in fostering a sustainable future. These startups have the potential to provide innovative solutions. However, women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face socio-economic challenges like unemployment, gender inequality, and environmental deterioration. Even though women are underrepresented in the workforce, entrepreneurship is essential for developing sustainable practices. This research explores the contributions that women entrepreneurs can make to sustainability, the obstacles and possibilities that exist, as well as the requirements for changes in policies and regulations to accomplish sustainable development goals. This study utilizes a qualitative approach and focuses on conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 Pakistani women entrepreneurs in the service sector industry. Subsequently, thematic analysis was employed. The study provides recommendations for Pakistani policymakers and stakeholders to enhance the efficiency of entrepreneurship to promote sustainable development.

Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence and Maternal-Infant Bonding in Women With Anxiety Symptoms in Pakistan: The Moderating Role of Breastfeeding.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) during the perinatal period can negatively affect both a woman's health and the bonding with her infant. Research on IPV among pregnant women experiencing psychological distress in South Asia is limited. We examined associations between perinatal exposure to IPV and postnatal maternal-infant bonding in Pakistani women with symptoms of anxiety and assessed if breastfeeding practices moderated these associations. Postnatal data were collected from 720 Pakistani women who reported at least mild levels of anxiety symptoms in pregnancy. We performed Poisson regression with robust variance analyses to examine the associations between IPV during pregnancy or within 6 weeks after delivery (i.e., the perinatal period) and maternal-infant bonding. Interaction terms between IPV and breastfeeding practices were included in the analytic models to examine the moderating effects. About 27% of women were exposed to at least one type of perinatal IPV. Women who were exposed to IPV were more likely to have moderate to severe postpartum anxiety (n = 57, 28.9% of IPV-exposed women), compared to those without IPV (n = 65, 12.4% of unexposed women; p value < .001). Compared to women not reporting IPV, women exposed to any IPV showed a 38% increase in Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire scores, suggesting higher likelihood of impaired bonding (risk ratio [RR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.21, 1.56]). Among women who initiated breastfeeding later than 1 hr post-delivery, IPV was associated with impaired bonding (RR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.06, 1.20]), whereas no association was present for women who initiated breastfeeding within 1 hr (RR = 1.03, 95% CI [0.98, 1.08]). In addition to the efforts to reduce IPV, encouraging IPV-exposed women to adhere to the breastfeeding guidelines (e.g., early breastfeeding) may enhance maternal-infant bonding.

Changes in Spousal Intimacy in Women Suffering Trauma Symptoms from Domestic Abuse: A Culturally Embedded Intervention Study in Pakistan.

While emerging research is highlighting the significant effects of culture on marital and family relationships, studies investigating relationship intimacy and abuse in non-Western cultures are non-existent. This investigation assessed relationship intimacy in Pakistani women experiencing trauma symptoms (PTSD) from domestic abuse (DA) who received a culturally informed trauma intervention in a context that differs greatly in values and assumptions about marital relationships relative to Western traditions. Forty women meeting inclusion criteria were assessed on domestic violence type and characteristics (both victim and perpetrator characteristics), PTSD symptomology, and three aspects of relationship intimacy: engagement, communication, and shared friendships. PTSD symptomology and relationship intimacy were reassessed post-intervention. Results indicated significant changes in engagement and communication intimacy following the intervention, with engagement decreasing and communication increasing. The third aspect of intimacy, namely, shared friendships, showed no change. Engagement and overall intimacy showed significant negative correlations with physical abuse, though not with sexual or psychological/emotional abuse. These findings are interpreted within a cultural context where women have few options for leaving an abusive relationship. As such, the results highlight the importance of culture when studying facets of intimate relationships and the need to use culturally informed assessments to better understand the experience of intimacy within abusive relationships.

Impact of an intervention for perinatal anxiety on breastfeeding: findings from the Happy Mother—Healthy Baby randomized controlled trial in Pakistan

