Pakistan Bangladesh Research Articles

Analysis the Impact of Technology Innovation, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Globalization on CO2 Emissions? Evidence from Developing Nations

The present study explores the effects of Technology Innovation, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade openness and globalization on environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) from 1999-2023 in developing (Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan Bangladesh, Bhutan, and India) Countries. The study employs the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is applied to reveal the existence of long run and short run relationship between CO2 emissions and its other determinants. A Granger causality test was also used in this investigation to ascertain the direction of causation between the variables. The results found that in Technology innovation and globalization are significantly increase the environmental degradation. The results of the analysis show that Trade openness and Foreign direct investment have a significant but negative effect on environment degradation. It is recommended that the developing nations give preference to sustainable trading procedures by including environmental factors into trade agreements and laws. This can involve promoting environmentally friendly labeling, assisting sustainable supply chains, and reducing trade obstacles for commodities that are good for the environment. Consistent with these empirical findings, this article suggests some vital policy implications in Developing countries to accomplish their sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Commentary on Pakistan Bangladesh Trade Relations

Commentary on Pakistan Bangladesh Trade Relations

State, nation and ethnicity in contemporary South Asia

Ethnicity, state, society and nation the nation-state project versus the separatist project in South Asia a theory of ethnic conflict and separatism in multicultural post-colonial Asia cultural and political heritage of the Indian subcontinent India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka a comparative analysis a South Asian charter of human rights.

Excess Female Mortality and the Balance of the Sexes in the Population: An Estimate of the Number of "Missing Females"

The effect of sex differences in mortality and determining the ratio of males to females in the population is considered. There is discussion of the sex ratio what is normative what affects the ratio and different means of substantiating sex differentials. The example is given of the Regional Model Life Tables which indicate a general prevalence of lower death rates for females and the female advantage in life expectancy. The means ratio of male to female life expectancy is .924 at 80 years. In a stationary population when the masculinity ratio at birth is 1.06 the ratio of males to females using West model life tables ranges between .979-1.003. Given a higher male mortality at every age the ratio of males to females is greatest at birth and declines with age i.e. a population with younger age groups will have a higher proportion of males than an older population. The stable population incorporating West life tables has a male ratio of .997 with moderate mortality and with a 2% natural increase has a male ratio of 1.022. The sex ratio is affected by world events such as war. The effect is evidenced in the decline in the sex ratio of 3.7 to 7.1% in the US Japan Austria and Germany following World War II. Another impact on male differentials is the discriminatory treatment of women in developing countries. The 1989 Demographic Yearbook states the following sex ratios: China (1.074) India (1.066) Pakistan (1.105) Bangladesh (1.064) Sri Lanka (1.040; 1.082 in 1970) Egypt (1.047) and the western region of Asia (1.06). Mortality rates are higher for females at all ages and may not necessarily be due to sex differentiated biomedical factors at all ages and may not necessarily be due to sex differentiated biomedical factors such as maternal deaths or tuberculosis. Pravin Visaria attributes the higher male ratio in India to unusually high female mortality rates since 1931. A comparison for 1982-84 supports this view and indicates variation between states. The reason given is traditional adverse discriminatory treatment of females. The preliminary results of the 1991 Indian Census report a ratio of 1.077 or a 6/1000 increase in 10 years. In Punjab villages in India and the Matlab project area of Bangladesh female disadvantage begins in the latter part of the 1st year when breast-feeding supplementation begins. Better health care for males is considered another factor affecting the disadvantage. The lower regard for females is expressed in the 2nd daughter having a 50% higher death rate than sons. An estimate of the magnitude of the problem of a high male ratio is given for china India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal West Asia and Egypt. The total is 60-100 million missing females.

The Costs of Urbanization: A Four-Country Comparison

The author reports on attempts to measure the investment costs of urbanization in Egypt Pakistan Bangladesh and Indonesia. The Egyptian and Pakistani studies were national-scale studies carried out in 1980-1982 and 1982-1984 respectively; the Bangladesh and Indonesian projects were smaller and were conducted by the author in mid-1984 and early 1985 respectively. Investment resource pools and population growth parameters to the year 2000 are projected and urbanization costs for approximately the same period are estimated including direct investment costs housing and intra-urban infrastructure costs interurban infrastructure costs and growth-management costs. The projected urbanization costs among the four countries are then compared When urban absorption costs are defined broadly to include job-creation costs and interurban infrastructure as well as the more obvious housing and urban service costs it is shown that these costs would eat up huge chunks of the aggregate investment-resource pool....Recurrent elements are the needs to reduce infrastructure and service standards to stimulate domestic savings to augment the resource pool to shift to labor-intensive employment strategies to economize on the capital costs of job creation and to reduce urban population pressures (e.g. fertility control programs and improving off-farm rural labor absorption). (EXCERPT)

Act of state—nationalization—extraterritorial effect—Pakistan—Bangladesh

Act of state—nationalization—extraterritorial effect—Pakistan—Bangladesh

South Asian Crisis: India—Pakistan—Bangla Desh

South Asian Crisis: India—Pakistan—Bangla Desh