BackgroundThe study examined the effects of Happy Mother—Healthy Baby (HMHB), a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention on breastfeeding outcomes for Pakistani women with prenatal anxiety.MethodsBreastfeeding practices were evaluated in a randomized controlled trial between 2019 and 2022 in a public hospital in Pakistan. The intervention group was randomized to receive six HMHB sessions targeted towards prenatal anxiety (with breastfeeding discussed in the final session), while both groups also received enhanced usual care. Breastfeeding was defined in four categories: early breastfeeding, exclusive early breastfeeding, recent breastfeeding, and exclusive recent breastfeeding. Early breastfeeding referred to the first 24 h after birth and recent breastfeeding referred to the last 24 h before an assessment at six-weeks postpartum. Potential confounders included were mother’s age, baseline depression and anxiety levels, stress, social support, if the first pregnancy (or not) and history of stillbirth or miscarriage as well as child’s gestational age, gender. Both intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were examined. Stratified analyses were also used to compare intervention efficacy for those with mild vs severe anxiety.ResultsOut of the 1307 eligible women invited to participate, 107 declined to participate and 480 were lost to follow-up, resulting in 720 women who completed the postpartum assessment. Both intervention and control arms were similar on demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, age, income, family structure). In the primary intent-to-treat analysis, there was a marginal impact of the intervention on early breastfeeding (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 0.99–1.92; 75.4% (N = 273) vs. 69.0% (N = 247)) and a non-significant association with other breastfeeding outcomes (OR1.42, 95% CI: 0.89–2.27; (47) 12.9% vs. (34) 9.5%, exclusive early breastfeeding; OR 1.48, 95% CI: 0.94–2.35; 90% (N = 327) vs. 86% (N = 309), recent breastfeeding; OR1.01, 95% CI: 0.76–1.35; 49% (N = 178) vs 49% (N = 175) exclusive recent breastfeeding). Among those who completed the intervention’s six core sessions, the intervention increased the odds of early breastfeeding (OR1.69, 95% CI:1.12–2.54; 79% (N = 154) vs. 69% (N = 247)) and recent breastfeeding (OR 2.05, 95% CI:1.10–3.81; 93% (N = 181) vs. 86% (N = 309)). For women with mild anxiety at enrolment, the intervention increased the odds of recent breastfeeding (OR 2.41, 95% CI:1.17–5.00; 92% (N = 137) vs. 83% (N = 123).ConclusionsThe study highlights the potential of CBT-based interventions like HMHB to enhance breastfeeding among women with mild perinatal anxiety, contingent upon full participation in the intervention.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03880032.

COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual disturbances: A prospective study from Pakistan.

To evaluate whether or not immunization against COVID-19 is associated with changes in the duration and frequency of the menstrual cycle. This prospective analysis included the menstrual cycle data of 154 females after COVID-19 vaccination from August 2021 to March 2022. This study included Pakistani females aged 18 to 45 years and who had taken at-least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination. After two months of COVID vaccine the participants were interviewed again about the timing and duration of their menstrual cycle. The increase in menstrual length for >eight days was labelled as increased menstrual cycle duration. Mean age of participants was 33.53±8.52 years. Among 154, 113 (73.4%) were married. Among 154 females, menstrual abnormality was reported by 59 (38.3%) females, increase in cycle duration was reported by 25 (16.2%) patients and decrease by 22 (14.3%), increase in number of bleeding days by 20 (13%) females and decrease by 15 (9.7%), increase in pain intensity was reported by 19 (12.3%) females and decrease by 17 (11.0%), increased intensity of blood flow was reported by 20 (13.0%) patients and decreased intensity by 19 (12.3%) females. COVID-19 vaccination is not associated with menstrual abnormalities in a significant number of females.

Translation and psychometric analysis of urdu version of modified polycystic ovary syndrome health related quality of life questionnaire (MPCOSQ-U)

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome is a metabolic disorder prevalent among females of reproductive age. The symptoms of PCOS profoundly affect the quality of life of these females. Outcome measures specific to PCOS are crucial to the management of these patients. The MCPOSQ is a validated tool to measure the health-related quality of life specific to PCOS. The purpose of this study was to translate the modified polycystic ovary syndrome quality of life questionnaire (MPCOSQ) and to determine the reliability and validity of the modified polycystic ovary syndrome quality of life questionnaire Urdu version (MPCOSQ-U).MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The MPCOSQ was translated to Urdu and validated by expert gynaecologists. The MPCOSQ-U and SF-36 were administered to one hundred eighty females with PCOS. The MPCOSQ-U was evaluated for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor analysis, face validity, content validity and construct validity.ResultsThe average age (years) of the females was 25.27(1.83). The MPCOSQ-U showed excellent test-retest reliability and internal consistency (ICC2,1=0.95, Cronbach’s α = 0.97). The content validity index (CVI) was 0.92. There was a statistically significant but weak positive correlation between MPCOSQ-U and SF-36 (r = .186, p = .012).ConclusionThe Urdu version of the modified version of the polycystic ovarian syndrome quality of life questionnaire is a validated and reliable tool to assess the quality of life of Pakistani females with PCOS. This is an important step to cover the language barrier, which influences the outcome assessment in PCOS.

‘Self-harm is wrong’: the experience of self-harming behaviours that inflict external injuries to the body in UK-based Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani women: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

This study investigated the experience of self-harming behaviour that inflicts external injuries to the body in UK based Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi (UKBIP) women. A total of eight participants were recruited via purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews were carried out. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Analyses were carried out on an individual and group level and three super-ordinate themes, and nine sub-ordinate themes emerged. The superordinate themes were: ‘Powerlessness’ (‘Entrapment’, ‘Internalised Negativity’ and ‘Abused by my Environment’), ‘Mitigation’ (‘Releasing my Overwhelming Emotions’, ‘Connecting to my Pain’ and ‘Addicted to Self-harm’) and ‘Self-harm is Wrong’ (‘It must be Hidden’, ‘What have I done to myself?’ & ‘My Self-harm is Sinful’). The analyses revealed novel insights on the impact and importance of some South-Asian cultural values and beliefs on the experience of self-harm in South-Asian women. This paper will focus on the third superordinate theme and related sub themes, that of ‘Self-harm is Wrong’.

Examining contraceptive utilization behavior in Pakistani women

BackgroundThere is a dearth of research examining the couple characteristics in determining contractive utilization behavior in developing countries. This study fills the gap by analyzing the roles of women’s intra-household bargaining power and spousal age differentials in predicting contraceptive utilization behavior in Pakistani women.MethodsA sample of 13,331, excluding pregnant and sexually inactive married women aged 15–49, was extracted from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18. The dataset is cross-sectional. Exploratory analysis was used to examine the pattern of contraceptive knowledge, types of contraceptive utilization, and intention to use contraceptives among women. Furthermore, binary regressions were employed to examine the association of women's intrahousehold bargaining power and spousal age difference with contraceptive utilization without and after accounting for all potential covariates.ResultsOnly 33% of women use contraceptives, while 30% express an intention to use contraceptives in the future. Almost all women (98%) knew about modern contraceptives. Compared to same-age couples, higher odds of current contraceptive use are observed among women whose husbands are at least 20 years older than them or whose husbands are young to them. The odds of the intention to use contraceptives tend to increase with the increase in spousal age difference. Women’s intra-household bargaining is a significant predictor of current contraceptive utilization and intention to use contraceptives.ConclusionFindings underscore the importance of considering the couple’s characteristics in reproductive healthcare programming and policies.RecommendationGreater women's intra-household bargaining power and smaller spousal age differences are associated with higher contraceptive usage. Empowering women and promoting their decision-making authority within households can enhance reproductive health outcomes.

Association of Psychological Wellbeing with Healthy Pregnancy, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pakistani Females

Association of Psychological Wellbeing with Healthy Pregnancy, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pakistani Females

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN PAKISTANI MARRIED WOMEN WITH CURRENT EPISODE OF DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

The awareness of psychological disorders in the present times is increasing with the help of dynamic psychological assessment tools, advancing with progressive investigation methods. Current psychological literature significantly emphasizes on depression and bipolar disorders, their prevalence, assessment, and treatment protocols among the married individuals. Despite the increasing prevalence of depression among women, scholarly literature scarcely addresses on the impacts of sexual dysfunction on the married women in Pakistan, experiencing depression and associated bipolar disorder. The aim of this research was to study the impact of Sexual Dysfunction in Pakistani Married Women with Depression and Bipolar Disorder. A sample of 8 participants was selected with the help of purposive sampling. Each of these participants was diagnosed with depression and/or bipolar disorder and was undergoing therapy for the same. A semi-structured interview was conducted with each of these participants to deduce information about their disorders and sexual dysfunction. Thematic analysis was employed as the qualitative analysis technique for the evaluation of results gathered from interviews. The analysis revealed two main themes: Past experiences and current relationships. In the theme, experiences sub themes of parental relationships and childhood experiences were observed. Whereas in the theme Current Relationships, subthemes of the current marital relationship and current sexual relationship were observed. The themes and sub-themes revealed that married Pakistani women who are facing Depression and Bipolar Disorder, also go through sexual dysfunction.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ABUSE SCALE (EAS); ESTABLISHING CONTENT VALIDITY OF EAS

Economic abuse involves behaviors that control a woman’s ability to acquire, use, and maintain economic resources, thus threatening her economic security and potential for self-sufficiency (Adams, Sullivan, Bybee, &amp; Greeson, 2008). Woman battering is a prevalent social problem committed against millions of women each year. Battering involves psychological abuse, physical abuse, and economic abuse as well. Economic abuse is the area which is less focused as compared to other forms of battering. The objective of present study was to develop an indigenous scale that would explore the phenomenon of economic abuse faced by married Pakistani women as currently there is no such indigenously developed measure of economic abuse available in Pakistan. Present study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a pool of items was generated. In phase two, Content Validity for EAS was established. The Scale CVI was 0.93. All 41 items were retained and were transformed into a 5-point rating scale. The psychometric properties of scale will be established using factorial validity.

Sexual Assaults: A Pakistani Women and Sexual Harassments in Universities and Recent Scandal of Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Without a doubt, human beings are viewed more favorably by educational pedagogy as educated individuals than stupid ones. The educational system makes a distinction between humans and other animals and portrays humans as noble beings. In an Islamic climate where, serious scandals are occurring daily, it has become very challenging. According to Pakistani media, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan reported 5500,5400 or maybe 400 obscene video records of dormitory ladies during the time of July 2023. The largest example of sexual exploitation in Pakistan to date is the one involving Islamia University. An earlier event of a such nature at Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan resulted in the professor's honorable release. According to media reports, the vice chancellor of IUB was only forced to quit because to this incident. Although the Crime Bureau's assessment claims that there is no origin and not even one, chaos quickly spread throughout Pakistan.